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Eee3420 lecture07 rev2011
1.
EEC3420 Industrial Control
Department of Electrical Engineering │ Lecture 7 │ Communication using PLC © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 1
2.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 2 Learning Objectives To know the communication protocol and the PLC communication technique.
3.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
Introduction to Industrial Networks Multiple control systems will be used for complex processes. These control systems may be PLCs, but other controllers including robots, data terminals and computers may also be used. For these controllers to work together, they must communicate. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 3
4.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
Introduction to Industrial Networks The simplest form of communication is a direct connection between two computers. A network will simultaneously connect a large number of computers on a network. Data can be transmitted one bit at a time in series, this is called serial communication. Data bits can also be sent in parallel. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 4
5.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
Introduction to Industrial Networks The transmission rate will often be limited to some maximum value, from a few bits per second, to billions of bits per second. The communications often have limited distances, from a few feet to thousands of miles/kilometers. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 5
6.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
Industrial Network Characteristics • Hierarchy • Response Time and Variance • Bandwidth • Efficiency • Access Method • Topology • Distance • Number of Devices • Capabilities • Length of Messages • Vendor Support © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 6
7.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
Hierarchy • What is the network used for? • Connect I/O back to the controller? • Connect PLCs and operator interfaces together? • Link manufacturing computers together? • Link manufacturing with the rest of the company? • Link manufacturing with other plants that supply raw materials or consume the products you manufacture? © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 7
8.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 8 Hierarchy • There are at least three levels of communications in manufacturing and laboratories. • The lowest level is networking of I/O. • A typical I/O network usually requires deterministic, “daisy-chain”, real-time responses of 10 to 50 milliseconds. • The alternative to using a network for I/O is to pull all those wires and cables back to your controller.
9.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 9 Hierarchy I/O network typically has the following advantages: • Analog data is more accurate • Typically more data is available from intelligent devices: meters, drives, etc. • More diagnostics • Easier to expand • Higher hardware costs but lower installation costs
10.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 10 Hierarchy The next higher level is for PLC to PLC, PLC to HMI, and PLC to SCADA. PLC to PLC communications may be real-time depending on the information they are sending each other. Most PLC to operator interfaces are non real-time. Depending upon what you are doing in SCADA, PLC to SCADA could be real-time but not as fast as I/O. However, if you are trying to record timing events or high speed data acquisition then your PLC to SCADA link needs to be real-time.
11.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 11 Hierarchy The highest level is SCADA to SCADA: sharing of alarms, process status, reporting of quality control data, etc. These are typically non-real-time or greater than one second.Note that there are definitely higher levels of communications in a manufacturing facility. Note that there are definitely higher levels of communications in a manufacturing facility. However, once you get these higher levels, usually their communications needs are best-fulfilled using standard Ethernet and office type networking.
12.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 12 Response Time and Variance • What is the typical response required on the network? • Are some messages high priority and some low priority? • Are the messages continuous or intermittent? • Does the network need to operate in “real-time” or not “real-time”? • How fast do the devices need to respond to each other? • How much can the response time vary? • What happens if the devices communicate sometimes at ten millisecond intervals and other times at one-second intervals?
13.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
Bandwidth • What is the raw speed that the data travels? • Bandwidth is the ability to pump data through the communications link. • Think of it as how big are the pipes and pumps to pump the data. • Theoretically a 100 Mbps network is ten times faster than a 10 Mbps network. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 13
14.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
Bandwidth Note that some networks, such as Ethernet, can only use about 30 to 40 percent of the available bandwidth without having major problems. So a 100 Mbps Ethernet network may really only be 35 Mbps. If all devices on the network are full-duplex then they could theoretically handle 70 Mbps. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 14
15.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 15 Efficiency Efficiency is a measure of how much additional work has to be done to send a message. There are at least three different concerns: (1) How much overhead is required to send a message? (2) How many messages have to be sent and (3) how much is the host CPU required to do?
