1. CHAPTER 13
European State Consolidation
in the 17th and 18th Centuries

2.  What is a Stadholder?

3. DUTCH REPUBLIC
 The Dutch government was a progressive
republic – rivaling the system used in the Swiss
cantons, Venice, Genoa, and even England at the
time
 its official name was “Their High Mightinesses
the Estates General of the United Provinces.”
(the “Hooge Moogende”)
 each province had an elected Stadholder as
its chief executive
 Most provinces usually elected the same
man (the head of the House of Orange) as
Stadholder to provide for a de facto
national executive
 the Burghers became increasingly powerful at
the expense of the nobles

4. RELIGION IN THE NETHERLANDS
 Dutch society was the most egalitarian in all of
Europe
 What do you think influenced this trend?
 Society was extremely tolerant for its era:
 The Dutch Calvinists split:
 one group favoring a modification of
Calvinism with less unconditional
predestination;
 its main supporters were burghers
 Arminian led by Jacobus Arminius
 the more orthodox Calvinist Synod met in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:
1618 at Dordrecht in Holland to deal with
James_Arminius_2.jpg
this Arminian heresy
 By 1632, the Arminians were tolerated as were
the large Catholic minority and the Jewish
community
 haven for the Mennonites and the “Pilgrims”
who would settle at Plymouth

5. EXPANSION OF
 Nationalism was at a peak, fostered by the
struggle for independence COMMERCE
 Dutch Commercial Expansion Includes:
 Bordeaux
 Arctic waters for whaling
 Sailing around (and named) Cape Horn into
the Pacific Ocean
 Trade with India and colonizing the city of
Jakarta, Java
 Founding the Dutch East India Company in
1602
 competing with the English in the Spice
Islands
 Opened Japan to trade in the early 1600’s;
all other Europeans were expelled by the
Japanese in 1641 for fear of further Western
and Christian influence;
 Dutch limited to the port city of Nagasaki
 settlements throughout the New World –
including Curacao, Caracas, Guiana, & New
Netherland (NY); Dutch West India
Company
 Gain the Cape of Good Hope from the
Portuguese and settle in South Africa;
 Dutch settlers mixed with Huguenots to
become the ancestors of the Afrikaners

6. THE BANK OF AMSTERDAM
 The Netherlands remained the European
financial center – especially after 1609 when the
Dutch founded the Bank of Amsterdam.
 Coins and the general money supply was in chaos,
and inflation was rampant
 helped to standardize the European economy
 Created consistent exchange rates
 became an international measure of value
 accepted everywhere - depositors could even write
checks on their accounts
 Dutch government guaranteed the safety of deposits

7. FOREIGN POLICY
 1651 Navigation Acts passed by the revolutionary
government in England.
 restricted all imports into Britain and its
colonies,
 angered the Dutch more – esp. the demand to
sovereignty over the “Narrow Seas” (the English
Channel).
 Because of their relatively small population, the
Dutch could not be major producers or exporters,
 threatened their economic livelihood.
 Three wars will erupt as a result
 final one in 1674 ending with the British
annexing New York

8. MORE FOREIGN POLICY ISSUES
 Louis XIV claimed the Spanish Netherlands in 1667.
 Louis’s forces continued to attack; gain 3 of the 7 provinces
by1672
 Dutch want William III (of Orange) to become the new
Stadholder after 22 years of vacancy.
 elected in 1673
 begins to centralize and consolidate his power, heading
towards absolutism…
 (doesn’t get that far) as the Netherlands would remain a
decentralized republic until 1795
 William managed to stave off Louis’s forces
 Rely on alliances with Denmark and Brandenburg; also
have help from the Austrian and Spanish Hapsburgs.
 Louis eventually became weary of war, leading to the
Treaty of Nimwegen in 1678, the Dutch kept their
territory intact

9. DID YOU KNOW?!
 A typical carrot in the 17th century
was purple
 "In the 16th century, Dutch carrot
growers invented the orange carrot
in honor of the House of Orange,
the Dutch Royal Family. They did
this by cross breeding pale yellow
carrots with red carrots."
http://www.healthdiaries.com/eatth
is/25-facts-about-carrots.html

10.  Newly orange, carrots traveled England with
Dutch travelers during the reign of Queen
Elizabeth I.
 The carrot soon caught on in England as both a
food and a fashion accessory. Ladies would often
use carrot tops to decorate their hats.
 The settlers at Jamestown in 1607 introduced
carrots to North America.

