building services study in a hostel.

1. Site Visit
ADVANCED BUILDING SERVICES-II
Submitted by:
Barsha Amarendra(BA13ARC009)
Jayati Chhabra (BA13ARC022)
Maorisha Shiwarkar(BA13ARC029)
Rebecca Sabu (BA13ARC038)

2. Site of Interest
With many upcoming buildings on the
campus premises, a site visit was conducted
to understand the practicalities of services
being installed at the time of construction.
The multi-floor boy’s hostel and the mega
mess was taken up for the visit. They were
studied for the three major services:
Electrical services, Sanitary services and
Fire fighting services.

5. Sanitary services
Sanitary Layout is one of the
core layout drawings to be
presented on-site when
construction commences.
In the site visit to the Boy’s
hostel, we saw the Sanitary
layout right from the inspection
chamber to the internal
bathroom plumbing and
various details that were
executed during the initial
construction stage.

6. Basic Hierarchy in Layout
Main Sewer
line
Inspection
Chamber
Gully Trap
Waster water
Pipe/ Soil
Water Pipe
Sanitary
Fixture
(Basins/WC)
Water supply
pipe
Water tank
(mostly
overhead)

7. Basic terminologies
1. Bedding
The material on which the
pipe is laid and which
provides support for the
pipe. Bedding can be
concrete, granular material
or the prepared trench
bottom.

8. Basic terminologies
2. Inspection Chamber
A water-tight chamber constructed in any house-
drainage system which takes wastes from gully traps
and disposes of to manhole with access for
inspection and maintenance.
The soil water and waste water pipes from the
plumbing shafts of the hostel drain to a gully which
are then connected to the respective inspection
chamber which are in turn connected to the main
sewer pipe.

9. Basic terminologies
3. Traps
Traps are defined as fittings at the end of
soil pipes of waste pipes to prevent foul
gases coming out of the soil pipe/ waste
pipe.
The Main Trap used in the hostel was the
P-Trap unlike the s-trap used in the older
hostels. P-Trap has been used in WC units,
Wash basins & Bath stalls.

10. S-Trap Vs P-Trap
Years ago most plumbing codes banned S-trap
configurations in favor of P-trap style fixtures. S-traps are
no longer used in modern plumbing because on rare
occasions with just the right conditions the water can be
sucked out of the trap allowing sewer gas to enter your
home. The risk from sewer gas can be much worse than
just that terrible smell. Sewer gases can be poisonous or
even explosive and are not to be treated lightly.
A “P” trap drain will form a “P” shape to maintain a
water seal, and the pipe will either go through the wall
behind the fixture or extend several inches away from the
sink drain before exiting through the floor.

11. Sanitary layout
Soil Water Pipe
Waste Water Pipe
Water Supply Pipe (Hot & Cold)
Water Faucet
Nahani Trap
A L-Shape layout of bath and WC spaces was planned
due to:
1. It requires only one shaft to be provided for the
pipes. And thus is more economic and less space
consuming.
2. The corner is effectively used and becomes an
efficient service core in the bathroom space due to its
centralised positioning rather than distributive
The Shaft contained:
1. Cold water supply pipe from Roof tank
2. Hot water supply pipe from solar boiler
3. Waste Water pipe & Soil Water Pipe

12. Plumbing Section
Pipes fixed into the
Wall grooves made
Water Mixers

13. Drainage Section
The slab of the bathroom unit is a down-cast slab to
accommodate the pipe work. And is later filled up to the beam
level with murrum and PCC and laid out with tiles, which are still
a level lower than the rest of the structure. This was properly
noticed with the beams still arising out on the floor surface.
A slope is given to
each individual bath
stall during filling in
and tiling to create a
slope for drainage.
The pipes inside are
also given a slope to
effectively drain into
the vertical soil and
waste water pipes.

14. Stack Venting System
In most cases, the Waste water pipe and
the soil water pipe are kept separate to
prevent spread of foul odour. However, in
our case, for the feasibility of plumbing,
the waste water drains into the soil water
pipe.

15. Sanitary Ventilation Exhaust
Outlet
Primary Exhaust Duct
Secondary Exhaust Duct
Vents
The ceiling was mounted with a metal ductwork
system for exhaust from the bathroom unit. It was a
branched system of exhaust layout.
The stage of construction seen still required cut-outs
to be made into the ducts to fit grills. The process of
exhausting was left answered, however.

16. Electrical Services
The site visit included meeting with the electrical consultants on
the site who explained us the various electrical systems being
put to use, their process of operation and their layout of
position.