16.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 16 Efficiency For example, suppose you want to send 10 bytes of data from device 1 to device 2. In this message packet you usually have to include, in addition to the 10 bytes of data, data that specifies who should receive the data, who sent the data, the type of data, the length of data, and some sort of checksum or other error detection. A second question of efficiency is how many messages need to be sent to read and write data to a device. For example, assume you have a PLC that needs to read inputs and write outputs to a block of I/O.
17.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 17 Efficiency The third question of efficiency is how much the host computer has to do. For example, on a typical industrial network you configure the communications for the bus and then the communications controller has its own processor that does all the communications.
18.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
Access Method Two main types of access methods are covered: • deterministic • collision detection Deterministic means that given the number of devices on the network you can calculate what the maximum response time will be. The response time of deterministic networks tends to vary less than networks based on collision detection. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 18
19.
EEE3420 Industrial Control
Access Method Collision Detection is where a device listens before it starts talking. If the device does not hear anything then it starts talking. If someone else starts talking at the same time -- then each device stops for a random amount of time and then starts listening for silence again. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 19
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© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 20 Topology Can all cables run back to a hub or do you “daisy-chain”? Topology refers to how cables are run. A star or hub topology has all of the devices running a cable back to the centralized hub. You need to check the distance that each cable can be from the hub to the device. The good news is that if one device loses power it should not affect communications with the other devices.
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© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 21 Topology A hub receives data from one device and rebroadcasts data to all the other devices connected to the hub. A switch creates many separate communications links that allows two devices to talk on ports 1 and 2 while two other devices talk on ports 3 and 4. A ring or “daisy-chain” network is where you run the cable from device to device. This usually results in less cable being used. However, you still have to consider the total length of the cable.
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Distance Each type of network has distance and speed limitations that are related. The most common characteristic to all networks is that the longer the distance – the slower the speed. Repeaters, bridges, gateways, hubs, switches are ways to get around these limitations – but you need to be aware when and where to use them. There is a limit to how many repeaters you can use on one cable to extend the cable © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 22
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Number of devices Another factor limiting the response time, speed, and distance is the number of devices on the communications network. The higher the number of devices is then the shorter the distance, slower the baud rate, and higher the response time. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 23
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© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 24 Capabilities The communications capabilities of each device have to consider, some examples of capabilities might be: Device can talk RS232, RS422, or RS485. Device servers that allow you to send RS232 / 422/ 485 communications over Ethernet. Device can talk Devicenet, Modbus, DH+, Profibus Device can talk Ethernet but only 10Mps
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© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 25 Length of Messages Theoretically you want similar sized messages on the same network. For example, do not put I/O (typically a lot of short messages) on an office Ethernet (typically fewer, but longer messages). When someone on the same network starts downloading a lot of pictures and video or decides to print a large file, it could be a while before the I/O gets updated again.
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Vendor Support Ideally there would be one best network and all automation vendors would support it. Another consideration is how well is this industrial network supported by third party vendors? © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 26
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© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 27 OSI Seven Layer Model Layer 7: Application Specifications and protocols for applications and users using the network: how to send a request, how to specify a filename over the net, how to respond to a request. A definition of what messages will be permitted and what responses are to be taken in response to each of these messages. Protocols commonly used are FTP, SNMP, SMTP, HTTP, Telnet
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© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 28 OSI Seven Layer Model Layer 6: Presentation Computers represent data in different ways (character, integer) thus the protocol needs to translate the data to and from the local node. Data encryption and compression are typically done at this level. Layer 5: Session Establishing a communications session, Security, Authentication, passwords
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© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 29 OSI Seven Layer Model Layer 4: Transport Transfer correctness, error detection. Data is segmented into manageable packet sizes. Responsible for resending failed messages and that good messages are not processed more than once. Protocols commonly used are TCP, UDP Layer 3: Network Address assignment, packet’s forwarding methods, routing. Protocol commonly used is IP.
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© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 30 OSI Seven Layer Model Layer 2: Data Link Frame format, transmission of frames, i.e. bit / byte stuffing, checksums, flow control, parity bits. Common example is the Ethernet. Layer 1: Physical This is the basic hardware components for networks, i.e. RS232 specification, it converts 1s and 0s into electrical pulses. Common example is the Ethernet.
