Geneva school of linguistics

1. Geneva School of Linguistics
Geneva Lake, Switzerland

2. Father of Modern Linguistics-
Ferdinand de Saussure

3. University of Geneva

4. University of Leipzig

5. Luminary Figures within this Linguistic Circle
Charles Bally
Albert Sechehaye

6. Other luminary figures
 Albert Riedlinger
 Serge Kercevski

8. Langue
The Abstract System
Parole
Language=
Actual Speech
+

9. Syntagm
 A combination of words forming
phrases/clauses/sentences.
Example: The earth is flat.
Article Noun
Auxiliary
verb
Adjective
Flat earth is the.

10. Paradigm
 A paradigmatic relationship is where an individual
sign may be replaced by another.
 Example: Learning
Study
Knowledge
Discipline

11. The Syntagmatic And Paradigmatic Relationship
I fell down the tree=
 I fell down the tree Syntagmatic
You dropped below a plant
He descended under an organism
She tumbled underneath vegetation
We crashed
They collapsed
P
a
r
a
d
i
g
m
a
t
i
c

12. Structural Linguistics
The Synchronic and Diachronic Linguistics
 Example of Synchrony: Study of American English

13. Structuralism
 Example of Diachrony- Study of the evolution of
British English from Old to Modern English

14. Structuralism: Diachrony
Old English Modern English
dreng warrior
hofding chief
lent lentil
ostre oyster
āspendan to spend
tyrnan to turn
bemūtan to exchange

15. Structural Linguistics
“ A language is a device that establishes sound-
meaning correlations, pairing meanings with
signals to enable people to exchange ideas
through observable sequences of sound.”- Ronald
W. Langacker, Language & Its Structure, 1967

16. Linguistic Value
Different Phonemes:
“Sip” “Sap”

17. Linguistic Value-
Sounds, Concepts, Opposites, and Relational Values

18. Linguistic Value- Consider the Opposites

19. The opposing dualities according to
Ferdinand de Saussure
 The articulatory and the acoustical duality
 The duality of sound and sense
 The duality of the individual and the society
 The duality of langue and parole
 The duality of the material and immaterial
 The duality of the syntagmatic and paradigmatic
 The duality of sameness and opposition
 The duality of the synchronic and the diachronic

20. Semiotics:
Concepts about Signs
 Sign is dyadic
Signifier Signified Sign
Sound/Symbol/
Abstract
Concept/Meaning/
Concrete

22. • Sign is arbitrary
Signifier Signified
“Book”

23. Meow?

24. • Sign is relational
SignifiedSignified

25. Sign is conventional
The English word
“Joke”:
Signifier->
Signified -> Meaning
agreed upon:
something that you
say or do to make
people laugh

26. Thank You