useful for nursing students

1. Unit 9
Guidance and
Counseling
Lecturer Barsha Tamrakar
ACAS, Lalitpur, Nepal

3. Content:
O Definition
O Purpose
O Characteristics
O Principles
O Types
O Steps
O Advantages
O Difference between guidance and
counseling

4. Introduction:
O One of the most important areas in
education which has acquired
considerable importance and received
much attention.
O Guidance and counseling are twin
concepts and have emerged as
essential elements of every
educational activity.

5. O One of the purpose of education is to help
the individual in becoming a useful
member of society.
O If an individual receives education with out
proper guidance and counseling, he is not
able to develop his personality fully and
thus is unable to serve his society in terms
of his abilities and talents.

7. Introduction:
O As individuals need help throughout
their lives, it is not wrong to say that
guidance is needed from cradle to
grave.
O In simple terms, guidance means to
direct or provide assistance to
someone who needs help

8. ----cont….
O In a broader perspective, guidance
is provided at all levels to human
beings by one person or the other.
O Guidance can help a person solve a
personal, vocational, educational, or
any other problem for which he is
unable to find a solution on his own.

9. Definition of guidance:
O Guidance is “the process of helping
individuals to understand themselves and
their world.” Shertzer and Stone
O Guidance is “process through which an
individual is able to solve their problems
and pursue a path suited to their abilities.”
JM Brewer.

10. O Guidance is “that aspect of educational
program which is concerned especially
with helping the pupil to become
adjusted to his present situation and to
plan his future in line with his interests,
abilities and social needs.”
Hamrin and
Erikson

11. Definition cont….
O Guidance is process of assisting or
helping the students in developing their
potentialities in solving their immediate
or future problems and in planning their
own future wisely thereby enabling
them to lead a successful personal and
social life.

12. Purposes of guidance:
O To enable person to be matured,
socially responsible, economically
self sufficient and ultimately to be
self directing person.
O Enables person to take right
decision in each and every stage of
life by overcoming the necessities
and incorporating the necessities.

13. ----cont….
O To achieve of self sufficiency in each
and every aspects of life, the person is
helped to analyze his self clearly i.e.
his strength, limitation, interests,
aptitudes, abilities, potentialities etc.
O Guidance is organized with the help of
different services to provide realistic
information about potentialities of the
individual and the opening of the world
of work in which he is best fitted for.

14. O To help individual to make
adjustment in the new life situation.
O To help in facing the challenges of
life and mange tensions by realizing
and accepting facts.
O To help in solving social and
personal problems and be able to
adjust with oneself and the
environment.

15. Characteristics of guidance:
O It is a process.
O It is a continuous process.
O Leads to self development and self
direction.
O Assistance to the individual in the
process of development rather than a
direction of that development.
O Guidance is a service meant for all.
O Both generalized and a specialized
service.

16. Principles of guidance:
1. Principle of uniqueness
2. Principle of goal directed.
3. Principle of professional service
4. Principle of reliable data.
5. Principle of flexible approach.

17. 6. Principle of extension
7. Principle of responsibility
8. Principle of ethics
9. Principle of planning
10. Principle of cooperation.

18. 1. Principles of uniqueness:
O Each and every human is unique.
O Every individual has its own
abilities, interests, aptitudes,
personality traits, values, attitudes
etc.
O This fact is to be taken into
consideration while providing
guidance to a students.

19. 2. Principle of goal oriented:
O Goal setting is an important
endeavor of guidance and
counseling.
O Setting realistic goals and working
towards the same is one of the
basic requirements in any guidance
and counseling situation.

20. 3. Principle of professional
service:
O A professionally trained person can
render guidance and counseling.
O It will harm the clients more if it is
provided by untrained person.
O Specific and serious guidance
problems should be referred to
people who are rained to deal with
particular area of adjustment for
their expert opinion.

21. 4. Principle of reliable data:
O Information about the students is the
basis for guidance service.
O Therefore, a counselor should have
reliable data/information about the
individual.
O The counselor should make efforts to
collect the information from the
appropriate sources using validated
and reliable psychological test and
tools.