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© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 31 Traditional Industrial Networks There are many industrial networks currently available, for examples, the DeviceNet, the Modbus, the Profibus, and the industrial Ethernet, etc. The DeviceNet network is an open device level network that provides connections between simple industrial devices (such as sensors and actuators) and higher-level devices (such as programmable controllers and computers). Uses the proven Common Industrial Protocol (CIP) to provide the control, configure, and data collection capabilities for industrial devices.
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Traditional Industrial Networks Created in 1989 by a consortium of companies and institutions, PROFIBUS has become the world’s most popular fieldbus in discrete manufacturing and process control. It is mature, proven technology that is ideal for supporting modern automation systems. With over 14 million installed devices, it is a significant driving force for the world’s production plants. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 32
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Traditional Industrial Networks Several years ago Ethernet was not a consideration for manufacturing since it is was slow and not deterministic. With the development of high bandwidth and inexpensive Ethernet switching technology, Ethernet is emerging as a good alternative. The application is constantly broadening its coverage to include Ethernet TCP/IP applications. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 33
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Introduction to PLC Communication Multiple control systems will be used for complex processes. These control systems may be PLCs, but other controllers include robots, data terminals and computers.. The simplest form of communication is a direct connection between two computers. A network will simultaneously connect a large number of computers on a network. Data can be transmitted one bit at a time in series, this is called serial communication. Data bits can also be sent in parallel. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 34
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Introduction to PLC Communication The transmission rate will often be limited to some maximum value, from a few bits per second, to billions of bits per second. The communications often have limited distances, from a few feet to thousands of miles/kilometers. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 35
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Introduction to PLC Communication An example of a networked control system Computer Devicenet © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 36 PLC Process Actuators Process Process Sensors Process Actuators Process Sensors RS-232 Normal I/O on PLC
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Serial Communication and RS232 Serial communications send a single bit at a time between computers. This only requires a single communication channel, as opposed to 8 channels to send a byte. With only one channel the costs are lower, but the communication rates are slower. The communication channels are often wire based, but they may also be can be optical and radio. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 37
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Serial Communication and RS232 RS-232c is the most com-mon standard that is based on a voltage change levels. At the sending computer an input will either be true or false. The line driver will convert a false value in to a Txd voltage between +3V to +15V, true will be between -3V to -15V. A cable connects the Txd and com on the sending computer to the Rxd and com inputs on the receiving computer. The receiver converts the positive and negative voltages back to logic voltage levels in the receiving computer. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 38
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Serial Communication and RS232 The cable length is limited to 50 feet to reduce the effects of electrical noise. When RS-232 is used on the factory floor, care is required to reduce the effects of electrical noise - careful grounding and shielded cables are often used. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 39
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Serial Communication and RS232 Txd Rxd com © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 40 Serial Data Standards RS-232c RS-422a RS-423a 50 ft 3000 ft 3000 ft In Out In Out In Out
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Serial Communication and RS232 A typical data byte looks like the one below Descriptions: © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 41 true false before start data parity stop idle before - this is a period where no bit is being sent and the line is true. start - a single bit to help get the systems synchronized. data - this could be 7 or 8 bits, but is almost always 8 now. The value shown here is a byte with the binary value 00010010 (the least significant bit is sent first). parity - this lets us check to see if the byte was sent properly. The most common choices here are no parity bit, an even parity bit, or an odd parity bit. In this case there are two bits set in the data byte. If we are using even parity the bit would be true. If we are using odd parity the bit would be false. stop - the stop bits allow a pause at the end of the data. One or two stop bits can be used. idle - a period of time where the line is true before the next byte.
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Serial Communication and RS232 Some of the byte settings are optional, such as the number of data bits (7 or 8), the parity bit (none, even or odd) and the number of stop bits (1 or 2). The sending and receiving computers must know what these settings are to properly receive and decode the data. Most computers send the data asynchronously, meaning that the data could be sent at any time, without warning. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 42
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Serial Communication and RS232 Another method used to detect data errors is half-duplex © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 43 and full-duplex transmission. In half-duplex transmission the data is only sent in one direction. But, in full-duplex transmission a copy of any byte received is sent back to the sender to verify that it was sent and received correctly.
