Mind blowing theories about the universe and reality

1. MIND-BLOWING THEORIES
ABOUT THE UNIVERSE AND REALITY

2. THE BIG BANG

6. Reality isn’t as plain and simple as we often
like to think.
Several things we take for granted as true are,
in reality, patently false.
Scientists and philosophers have done their
best to overthrow the theories of common
sense

7. BIG BANG THEORY
Big Bang Theory - The Premise
 The Big Bang theory is an effort to explain what happened at the very beginning of our universe.
 Discoveries in astronomy and physics have shown beyond a reasonable doubt that our universe did in fact have a beginning.
 Prior to that moment there was nothing; during and after that moment there was something: our universe.
 The big bang theory is an effort to explain what happened during and after that moment.
According to the standard theory, our universe sprang into existence as "singularity" around 13.7 billion years ago.
 What is a "singularity" and where does it come from? Well, to be honest, we don't know for sure.
 Singularities are zones which defy our current understanding of physics, are thought to exist at the core of "black holes." Black holes are areas of
intense gravitational pressure.
 The pressure is thought to be so intense that finite matter is actually squished into infinite density (a mathematical concept which truly boggles the
mind).
 These zones of infinite density are called "singularities." Our universe is thought to have begun as an infinitesimally small, infinitely hot, infinitely
dense, something - a singularity.
 Where did it come from? We don't know. Why did it appear? We don't know.
 After its initial appearance, it apparently inflated (the "Big Bang"), expanded and cooled, going from very, very small and very, very hot, to the size
and temperature of our current universe.
 It continues to expand and cool to this day and we are inside of it: incredible creatures living on a unique planet, circling a beautiful star clustered
together with several hundred billion other stars in a galaxy soaring through the cosmos, all of which is inside of an expanding universe that began as
an infinitesimal singularity which appeared out of nowhere for reasons unknown.
 This is the Big Bang theory.

8. THE BUBBLE THEORY

10. BUBBLE THEORY
• Eternal Inflation is an inflationary universe model, which is itself an
outgrowth or extension of the BIG BANG THEORY.
• In theories of eternal inflation, the inflationary phase of the
universe's expansion lasts forever in at least some regions of the
universe.
• Because these regions expand exponentially rapidly, most of the
volume of the universe at any given time is inflating.
• All models of eternal inflation produce an infinite MULTIVERSE,
typically a Fractal.

11. STRING THEORY

12. STRING THEORY
• Think of a guitar string that has been tuned by stretching the string under tension across the guitar. Depending on how the string is plucked and
how much tension is in the string, different musical notes will be created by the string.
• These musical notes could be said to be excitation modes of that guitar string under tension.
In a similar manner, in string theory, the elementary particles we observe in particle accelerators could be thought of as the "musical notes" or
excitation modes of elementary strings.
• In string theory, as in guitar playing, the string must be stretched under tension in order to become excited. However, the strings in string theory
are floating in space-time, they aren't tied down to a guitar.
• Nonetheless, they have tension. The string tension in string theory is denoted by the quantity 1/(2 p a'), where a' is pronounced "alpha prime
"and is equal to the square of the string length scale.
• If string theory is to be a theory of quantum gravity, then the average size of a string should be somewhere near the length scale of quantum
gravity, called the Planck length, which is about 10-33 centimeters, or about a millionth of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a centimeter.
• Unfortunately, this means that strings are way too small to see by current or expected particle physics technology (or financing!!) and so string
theorists must devise more clever methods to test the theory than just looking for little strings in particle experiments.
• String theories are classified according to whether or not the strings are required to be closed loops, and whether or not the particle spectrum
includes fermions.
• In order to include fermions in string theory, there must be a special kind of symmetry called super symmetry, which means for every boson
(particle that transmits a force) there is a corresponding fermion (particle that makes up matter).
• So super symmetry relates the particles that transmit forces to the particles that make up matter.
• Super symmetric partners to currently known particles have not been observed in particle experiments, but theorists believe this is because
super symmetric particles are too massive to be detected at current accelerators.
• Particle accelerators could be on the verge of finding evidence for high energy super symmetry in the next decade.
• Evidence for super symmetry at high energy would be compelling evidence that string theory was a good mathematical model for Nature at the
smallest distance scales.