22. 5. Principle of flexible
approach:
O By flexible, we mean flexibility in the
use of tools for getting data, selection
of methods, strategies for guidance,
approaches for monitoring etc.
O An approach tried out for a student
would be a learning experience for
another situation providing insights into
similar problems of other students.

23. 6. Principle of extension:
O Guidance should not be limited to
maladjusted individuals.
O It should be provided to all types of
children.
O It will be of great use to devote
attention to normal and superior
children also for making an attempt
to stimulate their intellectual growth.

24. 7. Principle of responsibility:
O Parents and teachers have great
responsibility in the execution of the work
of guidance.
O The responsibility for the administration of
guidance programme should be given to a
qualified and adequately trained chairman
or head of guidance center, working
cooperatively with their assistants and
other guidance agencies.

25. 8. Principle of ethics:
O Ethics and rules of conduct or
system of moral standard for
different situations.
O Counselor should keep
confidentially not divulging private
information without student
permission.
O Counselor must acquire appropriate
training and practice before she/he
ready to see clients.

26. 9. Principle of planning:
O Adequate time is required for
planning guidance activties during
and after school hours.
O It is not incidental activity.
O It is a service which is broad based
and has a definite purpose and
based on proper planning.

27. 10. Principle of cooperation:
O Existing social, economic and
political unrest is giving rise to many
problems that require the co-
operation between experienced and
trained guidance experts and the
individual having problems.
O No individual can be compelled to
submit to guidance.

28. Types of
guidance:

29. Types of guidance:
O There are primarily 3 types of
guidance:
1. Educational guidance
2. Vocational guidance
3. Personal guidance.

30. 1. Educational guidance:
O Most important among various types of
guidance.
O Defined as the guidance which a student
needs during academic life for selection of
subjects and face challenges.
O It is that specific area of guidance which
identifies and takes care of students
problems that pertain to their educational
progress and experiences.

31. 2. Vocational guidance:
O It is a process of providing
assistance to students in choosing
and preparing for a suitable
occupation or vocation.
O A process of helping individuals or
people to cope with problems
relating to occupational choices,
plans, developments, adjustments
and maturity.

32. 3. Personal guidance:
O It refers to the help, given to
individuals towards a better
adjustments in the development of
attitudes and behaviors in all areas
of life.
O A kind of assistance given to
individual to deal with his emotional,
social, ethical and moral as well as
health challenges.

34. Introduction:
O Counseling is considered to be a
specialized service of guidance.
O It is an enabling process designed to help
an individual to know himself and his
present and possible future situations in
order that he may make substantial
contribution to the society and to solve his
own problems through a face to face
personal relationship.

35. ----cont….
O It is an helping relationship
which includes:
O Someone seeking help
O Someone willing to give help
O Capable or trained to help
O In a setting that permits help to be
given and received.

36. Definition of counseling:
O Counseling is a series of direct
contacts with the individual which aims
to offer him assistance in changing his
attitude and behaviors.
Carl Rogers
O Counseling involves two individuals,
one seeking help and other a
professionally trained person helped
solved problems to orient and direct
him towards a goal.
Willey and Andrew

37. O Counseling is an interaction process
which facilitates meaningful
understanding of self and
environment and result in the
establishment and or clarification of
goals and values for future
behavior. Shertzer and
Stone

38. O In educational context, it is a
therapeutic process, wherein a
student seeks the teacher’s help is
assisted to clearly identify his
problem and to find methods of
resolving his problem by utilizing all
the resources available to him.

39. O Thus, counseling has emerged as a
two way process that involves two
individuals and mutual cooperation
between them.
O Counseling enables an individual to
gain self understanding and develop
self acceptance.

40. Needs of counseling:
O To help the total development of the
student.
O To help the proper choices of courses.
O To help the students in vocational
development.
O To develop readiness for choices and
changes to face new challenges.