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Serial Communication and RS232 The transmission speed is the maximum number of bits that can be sent per second. The unit for this is baud. The baud rate includes the start, parity and stop bits. Lower baud rates are 120, 300, 1.2K, 2.4K and 9.6K. Higher speeds are 19.2K, 28.8K and 33.3K. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 44
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Serial Communication and RS232 The handshaking lines are to be used to detect the status of the sender and receiver, and to regulate the flow of data. It would be unusual for most of these pins to be connected in any one application. The most common pins are provided on the DB-9 connector, and are also described below. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 45
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Serial Communication and RS232 TXD/RXD - (transmit data, receive data) - data lines DCD - (data carrier detect) - this indicates when a remote device is present RI - (ring indicator) - this is used by modems to indicate when a connection is about to be made. CTS/RTS - (clear to send, ready to send) DSR/DTR - (data set ready, data terminal ready) these handshaking lines indicate when the remote machine is ready to receive data. COM - a common ground to provide a common reference voltage for the TXD and RXD. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 46
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Serial Communication and RS232 When a computer is ready to receive data it will set the CTS bit, the remote machine will notice this on the RTS pin. The DSR pin is similar in that it indicates the modem is ready to transmit data. XON and XOFF characters are used for a software only flow control scheme. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 47
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Serial Communication and RS232 A normal handshaking protocol between a computer and a modem looks like this © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 48
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Serial Communication and RS232 1 The computer sets DTR to indicate that it wants to make use of the modem. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 49
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Serial Communication and RS232 2 The modem signals that it is ready and that a connection has been established. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 50
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Serial Communication and RS232 3 The computer requests permission to send. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 51
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Serial Communication and RS232 4 The modem informs the computer that it is now ready to receive data from the computer and send it through the phone wires. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 52
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Serial Communication and RS232 5 The modem drops CTS to signal to the computer that its internal buffers are full; the computer stops sending characters to the modem. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 53
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Serial Communication and RS232 6 The buffers of the modem have been purged, so the computer may continue to send data. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 54
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Serial Communication and RS232 7 This situation is not clear; either the computer's buffers are full and it wants to inform the modem of this, or it doesn't have any more data to be send to the modem. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 55
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Serial Communication and RS232 8 The modem acknowledges RTS by dropping CTS. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 56
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Serial Communication and RS232 9 RTS is again raised by the computer to re-establish © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 57 data transmission.
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Serial Communication and RS232 10 The modem shows that it is ready to do its job. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 58
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Serial Communication and RS232 © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 59 11 No more data is to be sent.
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Serial Communication and RS232 © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 60 12 The modem acknowledges this.
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Serial Communication and RS232 13 DTR is dropped by the computer; this causes most modems to hang up. After hang-up, the modem acknowledges with DSR low. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 61
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Serial Communication and RS232 © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 62 14 Communication terminates
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ASCII ladder function in PLC Many PLC processors have an RS-232 port that is normally used for programming the PLC com 1 Emulator © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 63 PLC5 RS-232 Cable Terminal AWT Channel 0 String Location ST9:0 Length 4 channel 0 A
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© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 64 ASCII ladder function in PLC The AWT (Ascii WriTe) function below will write to serial ports on the CPU only. To write to other serial ports the message function in Figure 2.11.3b must be used. In this example the message block will become active when A goes true. It will use the message parameters stored in message memory MG9:0. The parameters set indicate that the mes-sage is to Write data stored at N7:50, N7:51 and N7:52. This will write the ASCII string ABC to the serial port.