11. AP EURO BELLRINGER
 Read p. 115 in the Ethel Wood book
 Define:
 Commercial Revolution
 Capitalism
 Mercantilism

12. GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
 Looking ahead -
 William and Mary from the House of
Orange
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13. AFTER
DEFEATING
THE SPANISH
ARMADA

14. JAMES I OF ENGLAND
 When Elizabeth dies in 1603, no direct
heir
 Stuarts – ruling family of Scotland,
closest relative
 King James I
 Butted heads with Parliament
 Actually dissolves Parliament
and collects the taxes he
wants on his own
 Dissenters – Puritans wanted to
“purify” the Church of England of
Catholic practices
 Call for simpler services and a
more democratic church (no
bishops)
 K. James tells them to leave
or he’ll “do worse”
 King James version of the Bible
emerged in 1611

15.  Charles I – inherits throne in 1625
 Behaved like an absolute monarch
 Imprisoned forces without trial and squeezed
nation for money
 1628 needed to raise taxes again and has to
summon Parliament
 Won’t approve taxation til K. Charles signs
the Petition of Right (prohibits king from
taxing without Parliament’s approval, and
prohibits imprisonment for unjust cause)
 Signs it, but dissolved Parliament in 1629
 Rules for 11 years without them
 Creates bitter enemies – especially the Puritans
 1637 – tries to impose the Book of Common
Prayer on the Scottish Calvinists
 The revolt, Charles summons Parl. To pay for
the army needed to take care of the revolt

16. THE LONG PARLIAMENT
 Met on and off from 1640-1653
 Parliament tried and executed the King’s chief
ministers
 Declare Parliament can’t be dissolved without their
own consent
 The “Grand Remonstrance”
 Charles I lashes back
 Leads troops into the House of Commons to arrest its
most radical leaders
 They escape through the back door and flee to form their
own armies
 Parliament is shocked, issue “Militia Ordinance” allowing
Parliament to construct their own government

17. ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
 1642-1649
 Cavaliers v. Roundheads
 Charles I and supporters v.
Parliament and supporters –
country gentry, town-dwelling
manufacturers, and Puritan
clergy
 Roundheads led by Oliver
Cromwell
 Skilled general
 New Model Army
 By 1647 the king was in the
hands of Parliamentary
forces

18.  Parliament puts King Charles on trial
 Condemned to death as a “tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy”
 January 1649 “I am a martyr of the people”
 Says a prayer and then signals the executioner


19.  Shockwave through Europe
 Kings had been assassinated or killed in battle
but never tried and executed by their own people
 In England – no ruler can claim absolute power
and ignore the rule of law

21. IRELAND
 Cromwell brutally crushes
revolts
 Ulster (N Ireland) had
been settled by Scottish
Protestants
 1652 – Parliament exiles
Catholics to barren land
out past Ireland,
disobeying Catholics can
be killed on the spot
 1641-1652 nearly half of
Ireland’s population died
from violence, famine, and
plague
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Ireland_location_Ulste
r.jpg

22. PURITAN INFLUENCE of saints” – social revolution
 “rule
 Sunday set aside for religious
observance
 Anyone 14 or older caught
“profaning” the Lord’s Day could be
fined
 Theatres, lewd dancing, taverns,
and gambling are all
restricted/closed down
 Education is highly encouraged so
both boys and girls can read the
Bible
 Encourage marriage to be based on
love to encourage fidelity
 Cromwell allowed religious freedom
to other Protestants, and even
welcomed Jews back into England
(after 350+ yrs of exile)

23. LORD PROTECTOR
 Oliver can’t get along with the Rump Parliament
either
 House of Commons wants to disband Cromwell’s
50,000 man army
 So he disbands Parliament
 1653 – Declares himself Lord Protector
 Imposes Puritan prohibitions
 Creates the first written constitution for his
“republic”…de facto dictatorship
 Dies 1658, son Richard succeeds him, but England
has had enough

24. 4
 Cromwell dies 1658
 Puritans lose grip on England
 1660 – Parliament invites Charles II to take his rightful place as King
 Monarchy is restored and the people warmly welcome him
 Reopened taverns and theatres
 Restored Church of England, tolerated other Protestants