13. • THERE ARE TWO BASIC TYPES OF STRING THEORIES:
1. THOSE WITH CLOSED STRING LOOPS THAT CAN BREAK INTO OPEN STRINGS
2. THOSE WITH CLOSED STRING LOOPS THAT CAN'T BREAK INTO OPEN STRINGS

14. • A coincidence (often stated as a mere coincidence) is a collection of two or more events
or conditions, closely related by time, space, form, or other associations which appear
unlikely to bear a relationship as either cause to effect or effects of a shared cause,
within the observer's or observers' understanding of what cause can produce what
effects.
• The word is derived from the Latin cum- ("with", "together") and incidere (a composed
verb from "in" and "cadere": "to fall on", "to happen"). In science, the term is generally
used in a more literal translation , e.g., referring to when two rays of light strike a surface
at the same point at the same time. In this usage of coincidence, there is no implication
that the alignment of events is surprising, noteworthy or non-causal.
• From a statistical perspective, coincidences are inevitable and often less remarkable than
they may appear intuitively. An example is the birthday problem, where the probability
of two individuals sharing a birthday already exceeds 50% with a group of only 23.
THEORY OF COINCIDENCE

15. THEORY OF NOTHING
• The "Theory of Nothing" explores the radical idea that the
reality we see around us is but one of an infinite "library" of
alternate realities, the sum of which contains no information
and is in fact "Nothing".
• The necessity for observed reality to be consistent with the
observer's existence implies a strong connection between
fundamental physics and cognitive science.
• A revolutionary understanding of why physics has the form it
does, and why our minds are the way they are is forged.

16. THEORY OF EVERYTHING
• A theory of everything (ToE) or final theory, ultimate theory, or master theory is a hypothetical single,
all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physic that fully explains and links together all
physical aspects of the universe.
• Finding a ToE is one of the major unsolved problems in physics. Over the past few centuries, two
theoretical frameworks have been developed that, as a whole, most closely resemble a ToE.
• The two theories upon which all modern physics rests are General Relativity (GR) and Quantum Field
Theory (QFT).
• GR is a theoretical framework that only focuses on the force of gravity for understanding the universe in
regions of both large-scale and high-mass: stars, galaxies, clusters of galaxies, etc.
• On the other hand, QFT is a theoretical framework that only focuses on three non-gravitational forces
for understanding the universe in regions of both small scale and low mass: sub-atomic particles, atoms,
molecules, etc.
• QFT successfully implemented the Standard Model and unified the interactions (so-called Grand Unified
Theory) between the three non-gravitational forces: weak, strong, and electromagnetic force.

17. NEWTONIAN GRAVITATION THEORY

18. THEORY OF RELATIVITY
• The theory of relativity, or simply relativity in physics, usually encompasses two theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity
• Concepts introduced by the theories of relativity include:
• Measurements of various quantities are relative to the velocities of observers. In particular, space contracts and time dilates
• Space-time: space and time should be considered together and in relation to each other.
• The speed of light is nonetheless invariant, the same for all observers.
• Special relativity
• Relativity of simultaneity: Two events, simultaneous for one observer, may not be simultaneous for another observer if the observers are in relative motion.
• Time dilation: Moving clocks are measured to tick more slowly than an observer's "stationary" clock.
• Relativistic mass
• Length contraction: Objects are measured to be shortened in the direction that they are moving with respect to the observer.
• Mass–energy equivalence: E = mc2, energy and mass are equivalent and transmutable.
• Maximum speed is finite: No physical object, message or field line can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum.
• General relativity: General relativity is a theory of gravitation developed by Einstein in the years 1907–1915. The development of general relativity began with the equivalence principle, under which
the states of accelerated motion and being at rest in a gravitational field (for example when standing on the surface of the Earth) are physically identical. The upshot of this is that free fall is inertial
motion: an object in free fall is falling because that is how objects move when there is no force being exerted on them, instead of this being due to the force of gravity as is the case in classical
mechanics. This is incompatible with classical mechanics and special relativity because in those theories inertially moving objects cannot accelerate with respect to each other, but objects in free fall
do so. To resolve this difficulty Einstein first proposed that space-time is curved. In 1915, he devised the Einstein field equations which relate the curvature of space-time with the mass, energy, and
momentum within it.
• Some of the consequences of general relativity are:
• Clocks run slower in deeper gravitational wells.This is called gravitational time dilation.
• Orbits precess in a way unexpected in Newton's theory of gravity. (This has been observed in the orbit of Mercury and in binary pulsars
• Rays of light bend in the presence of a gravitational field
• Rotating masses "drag along" the space-time around them; a phenomenon termed "frame-dragging".
• The universe is expanding, and the far parts of it are moving away from us faster than the speed of light.
•

