AP World Early

1. Chapter 19

2.  Disease
 Inferior Technology
 Civil unrest/disunity
 Superstition/belief in doomsday

3. 1
CORTÉS IN MEXICO PIZARRO IN PERU
Hernan Cortés landed on the Francisco Pizarro arrived in Peru
Mexican coast in 1519. in 1532, just after the conclusion
Cortés arranged alliances with of a bloody civil war.
discontented peoples who hated
Helped by Indian allies, Pizarro
their Aztec overlords.
captured the new king,
The Aztec emperor, Moctezuma, Atahualpa, and killed thousands
thought Cortés might be a god. of his followers.
He offered tribute to Cortés and
welcomed him to Tenochtitlán. The Spanish then overran the
When relations grew strained, the Incan heartland.
Aztecs drove the Spanish out of
Tenochtitlán.
In 1521, Cortés returned and
captured and demolished
Tenochtitlán.

4. 1
Which of the following countries did not have land claims in North
America in 1675?
a) Spain
b) England
c) France
d) Portugal
Why did Moctezuma offer tribute to Cortés?
a) Moctezuma hoped to open trading relations with the Spanish.
b) Moctezuma thought that Cortés might be a god.
c) Moctezuma wanted to show his respect for Spanish culture.
d) Moctezuma wanted to show the Spanish the wealth of the
Aztec empire.

5. 1
Which of the following countries did not have land claims in North
America in 1675?
a) Spain
b) England
c) France
d) Portugal
Why did Moctezuma offer tribute to Cortés?
a) Moctezuma hoped to open trading relations with the Spanish.
b) Moctezuma thought that Cortés might be a god.
c) Moctezuma wanted to show his respect for Spanish culture.
d) Moctezuma wanted to show the Spanish the wealth of the
Aztec empire.
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6.  Fancy word for Spain and Portugal
 Describe Portugal and Spain’s culture and
how it shaped colonies in the Americas…
◦ Develop encomiendas system
◦ Iberians had traditionally owned slaves from the
trans-Saharan trade routes
◦ In process of Reconquesting Iberia…so very pro-
Catholic

7.  1492-1570
◦ age of conquest; administration and economy
established
 1570-1700
◦ colonial institutions and societies take form
 1700s
◦ reform and reorganization
 Plants seeds of dissatisfaction and revolt

8.  Thoughts from the resident specialists?
◦ Encomiendas given to conquerors of the region
 Could use the Indians as workers/servants or could tax
them harshly
 Had actually owed Inca/Aztec tributes, but they were
reasonable
 Spanish demands harsh, arbitrary, excessive, and do not
come with reciprocal obligations

9.  What role does
Bartolome de Las Casas
play?
◦ “A Short Account of the
Destruction of the Indies”
◦ http://www.lehigh.edu/~
ejg1/doc/lascasas/casas.
htm
◦ By 1540s, begin moving
away from encomiendas

10.  Force labor for state projects
◦ Church construction, road building, mining,
agriculture, etc
 The Mining Industry
◦ Mita – forced labor in Peru, used to work the mines
◦ Paid for the work, but mistreated, many move away
to seek employment in the cities
 Creates a wage labor system

11.  Compare and contrast slavery versus coercive
labor systems.
 Or
 Compare and contrast North American and
South American labor systems…

12. 2
In the 1500s, Spain claimed a vast empire stretching
from California to South America.
GOVERNMENT THE CATHOLIC THE ECONOMY
CHURCH
The Church worked with the Spain closely controlled
Spain was determined to
government to convert economic activity, especially
maintain strict control over
Native Americans to trade.
its empire.
Christianity. The Spanish grew sugar
The empire was divided cane, which was grown on
Church leaders often served
into five provinces, each of plantations and required
as royal officials.
which was ruled by a large numbers of workers.
viceroy. Spanish missionaries forcibly
imposed European culture At first, the Spanish forced
The Council of the Indies the Native Americans to
over Native American culture.
helped pass laws for the work under brutal
colonies. conditions.
Later, the colonists began
shipping slaves from Africa
to do their work.

13.  Begins as a trade factory
 Shifts to plantation agriculture
 Becomes the first great plantation colony
◦ Will serve as a model for other European colonies in the
Caribbean
 Create a bureaucratic structure that integrated
the colony within an imperial system
 Jesuits play a contributing role; cattle ranches
and sugar mills help support the construction of
churches and schools and create a network of
missions for Native Ams

14.  1695 – gold strikes occur in the interior mountains
 Gold Rush!
 Waves of 5000 people a year pour in from Portugal
 Towns develop
 1735-1760 – height of production (3 tons a
year!...Brazil becomes the greatest source of gold in
the Western world)
 Diamonds also discovered
 Effects?
◦ Disastrous for the indigenous population
◦ Catalyzes expansion of slavery
◦ Rio de Janeiro – port closest to the mines; major growth

15. 2
In Spanish America, the mix of diverse people gave rise to a new social
structure.
Supposedly two republics one of the “Spaniards” one of the “Indians”
◦Only Indians pay tribute
Miscegenation and slavery will cause the development of multiple races
Not just racial distinctions in society; also ones based on wealth and
occupation
Peninsulares, people born in Spain, were at the top of society.
Creoles, American-born descendents of Spanish settlers, were next.
Mestizos were people of Native American and European descent.
Mulattoes were people of African and European descent.
Native Americans and people of African descent formed the lowest social
classes.
Slave owners often had female slaves as mistresses and freed their
mulatto children

16. 2
The blending of Native American, African, and European
peoples and traditions resulted in a new American
culture.
Colonial cities were centers of government, commerce,
and European culture.
To meet the Church’s need for educated priests, the
colonies built universities.
Although Spanish culture was dominant in the cities, the
blending of diverse traditions changed people’s lives
throughout the Americas.

17.  Bourbon Reforms through “Englightened
Despotism”
◦ Sets up a French-based intendant system in the Indies
 Improves tax collection, gov’t more effective
◦ Many reforms linked directly to defense and military
issues
 Spain still in a power struggle with England and France
◦ Active role in the economy
 State monopolies of essentials – tobacco and gunpowder
◦ Mining inspectors and experts are set to Peru and New
Spain to suggest reforms and introduce new techniques
◦ Restructuring of gov’t and economy helps revive the
Spanish Empire

18.  Portuguese – Marquis of Pombal (PM and
another “Enlightened Despot”)
◦ Fiscal reforms to eliminate contraband, gold
smuggling and tax evasion
◦ Monopoly companies to stimulate agriculture in
older plantation zones
◦ Allow large importation numbers of slaves
◦ New crops introduced
◦ Rio de Janeiro becomes the capital
◦ Main products? Cotton, wild caco, sugar, tobacco
and hides

19.  By mid-1700s the Span and Port colonies
have major population growth and productive
capacities
◦ Declining mortality rates +
◦ Increasing fertility levels +
◦ Increasing immigration from Europe +
◦ A thriving slave trade =
◦ All equal reasons for population growth

20.  Reformist policies, tighter tax collection and
more activist gov’ts in Span Am and Brazil:
◦ Disrupt old patterns of power and influence
◦ Raise expectations
◦ And provoke violent colonial reactions
 Complaints focus on gov’t control of tobacco and
liquor consumption, rising prices, new taxes, etc
 Communero Revolt in New Granada 1781
 Tupac Amaru – led a native uprising in Peru (he’s
executed, but it drags on for a few years)
 Brazil – a group plotting an uprising is caught
and punished before it even occurs

21. 3

22.  SPIRITE for early Latin America
◦ May need to differentiate from Spanish and
Portuguese at times
 Compare and Contrast North and South
American Colonies