17. ELECTRIC
DISTRIBUTION
LAYOUT
IN A BUILDING

18. Electrical room
• An electrical room is a room or space
in a building dedicated to electrical
equipment.
• The size of the electrical room is usually
proportional to the size of the building.
• Large buildings may have a main
electrical room and subsidiary electrical
rooms
• Electrical equipment may be for power
distribution equipment, or for
communications equipment
Main electrical room

19. Electrical rooms typically house the
following equipment:
• Electric switchboards
• Distribution boards
• Circuit breakers and disconnects
• Electricity meters
• Transformers
• Bus-bars
• Backup batteries
• Fire alarm control panel, etc.

20. In large building complexes, the primary electrical room may house an indoor electrical substation
Substation :-
• A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system
• Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions.
• A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels.

21. Construction features
The details of layout and construction of electrical rooms will be controlled by local
building code and electrical code regulations:
• The construction features will depend on the scope of the equipment to be installed
• Floors- can be reinforced to support heavy transformers and switchgear.
• Walls and ceilings may have to support a heavy cable tray system or busbars
• Additional ventilation or air conditioning may be needed, since electrical apparatus gives
off heat.
• Double doors may be installed to allow for maintenance of large equipment
• fire detection and suppression systems, such as carbon dioxide, may be installed

22. • Lightning protection requires
different measures than protection
from power-frequency faults
• Shall be Located within the main
multi-storeyed building itself.
• In a multi storey building, all the
electrical rooms shall be aligned one
above other in a single column
• Continuous ducts from electrical
room in multi storey buildings.

23. A power box (USA)
or feeder pillar (UK) is a
cabinet for electrical
equipment, mounted in the
street and controlling the
electrical supply to a
number of houses in
a neighborhood. A power
box is simply a layman's
term for a transformer,
cutout enclosure, or other
enclosure used in
conjunction with
underground electrical
distribution.

24. CONCEPTUAL PART FLOOR PLAN

25. Distribution box was put up in the gallery on each floor.
MCB outside every room .
Switchboard inside every room .
And thus it
goes to all the
points to tubes
and fans etc.

27. CONCEPTUAL PART FLOOR PLAN

28. AC voltages have been classified in various manners. In earlier times, there were just two categories
LV and HV. As the level of voltages increases, there was a need for more levels. However, there
was ambiguity as to where each band ended and the other began. For instance, 11kV can be MV in
some systems and HV in another.
The International Electro-technical Commission has classified the voltages into the following levels
(IEC 60038). This classification system is fast gaining acceptance.
Low Voltage - up to 1000V
Medium Voltage - 1000V to 35kV
High Voltage - 35kV to 230 kV
Extra High Voltage - above 230 kV.
LV, MV and HV Shaft

29. On every floor
MV shaft ( medium voltage shaft )
- Dimensions -> 370 x 1350 mm
LV shaft ( low voltage shaft )
- Dimensions -> 1390 x 555 mm
- This shaft provides for
 Lan connectivity / Wifi
 CCTV
 Publlic address system
 Fire fighting detectors
Where heavy loads are to be carried, bus-bar
systems are preferred. The bus-bars are available
for continuous run from point to point or with
tap offs at standard intervals. There are two types
of MV/LV bus duct system for power
distribution system:
a) Conventional type
b) Compact and sandwich type.

30. Conventional type :-
• bus duct is used for large power handling between transformer and switchgear or
between switchgear.
• This type is generally used in plant rooms, riser shafts, substations etc.
Compact type:-
• use within areas of the building which are put to other higher aesthetic level of use.
• They could be used in false ceiling spaces or even in corridors and shafts for
distribution without any false ceiling as they provide an aesthetically acceptable
finish to merge with other building elements such as beams, ducts or pipes in
functional buildings.
Bus bar trunking can be installed in vertical risers ducts or horizontally in passages for
transmission and distribution of power.

31. FIRE PREVENTION AND
CONTROL SERVICES
The site visit included meeting with the fire consultant on the
site who explained us the preparation for installation of fire
safety & control devices, their process of operation and their
layout of position.

32. NBC Regulations
For the Sanctioning of the building construction and approval of fire safety standards in the building, a
few basic requirements as specified in the NBC had to be met. According to a clause of the NBC,
All buildings, which are 15 m in height or above, and all buildings used as educational, assembly,
institutional, industrial, storage, and hazardous occupancies and mixed occupancies with any of the
aforesaid occupancies, having area more than 500 m2 on each floor shall have:
• A minimum of two staircases
• They shall be of enclosed type.
• One of them shall be on external walls of buildings
• Shall open directly to the exterior, interior open space or to an open place of safety.
All of these requirements were duly met in the building construction planning.