19. TH

21. PARTICLE THEORY
• The kinetic theory of matter (particle theory)
says that all matter consists of many, very small
particles which are constantly moving or in a
continual state of motion.
• The degree to which the particles move is
determined by the amount of energy they have
and their relationship to other particles.
• The particles might be atoms, molecules or ions.
Use of the general term 'particle' means the
precise nature of the particles does not have to
be specified.
• Particle theory helps to explain properties and
behavior of materials by providing a model
which enables us to visualize what is happening
on a very small scale inside those materials.
• As a model it is useful because it appears to
explain many phenomena but as with all models
it does have limitations.
STATUS SOLID LIQUID GAS
PARTICLES are held tightly and packed fairly
close together - they are strongly
attracted to each other
are fairly close together with
some attraction between them
have little attraction between
them
are in fixed positions but they do
vibrate
are able to move around in all
directions but movement is
limited by attractions between
particles
are free to move in all directions
and collide with each other and
with the walls of a container and
are widely spaced out
The properties of matter: what happens during physical changes such as melting, boiling and evaporating
PROPERTIES SOLID LIQUID GAS
SHAPE Have a definite shape, as it
maintains the same.
do not have a definite shape Do not have a definite shape.
expand to fill any container
COMPRESSION are difficult to compress as the
particles are already packed closely
together
Flow and fill the bottom of a
container. They maintain the
same volume unless the
temperature changes
are easily compressed because
there are only a few particles in a
large volume
DENSITY are often dense as there are many
particles packed closely together
are difficult to compress because
there are quite a lot of particles in
a small volume
are often low density as there are
not many particles in a large
space

22. BIG RIP THEORY
• The universe continues to expand until
every thing in it is ripped to shreds, atom
by atom, by an unknown “phantom
energy”, possibly anti-gravity or dark
energy, or even that over time the rate of
acceleration increases so much that
everything just falls apart.

23. BIG CRUNCH THEORY
• The opposite of the Big Bang, the Big crunch is all the
matter in the universe crashing back in on itself.
• Because all the matter is crashing into itself, the heat in
the universe will be enormous
• Finally, everything will be smashed together into an
infinitely dense point, a singularity.

24. BIG FREEZE
• The “Big Freeze” is a scientific theory of the end of the universe.
• Though it doesn’t entail gigantic tubs of ice cream drowning
everyone, it does spell disaster for everyone.
• The universe has a fixed amount of energy in it, and as this
energy runs out—so the theory goes—the universe slows down.
In other words, there is a slow loss of heat, because heat is
produced by the movement of energy particles.
• There is also a slowdown in movement, and supposedly,
everything would eventually come to a halt.
• Which brings to mind the lines by T. S. Eliot: “This is the way the
world ends: not with a bang but with a whimper.”
• Universe expands for an infinite amount of time.
• Eventually, after the last stars burn out, there is no more heat in
the Universe .
• This would cause it to drop to absolute zero, the point where it
can’t possibly get any colder and nothing can move.

25. MULTIVERSE
• There are an infinite number of universes,
with possibly different dimensions and laws
of physics, in the Multiverse.
• There is no defined end of the Multiverse
because new universes are continually
created.

26. The Steady Sate theory
It states that the counting of the galaxies in
our Universe is constant and new galaxies
which are forming continuously are filling
the empty spaces which are created by
those heavenly bodies which have crossed
the boundary lines of observable Universe.

27. The Pulsating Theory
1. In this theory it is assumed that there is continuous expansion
and contraction in universe. A word which can replace the
above definition is ‘Pulsating’.
2. Pulsating theory states that it is the possibility that after some
passage of time the expansion in the universe may stop.
3. Then their may be the possibility of contraction. When this
contraction will approaches to a particular size.
4. Again the explosion will take place.
5. As a result of this explosion the expansion of universe will start
again.
6. Hence it results in a pulsating universe in which there is
alternate expansion and contraction of universe.

28. ATOMIC THEORY
• In chemistry and physics, atomic theory is a scientific theory of the nature
of matter, which states that matter is composed of discrete units called
atoms.
• It began as a philosophical concept in ancient Greece and entered the
scientific mainstream in the early 19th century when discoveries in the
field of chemistry showed that matter did indeed behave as if it were made
up of atoms.
• The word atom comes from the Ancient Greek adjective atomos, meaning
"uncuttable".
• 19th century chemists began using the term in connection with the
growing number of irreducible chemical elements.
• While seemingly apropos, around the turn of the 20th century, through
various experiments with electromagnetism and radioactivity, physicists
discovered that the so-called "uncuttable atom" was actually a
conglomerate of various subatomic particles (chiefly, electrons, protons
and neutrons) which can exist separately from each other.
• In fact, in certain extreme environments, such as neutron stars, extreme
temperature and pressure prevents atoms from existing at all.
• Since atoms were found to be divisible, physicists later invented the term
"elementary particles" to describe the "uncuttable", though not
indestructible, parts of an atom.
• The field of science which studies subatomic particles is particle physics,
and it is in this field that physicists hope to discover the true fundamental
nature of matter.

29. ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
• The history of electromagnetic theory begins with
ancient measures to deal with atmospheric
electricity, in particular lightning.
• People then had little understanding of electricity,
and were unable to scientifically explain the
phenomena.
• In the 19th century there was a unification of the
history of electric theory with the history of
magnetic theory.
• It became clear that electricity should be treated
jointly with magnetism, because wherever electricity
is in motion, magnetism is also present.
• Magnetism was not fully explained until the idea of
magnetic induction was developed.
• Electricity was not fully explained until the idea of
electric charge was developed.

30. ULTIMATE FATE OF THE UNIVERSE