41. ----cont….
O To minimize the mismatching
between education and employment
and help in the efficient use of
manpower.
O To motivate the youth for self
employment.
O The help fresher establish proper
identity.

42. ----cont….
O To identify and motivate the
students from weaker sections of
society.
O To help the students in their period
of turmoil and confusion.
O To help the people in different
aspects of life.

43. Characteristics:
1. Interactive process
2. One to one relationship
3. Interaction is confidential
4. Relationship of mutual respect
between the two individuals.
5. Purposeful activity
6. Professional help
7. Democratic process
8. Emotional attitudes are raw materials

44. Principles:
1. It is a process
2. It is for all
3. Counseling is not advice giving
4. It is not thinking for the client, but
thinking with the client.
5. It is not problem solving.

45. ----cont….
O Counseling is not interviewing but
conversing with the client in order to
help him develop self understanding.
O The counselor should determine
individual differences and provide for
them.
O The counselor has to prepare the client
to open to criticism including self
criticism.
O The counselor acts as a facilitator only.

46. Need for guidance and counseling
in nursing education:
O To help students adjusting with the new
environment of the nursing institute.
O To help in developing qualities required for
successful nursing practice.
O To help in getting adjusted with the clinical
environment.
O To help to keep in touch with latest trends in
nursing and to reap benefits from them.

47. ----cont….
O To help in developing positive attitude and
learning habits, especially in skill learning.
O To help in the development of appropriate
coping strategies in order to deal with stress in
a productive manner.
O To help in establishing proper identity.
O To help to overcome periods of turmoil and
confusion.

48. ----cont….
O To help in developing their leadership
qualities.
O To motivate them for taking membership
in professional organization.
O Help them to carry out the responsibilities
as a worthwhile health team member.
O Help them in proper selection of careers
both within country or outside the country.

49. ----cont….
O To motivate them to do higher studies
according to their abilities and interests.
O To assist the needy students in availing
financial assistants from appropriate
organizations.

50. Approaches to counseling:
O Based on nature of counseling
process and the role of the
counselor, there are 3 approaches
namely:
O Directive or counselor centered
counseling
O Non directive or client centered
counseling
O Eclectic counseling.

51. Steps in counseling:
O Analysis: collecting from a variety
sources, the data needed for an
adequate understanding of the
student.
O Synthesis: summarizing and
organizing the data so that they reveal
the student status, liabilities,
adjustment and maladjustments.

52. ----cont….
O Diagnosis: formulating conclusion
regarding the nature and the causes
of the problems exhibited by the
students.
O Prognosis: predicting the future
development of the students’
problems.

53. ----cont….
O Counseling: the counselor takes
measures with student to bring
about adjustment and readjustment
for the student.
O Follow up: helping the student with
new problems of with recurrence of
the counseling provided to them.

54. Counseling process
steps/phases:
1. Step 1: relationship building or
establishing relationship
2. Step 2: problem assessment
3. Step 3: goal setting
4. Step 4: intervention
5. Step 5: evaluation, follow up, termination
or referral

55. Step 1: relationship building or
establishing relationship:
O An ice breaking session/ core phase.
O It involves building a relationship and
focuses on engaging clients to explore
issue that directly affect them.
O Good rapport building provides the
respect, trust and sense of psychological
comfort to the counselor- counselee
relationship for progression to the
counseling process.

56. O Begin the phase with adequate social
skills:
1. Introduce yourself
2. Listen attentively and remember the
client name.
3. Always address the client by his
preferred name.
4. Ensure physical comfort.
5. Do not interrupt the individual while he is
talking.
6. Observe non verbal communications.

57. O The relationship is not established
in just a single session but may
required several session before
client become comfortable with you
and accepts you into his/her inner
world.

58. Step 2: Problem assessment:
O This step involves the collection,
analysis, clarification and
classification of information about
the client’s life situation and reasons
for seeking counseling.
O The counselee is encouraged to talk
about his/her problems, ventilate
feelings and talks about his/her
expectations.

59. ----cont….
O Various tools and techniques can be
used for data collection such as non
testing tools and psychological test.
O After the collection of information,
diagnosis related to the counselee’s
behavior is made.

