M1 L3 Grammar

ぶんぽう：　レッスン　３
Grammar:
Lesson
3

これ、それ、and
あれ are
words
that
can
only
be
used
for
objects
or
animals.
You
cannot
use
these
words
when
referring
to
people.
However,
you
can
use
these
words
to
talk
about
people
in
photographs.
kore　・　sore　・　are
これ　・　それ　・　あれ
THIS　・　THAT　・
THAT
OVER
THERE

kore
wa
nan
desu
ka
これ　は　なん　です　か。
WHAT
IS
THIS?

What
is
this?
• You
can
use
これ　kore,
それ　sore,
or
あれ
are,
to
ask
the
quesBon
“What
is
this”
or
“What
is
that
(over
there)?”
– For
example:
• これ　は　なん　です　か。
• kore
wa
nan
desu
ka
• What
is
this?
• それ　は　なん　です　か。
• sore
wa
nan
desu
ka
• What
is
that?
• あれ　は　なん　です　か。
• are
wa
nan
desu
ka
• What
is
that
over
there?

What
is
this?
(Con:nued)
• Remember
that
the
parBcle
は wa
follows
the
topic
word
to
indicate
that
it
is
the
topic.
In
these
examples,
the
topic
is
これ kore,
それ
sore,
or
あれ
are,
because
you
are
asking
what
a
parBcular
object
is.
• The
form
of
the
word
“what”
used
in
a
sentence
with
これ kore、　それ　
sore,
or
あれ
are,
will
need
to
be
なん nan.
• Remember
that
puNng
the
parBcle
か ka,
at
the
end
of
the
sentence
makes
it
into
a
quesBon.
Think
of
か ka
as
a
quesBon
mark!

What
is
this?
(Con:nued)
• To
respond　to
“what
is
this/that?”
simply
replace
the
word
“what”
なん
nan,
with
your
answer.
Here
are
some
examples
of
answering
the
quesBons
“what
is
this/that?”
:
• あれ　は　かみ　です。
• are
wa
kami
desu
• That
over
there
is
paper.
• それ　は　えんぴつ　です。
• sore
wa
enpitsu
desu
• That
is
a
pencil.
• これ　は　だいち　です。 *
• kore
wa
daichi
desu
• This
is
Daichi.
*
This
is
correct
ONLY
if
you
are
talking
about
Daichi
in
a
photograph.
For
people
we
meet
in
real
life,
not
in
photographs,
we
use
the
word
こちら kochira
(this
person).
For
example:
こちら　は　だいち　です。
Kochira
wa
daichi
desu
This
(person)
is
Daichi.

sore
desu
ka
それ　です　か。
IS
IT
THAT?

それ　です　か。
Is
it
that?
• Here
are
some
examples
if
you
want
to
ask:
“Is
it
this
/
that
/
that
over
there?”
• あれ　です　か。
• are
desu
ka
• Is
it
that
over
there?
• それ　です　か。
• sore
desu
ka
• Is
it
that?
• これ　です　か。
• sore
desu
ka
• Is
it
this?

In
lesson
2,
we
learned
the
possessive
parBcle,
の
no.
In
this
lesson,
we
will
conBnue
using
this
parBcle
by
adding
の
no
to
the
これ、それ、and
あれ sentences
we
just
learned
to
show
to
whom
the
object
belongs.
kore
wa
watashi
no
enpitsu
desu.
これ　は　わたし　の　えんぴつ　です。
THIS
IS
MY
PENCIL.

これ　は　わたし　の　えんぴつ　です。　
This
is
my
pencil.
• Remember
that
in
Japanese,
you
must
first
start
sentences
with
the
topic,
followed
by
the
object
,
and
then
end
with
verb.
• これ　は　わたし　の　えんぴつ　です。
• kore
wa
watashi
no
enpitsu
desu
• This
is
my
pencil.
– これ　kore
=
topic
– は　wa
=
topic
marker
– わたし　の　えんぴつ　watashi
no
enpitsu
=
object
– です　desu
=
verb
• それ　は　さくらさん　の　きょうかしょ　です。
• sore
wa
sakurasan
no
kyoukasho
desu.
• That
is
Sakura’s
textbook.
• あれ　は　せんせい　の　かみ　です。
• are
wa
sensei
no
kami
desu
• That
over
there
is
the
teacher’s
paper.

これ　は　だいち　の　えんぴつ　ですか。
Kore
wa
daichi
no
enpitsu
desu
ka
Is
this
Daichi’s
pencil?
To
answer
“yes
it
is,”
you
say:
はい、そう　です。
Hai,
sou
desu.
Yes,
it
is.
To
answer
“no,
it’s
not,”
you
say:
OR…
いいえ、そう　では　ありません。
Iie,
sou
dewa
arimasen
No,
it
is
not.
いいえ、　そう　じゃ　ありません。
Iie,
sou
jya
arimasen
No,
it’s
not.
iie,
kore
wa
watashi
no
enpitsu
dewa
arimasen
いいえ、　これ　は　わたし　の　えんぴつ　では　ありません。
NO,
THIS
IS
NOT
MY
PENCIL.