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ASCII ladder function in PLC Message Function for Serial Communication A © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 65 MSG Control Block MG9:0 Memory Values: Read/Write Data Table Size Local/Remote Remote Station Link ID Remote Link type Local Node Addr. Processor Type Dest. Addr. Write N7:50 3 Local N/A N/A N/A 20 ASCII N/A N7:50 N7:51 N7:52 65 66 67 setup stored in MG9:0 Data Stored in memory
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© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 66 ASCII ladder function in PLC PLC-5 ASCII Functions ABL(channel, control)- reports the number of ASCII characters including line endings ACB(channel, control) - reports the numbers of ASCII characters in buffer ACI(string, dest) - convert ASCII string to integer ACN(string, string,dest) - concatenate strings AEX(string, start, length, dest) - this will cut a segment of a string out of a larger string AIC(integer, string) - convert an integer to a string AHL(channel, mask, mask, control) - does data handshaking ARD(channel, dest, control, length) - will get characters from the ASCII buffer ARL(channel, dest, control, length) - will get characters from an ASCII buffer ASC(string, start, string, result) - this will look for one string inside another ASR(string, string) - compares two strings AWT(channel, string, control, length) - will write characters to an ASCII output
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R6:0/DN ACN StringA ST10:1 StringB ST10:0 Dest ST10:2 © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 67 ASCII ladder function in PLC An ASCII String Example ARL Channel 0 Dest ST10:0 Control R6:0 Length 2 AWT Channel 0 String ST10:2 Length 7 ST10:1 = "HI " ACB Channel 0 Control R6:1 R6:1/EN GEQ Source A R6:1.POS Source B 2
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© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 68 ASCII ladder function in PLC A String to Integer Conversion Example ACI String ST9:10 Dest N7:0 ACI String ST9:11 Dest N7:1 ADD SourceA N7:0 SourceB N7:1 Dest N7:2 AIC Source N7:2 String ST9:12
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A © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 69 ASCII ladder function in PLC String Manipulation Functions ACB Channel 1 Control R6:0 ABL Channel 1 Control R6:1 AEX Source ST9:0 Index 5 Length 2 ASR StringA ST9:2 StringB ST9:3 Dest ST9:1 O:001/2 B
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Communication example Problem: A robot will be loading parts into a box until the box reaches a prescribed weight. A PLC will feed parts into a pickup fixture when it is empty. The PLC will tell the robot when to pick up a part and load it into the box by passing it an ASCII string, "pickup". © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 70
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feed part part waiting box full © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 71 Communication example Example: PLC Interface To a Robot PLC Robot Box and RS-232 Parts "pickup" = pickup part Feeder Parts Pickup Fixture Weigh Scale
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Communication example The following ladder logic will implement part of the control system for the system © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 72 part waiting box full feed part ONS Bit B3:0 AWT Channel 0 String ST10:0 Length 6 part waiting ST10:0 = "pickup"
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© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 73 Summary Industrial automation networks have many characteristics in common with non industrial networks such as Response Time, Bandwidth, Efficiency, Access Method, Topology, and Distance, etc. The standard model for networking protocols and distributed applications is the International Standard Organization's Open System Interconnect (ISO/OSI) model. It defines seven network layers: the Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link and Physical Layer.
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© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 74 Summary The more everyone tries to create one universal standard for the industrial network, the more universal standards we get. As a result, there are different industrial network standards offered by different network vendors. Industrial automation networks have many characteristics in common with non industrial networks such as Response Time, Bandwidth, Efficiency, Access Method, Topology, and Distance, etc.
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The standard model for networking protocols and distributed applications is the International Standard Organization's Open System Interconnect (ISO/OSI) model. It defines seven network layers: the Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link and Physical Layer. The more everyone tries to create one universal standard for the industrial network, the more universal standards we get. As a result, there are different industrial network standards offered by different network vendors. © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 75 Summary
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Summary Serial communications pass data one bit at a time. RS-232 communications use voltage levels for short distances. A variety of communications cables and settings were discussed. ASCII functions are available of PLCs making serial © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 76 communications possible.
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© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 77 Summary Serial communications pass data one bit at a time. RS-232 communications use voltage levels for short distances. A variety of communications cables and settings were discussed. ASCII functions are available of PLCs making serial communications possible.
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© Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong. Week 78 Communication using PLC End of Lecture 7 Revision
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