25. CHARLES II
 Clarendon Code – 1661-1665 – excludes Catholics, Presbyterians,
and Independents from religious and political life
 All people in gov’t have to swear an oath of allegiance to the
Church of England
 Navigation Acts – challenge Dutch
 Treaty of Dover 1670 – alliance with French against the Dutch
 Secret provision?
 Declaration of Indulgences in 1672
 Suspends laws against Catholics and non-Anglicans
 Test Act – (Parliament’s reaction) – requires officials of the
crown to swear an oath of allegiance against
transubstantiation
 More suspicious of Parliament than ever, avoids them from
1681-1685 by using Louis XIV for $
 Converts to Catholicism on his deathbed - 1685

26. JAMES II
 James II inherits throne 1685
 Flaunts his Catholic faith –appoints
Catholics in high office positions
 English Protestants really worried
James II will reinstate Catholicism
 Declaration of Indulgence1687
 Suspends all religious tests,
permits free worship
 Wife has boy; Parliament is done
 Parliamentary leaders ask James II’s
daughter, Mary and her husband
William to become the rulers of the
throne
 William arrives with army November
1688,
 James II flees to France

27. GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
 Bloodless overthrow of leadership called a “glorious
revolution”
 Declared joint monarchs in 1689
 King William III and Queen Mary II are not crowned
until they recognize SEVERAL of Parliament’s conditions
 English Bill of Rights – requires monarch to summon
Parliament regularly and gives the House of
Commons “power of the purse”
 Bars Catholic monarchs
 Restates traditional rights of English citizens (trial
by jury)
 Abolishes excess fines, cruel or unjust punishment
 Habeas corpus – no person can be held in prison
without first being charged a specific crime
 Toleration Act 1689 – limits religious freedom to
Puritans, Quakers and other dissenters (not
Catholics yet); but, only CofE can hold gvt positions

28. ACT OF SETTLEMENT 1701
 Said if Anne died the successor of England would
come from the House of Hanover
 What?
 Anne = James II’s daughter
 William and Mary have no kids
 If Anne dies, who is next?
 Anne married into the Protestant House of
Hanover
 So…King George I will become king

29. RICHELIEU
 Henry IV killed by an assassin
 Louis XIII (his son) becomes king
and appoints Cardinal Armand
Richeleiu as his chief minister
 Richelieu – cunning, capable
leader, spends his time
strengthening the central
government
 Tries to destroy nobles’ power
 Smashes the walls of
Huguenot cities and bans
formation of Huguenot armies
 Defeated private armies of
nobles and destroyed their
fortified castles
 Handpicks his successor –
Cardinal Jules Mazarin

30. LOUIS XIV,
THE SUN
KING
 The Sun – becomes his symbol of
absolute power
 Sun is the center of the universe
and I am the center of the nation “I
am the State”
 Doesn’t call up the Estates General
during his reign (so his power isn’t
checked)
 From 1614-1789 The Estates
General isn’t called up

32. COLBERT
 Intendant system – royal
officials who collect taxes,
recruit soldiers, and carry out
king’s policies in each province
 Army becomes Europe’s best –
state paid, fed, trained and
supplied up to 300,000 soldiers
 Jean Baptiste Colbert –
brilliant finance minister
 High tariffs on imports,
encouraged overseas
colonies, export to colonies
 Becomes wealthiest state in
Europe

33.  Built in the countryside near Paris
 Spared no expense
Became the king’s home and seat of government
VERSAILLES

 Housed 10,000 people from nobles and officials to
servants
 Elaborate ceremonies and rituals “levee”
 **Controlling the nobles by luring them to
Versailles**

39.  Rule lasted 72 years
 French culture, manners, and customs became
the European standard (replaced Renaissance
Italy)

40.  Continual struggle for power with England and the
Netherlands
 1685 – Revoked the Edict of Nantes
 Persecuted Huguenots
 More than 100,000 fled from France
 Probably King Louis XIV’s biggest mistake – the
Huguenots were France’s hardest working and
prosperous subjects
 Hits France economy hard (what is this effect similar
to?)
 France does not decline just yet…but Louis XV is too
weak a ruler to effectively handle problems