いいえ、　これ　は　わたし　の　えんぴつ　では　ありません。
No,
this
is
not
my
pencil.
• To
answer
“no,
it’s
not,”
you
say:
• いいえ、　そう　では　(or
じゃ）ありません。
• iie,
sou
dewa
(or
jya)
arimasen
– じゃ jya
is
the
contracted
form
of
the
two
parBcles:
では (de
and
wa).
じゃ jya
is
more
casual
and
used
more
in
spoken
Japanese,
whereas
“dewa”
is
used
more
in
wriBng.
– To
compare
to
English,
It’s
like
the
difference
between
saying
“Will
not”
versus
“won’t.”
One
is
contracted
(won’t)
and
one
is
not
(will
not).
•
いいえ、それ　は　わたし　の　けしごむ　では　ありません。
• iie,
sore
wa
watashi
no
keshigomu
dewa
arimasen.
• No,
that
is
not
my
eraser.
• あれ　は　さくらさん　の　きょうかしょ　じゃ　ありません。
• are
wa
sakura
san
no
kyoukasho
jya
arimasen.
•
That
over
there
isn’t
Sakura’s
textbook.

In
order
to
express
“I
have…”
we
will
use
the
parBcle
えんぴつ　が　あります。
I
HAVE
A
PENCIL.
が ga
along
with
the
verb
あります arimasu,
which
means
“to
exist.”
あります arimasu
can
only
used
with
non-‐living
(inanimate)
things.
enpitsu
ga
arimasu.

が　ga
–
the
Subject
Marker
• が ga
is
the
parBcle
used
to
mark
the
subject
(not
topic!)
of
a
sentence.
• In
the
sentence
“I
have
a
pencil,”
the
subject
is
“pencil,”
therefore,
the
parBcle
が
ga
will
come
a`er
the
word
pencil.
–
For
example:
• わたし　は　えんぴつ　が　あります。
• watashi
wa
enpitsu
ga
arimasu
•
I
have
a
pencil.
– NoBce
how
this
sentence
has
both
a
topic
(watashi)
AND
a
subject
(enpitsu)!
– When
a
topic
is
obvious,
it
can
be
totally
omibed
(le`
out
of
the
sentence!)
– In
the
case
below,
the
topic
“I”
(watashi)
is
omibed.
• かみ　が　あります。
• kami
ga
arimasu.
• (I)
have
paper.

と　to
-‐
the
“and”
Par:cle
• The
parBcle
と to
is
a
lot
like
the
English
word
“and.”
It’s
used
when
lisBng
items,
people,
and…
anything
else
you
might
need
to
list!
– For
example:
• えんぴつ　と　かみ　が　あります。
• enpitsu
to
kami
ga
arimasu
• (I)
have
a
pencil
and
paper.
• You
can
have
as
many
と
in
a
sentence
as
you
need,
but
don’t
get
too
carried
away
with
it!
• かみ　と　きょうかしょ　と　はさみ　が　あります。
• kami
to
kyoukasho
to
hasami
ga
arimasu.
• (I)
have
paper,
a
textbook,
and
scissors.

Now,
let’s
look
at
some
opBonal
grammar.
〜が　ひつよう　です。
〜ga
hitsuyou
desu
I
need…
〜を　かして　ください。
〜O
kashite
kudasai
Please
lend
me…
You
can
hear
these
used
in
the
video
for
this
lesson.
☆　GRAMMAR
CHALLENGE!

。。。が　ひつよう　です。
I
need….
When
you
want
to
say:
“I
need
(something)”
simply
insert
whatever
noun
you
need
before
the
phrase
〜が　ひつよう　です ga
hitsuyou
desu.
• えんぴつ　が　ひつよう　です。
• enpitsu
ga
hitsuyou
desu.　
• (I)
need
a
pencil.
– Note
that
わたし　は watashi
wa
(I
+
topic
marker)
has
been
omibed.　
– Remember:
When
a
topic
is
obvious,
it
can
be
totally
omibed
(le`
out
of
the
sentence!)
Other
people
might
need
things,
too.
If
that’s
the
case,
add
the
person’s
name
and
the
topic
marker,
は wa
before
the
noun
in
the
sentence.
• だいちさん　は　かみ　が　ひつよう　です。
• Daichi
san
wa
kami
ga
hitsuyou
desu.
• Daichi
needs
paper.

。。。を　かして　ください。
Please
lend
me…
When
you’d
like
someone
to
lend
you
something,
use
the
phrase
〜を　かし
て　ください。 (something)
O
kashite
kudasai.
Just
add
the
noun
you
need
before
the
phrase.
• かみを　かして　ください。
• Kami
O
kashite
kudasai.　
• Please
lend
me
paper.
• えんぴつ　を　かして　ください。
• Enpitsu
O
kashite
kudasai.　
• Please
lend
me
a
pencil.

おわり
This
is
the
end
of
the
Grammar
Notes
for
this
lesson.
You
can
print
these
notes
for
your
reference
using
the
link
above
this
slideshow.

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