60. Step 3: Goal setting:
O The major purpose of this phase is to
provide direction to both.
O Like any other activity, counseling must
have a focus, which will in turn provide
direction to the both.
O Goals are set co-operatively by both.

61. O It involves making a commitment to
a set of conditions, a course of
action, or an outcome.
O Setting goals helps us to know how
well counseling is working and
when it may be concluded.

62. O Two types of goal: immediate/short term
or long term
O Short term goals ultimately leads to long
term goals
O While setting goals, the counselee’s
strength, weakness, constraints and
available resources must be kept under
consideration.
O Goals can be changed according to new
information or new insight.

63. Following skills are required in counselor:
O Multifaceted knowledge related to the
problem of counselee.
O Ability to think critically and inference
drawing skills.
O Judgment, planning and management skills.
O Skills to segregate and differentiate the
provided information.
O Help the counselee set feasible, reliable and
achievable goals.

64. Step 4: Intervention:
O An operational phase where the
counselee is suggested the best
possible options for the
management of the present
problem.
O The phase is affected by the
counselor’s own thoughts about the
counseling process.

65. O The intervention will depend on the
approach used by the counselor,
the problem and the individual.
O The choice of intervention is
process of adaptation and the
counselor should be prepared to
change the intervention when the
selected intervention does not work.

66. O Skills needed for this phase are:
O Skill in handling the interventions
O Knowledge of its effect
O Ability to read client’s reactions.
O Individuals can be asked in the
beginning about what interventions
they have earlier so that other
interventions can be used.

67. Step 5: Evaluation, follow up,
termination or referral
O This is the final stage of the
counseling process, where
counseling comes to an end.
O Termination must be planed well
ahead so that the counselee may
feel comfortable at the departure
and gradually able to handle the
problem independently.

68. O It must be done without destroying
the accomplishment gained and
should be done in phased manner
covering few sessions.
O Termination considered not just at
end of successful relationship, but
also is considered when it seems
counseling is not being helpful.

69. O Some follow up sessions may be
required to help the counselee
further to handle the problem
independently.

70. Advantages of guidance and
counseling:
O Prepares students for the challenges of
the future by supporting their academic,
career, and personal/social development
and community participation.
O Teaches the skills for a lifetime of learning,
career self-management, and social
interaction.
O Relates their educational program to next
steps and future success.

71. O Broadens knowledge of our changing
world.
O Facilitates career exploration and
planning.
O Assures equitable access to opportunities.
O Advocates for the individual student.

72. O Increases opportunities for parent/school
interaction.
O Facilitates parent access to school and
community resources.
O Provides for an interdisciplinary team effort
to address student needs and educational
goals.
O Provides consultation to assist teachers in
their guidance role.

73. Difference:
Guidance Counseling:
1. Guidance is broader
and comprehensive
2. May be given in
individually as well
as in group.
1. Counseling is in-
depth and narrow,
aim to solve problem.
2. Counseling of one
individual is possible
at time.

74. Guidance Counseling
3. Face to face
relation is not
essential.
4. The task of
guidance is not as
serious as that of
counselor.
5. Cordial and
satisfying relation
is not needed.
6. It is mainly
preventive and
developmental.
3. Face to face direct
relation is essential.
4. The task is more
serious.
5. Relationship is
needed.
6. It is remedial as well
as preventive and
developmental.

75. Guidance Counseling
7. Intellectual
attitudes are the
raw material of
guidance.
8. Guidance is
generally education
and career related
and may also be for
personal problems.
7. Emotional rather than
pure intellectual
attitude are raw
material.
8. Counseling is mostly
offered for personal
and social issues.

76. Guidance Counseling
9. All persons need
guidance.
10. Continuous and life
long process.
11. Economical in
terms of time, energy
and money.
9. Needed by those
who face serious
educational,
vocational and
psychological
problem.
10. Needed only when
a person faces
some crucial
problem.
11. Time consuming
and expensive
process.