5. KNOWLEDGE BASED PLATFORM
• Views tourism from a holistic
perspective, not just from the
impact and forms but in terms
of functions and underlying
structures
6. SOCIAL JUSTICE PLATFORM
• Embraces “participatory processes
involving open dialogue, resource
distribution, equity, pro-poor planning,
gender sensitivity
• Tourism planners as to be an agent of
positive change
8. LAISSEZ-FAIRE THEORY
• This is known as liberal economic
theory.
• The government does not intervene in
terms of policy plans, regulations,
guidelines, code and standards.
• It is a game without rules
9. MODERNIZATION THEORY
• Tourism assumes that tourism
contributes to the economic
progress and transformation of
“traditional societies into modern
one.
10. TRICKLE-DOWN THEORY
• Assumes that any form of
economic growth will lead to
improvement of the living
conditions of everybody
11. NEOLIBERAL THEORY
• Government has a minimal
intervention.
• Accepts the idea of government
regulation but rejects government
competing with private sectors.
12. DEPENDENCY THEORY
• The first world countries exploits
the Third World countries
• Third worlds depend on the
developed countries
13. IRRIDEX MODEL
• Theory about the social impacts
of tourism. It states that residents’
attitudes towards tourism will
deteriorate over the period of time
18. BOOSTERIST APPROACH
• Sees tourism as a positive
force for economic
development. Its primary goal
is to maximize tourism
revenues through mass
tourism
20. SPATIAL PLANNING APPROACH
• It focuses on “destination” layout and design
and breaks down tourism into spatial units:
a. Site scale ( planning at the level of individual
tourism property like hotel, resort, or
restaurant)
b. Destination scale (planning tourism in a
community and its surrounding areas
c. Regional scale (planning level of province,
region and country)
22. BUREAUCRATIC/
GOVERNMENT-LED APPROACH
• Puts the government at the center of
planning and development.
• Government action refers to infrastructure,
provision, marketing, promotion, education
and research
23. MIDDLE PATH APPROACH
(BHUTAN MODEL)
• Opposite of boosterism is low
volume, high yield tourism .
• Strict control on the volume of
tourism
24. ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH
• Tourism development is endowed
with natural attractions of
outstanding beauty, beyond the
reach of commercialism
25. ECO TOURSIM APPROACH
• Form of sustainable tourism within a
natural and cultural heritage in which
community participation, protection
and management of natural
resources, culture and indigenous
knowledge and practices,
environment education and ethics
28. PRO POOR APPROACH
• TOURISM THAT GENERATES
NET BENEFITS FOR THE
POOR”
• THE NEEDS OF THE POOR
ARE PRIORITIZED
29. FAIR TRADE TOURISM
• IS RESPONSE TO THE FAILURE OF
CONVENTIONAL TRADE TO DELIVER
SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD AND
DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES TO
PEOPLE IN THE POOREST COUNTRIES
OF THE WORLD