33. Detection devices
o Fire detection:
1. Ionisation 2. Light scattering or optical 3. Combined
o Smoke detection:
1. Ionisation smoke detector 2. Light scattering or optical smoke detector
o Heat detector:
1. Fusible type 2.Bi-metallic coil type
o Light detector:
1. Light obscuring Laser beam
Fire detector
Smoke detector

34. Sprinkler System:
Working Principle
Water sprinklers provide an automatic spray dedicated to the
area of fire outbreak. Sprinkler heads have temperature
sensitive elements that respond immediately to heat,
discharging the contents of the water main to which they are
attached. In addition to a rapid response which reduces and
isolates fire damage, sprinklers use less water to control a fire
than the fire fighting service, therefore preventing further
damage from excess water.

35. Sprinkler System: Components
Quartzoid bulb: a glass tube is used to retain a water valve on its seating.
The bulb or tube contains a coloured volatile fluid, which when heated to
a specific temperature expands to shatter the glass and open the valve.
Water flows on to a deflector, dispersing as a spray over the source of fire.
Operating temperatures vary with a colour coded liquid:
Orange : 57oC Red : 68oC
Yellow: 79oC Green: 93oC
Blue: 141oC Mauve: 182oC
Black: 204 or 260oC

36. o Fusible strut: has two metal struts soldered together to retain a water valve
in place. A range of solder melting temperatures are available to suit various
applications. Under heat, the struts part to allow the valve to discharge
water on the fire.
o Dura-speed solder type: contains a heat collector which has a soldered cap
attached. When heat melts the solder, the cap falls away to displace a strut
allowing the head to open. Produced in a range of operating temperatures.
o Drencher: A drencher fire control system provides a discharge of water
over roofs, walls and windows to prevent fire spreading from or to adjacent
buildings. An example of application is in theatres, where the drenchers may
be fitted above the proscenium arch at the stage side to protect the safety
curtain.

37. Types of sprinkler system
• Wet system
• Dry system
• Alternative wet and dry system
• Tail end system
• Pre-action system
• Recycling pre-action system
• Cycling wet system

38. Hydrant shaft
An internal hydrant, installation comprise the following elements:
• Static or terrace tank for storing water for fire fighting purpose;
• Rise mains, down-comer mains or external mains to feed water from the source to
the required point under pressure;
• Fire fighting pump/pumps with all fitments and components and pump control
panel, housed in a pump house; and
• All necessary components like internal hydrants (landing valves) and external
hydrants, hose reels, hoses and branch pipes, suitably housed.

39. Hose reel
Fire hose pipe
extinguisher
Hydrant valve
Fire hose box

40. o Hose reel:
Hose reels are fire fighting equipment for use as a first-aid measure by building occupants. They should be
located where users are least likely to be endangered by the fire, i.e. the staircase landing. Fixed or swinging hose
reels are located in wall recesses at a height of about 1 m above floor level.
o Dry riser:
A dry riser is in effect an empty vertical pipe which becomes a firefighter‘s hose extension to supply hydrants at
each floor level. It stays empty until a water source is provided to it.
Note: A dry riser is installed either in unheated buildings or where the water main will not provide sufficient
pressure at the highest landing valve. A hard standing for the Fire Service Vehicle is required at the base of the
riser. One landing valve is required for every 900 m2 of floor area.
o Wet riser:
A wet riser is suitable in any building where hydrant installations are specified. It is essential in buildings
where floor levels are higher than hat served by a dry riser, i.e. greater than 60 m above fire service vehicle
access level. A wet riser is constantly charged with water at a minimum running pressure of 400 kPa.

41. The contents of the hydrant shaft
is locked up inside and a universal
key is provided.
One stays with the authority while
the other is kept in a glass case
outside the shaft, to use in times
of emergencies.
An electric circuit keeps tract of
where the fire originated by
locating the respective smoke
detector or sprinkler.

42. A wet riser has 2 important pumps:
1. The Jockey pump:
The primary pump with a lower
pressure level, covering up to 30 m
in distance.
2. The hydrant pump:
The secondary pump with higher
pressure levels covering over 30 m
distance.
These pipes are supplied from an over
head water supply tank exclusively for this
purpose. This is done so to maintain
uniform pressure levels throughout its use.

43. Sitting of Extinguishers
• Not in cupboards or behind doors.
• Not above cookers or other heat emitters, or in any place of excessive heat or cold.
• Hung on wall brackets within easy reach, not placed on floor.
• Carrying handle 1 metre above floor for heavier extinguishers (liquid-based) and 1.5 metres
for others.
• Along escape routes near to a door leading to a place of safety.
• Positioned in a wall recess so as not to obstruct general movement
• A maximum distance of 30 metres from the site of a possible fire & Repeated location on
each storey