HTML Fundamentals

HTML Basics
HTML, Text, Images, Tables, Forms

Svetlin Nakov
Telerik Corporation
www.telerik.com

Table of Contents
1. Introduction to HTML
 How the Web Works?
 What is a Web Page?
 My First HTML Page
 Basic Tags: Hyperlinks, Images, Formatting
 Headings and Paragraphs
2. HTML in Details
 The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
 The <head> Section: Title, Meta, Script, Style
2

Table of Contents (2)
 The <body> Section
 Text Styling and Formatting Tags
 Hyperlinks: <a> Tag
 Hyperlinks and Sections
 Images: <img> tag
 Lists: <ol> and <ul> Tag
 HTML Special Characters
3. The <div> and <span> Tags
3

How the Web Works?
 WWW use classical client / server architecture
 HTTP is text-based request-response protocol

HTTP
Page request

HTTP
Server response

Server running Web
Client running a
Server Software
Web Browser
(IIS Apache, etc.)
4

What is a Web Page?
 Web pages are text files containing HTML
 HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language
 A notation for describing
 document structure (semantic markup)
 formatting (presentation markup)
 Looks like:
 A Microsoft Word document
 The markup tags tell the Web browser how to
display the page
5

Creating HTML Pages
 An HTML file must have an .htm or .html file
extension
 HTML files can be created with text editors:

 NotePad, NotePad ++, PSPad
 Or HTML editors (WYSIWYG Editors):
 Microsoft FrontPage
 Macromedia Dreamweaver
 Netscape Composer
 Microsoft Word
6

HTML Basics
Text, Images, Tables, Forms

First HTML Page
test.html
<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
This is some text that will
appear on the web page.
</body>
</html>

8

First HTML Page: Tags

<html>
Opening tag
<head>
</head>
<body> Closing tag
</body>
</html>

9

First HTML Page: Header
HTML header
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>

10

First HTML Page: Body

<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
HTML body

11

Some Simple Tags
 Hyperlink Tags

<a href="http://www.telerik.com/"
title="Telerik">Link to Telerik Web site</a>

 Image Tags

<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />

 Formatting tags

<b>This text is bold</b>
And this is <u>underlined</u>
<center>Some centered text</center>
12

Some Simple Tags – Example
some-tags.html
<html>
<body>
<a href="http://www.devbg.org/" title=
"BASD">This is a link to some URL</a>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
</body>
</html>
13

Some Simple Tags – Example (2)
some-tags.html
<html>
<body>
<a href="http://www.devbg.org/" title=
"BASD">This is a link to some URL</a>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
</body>
</html>

14

Tags Attributes
 Tags could have attributes

 Attributes specify their properties and behavior
 Example: Attribute alt with value "logo"
 Few attributes that apply to every element:
 id, style, class, title
 The id is unique in the document
 Content of title attribute is displayed as hint
when element is hovered with mouse
 Some elements have obligatory attributes
16

Headings and Paragraphs
 Heading Tags

<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>

 Paragraph Tags

<p>This is my first paragraph</p>
<p>This is my second paragraph</p>

 Sections: div and span

<div align="center" style=
"background: skyblue">This is a div</div>
17

Headings and Paragraphs –
Example
headings.html
<html>
<head><title>Headings and
paragraphs</title></head>
<body>
<h1>Heading 1</h1>


<div align="center"
style="background:skyblue">
This is a div</div>
</body>
</html>
18

Headings and Paragraphs –
Example (2)
headings.html
<html>
<head><title>Headings and
paragraphs</title></head>
<body>
<h1>Heading 1</h1>


<div align="center"
style="background:skyblue">
This is a div</div>
</body>
</html>
19

Headings and Paragraphs
Live Demo

Introduction to HTML
HTML Document Structure in Depth

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
 At their beginning HTML documents must have a
document type declaration
 It tells the Web browsers how to handle the HTML
data
 Possible versions: HTML 2.0, HTML 3.2, HTML 4.01,
XHTML 1.0, XHTML 1.1, …
 Example:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

 See http://www.w3.org/QA/2002/04/Web-Quality for a list
of possible doctypes
22

HTML vs. XHTML
 XHTML is more strict then HTML
 All tags must be properly nested (HTML allows
<b><i>text</b></i>)
 Tags and attribute names must be in lowercase
 Attribute values must be in " " (HTML allows ' ')
 All tags must be closed (<br/>, <img/>) while
HTML allows <br> and <img>
 XHTML allows only one root <html> element
(HTML allows more than one)
23

XHTML vs. HTML (2)
 Many element attributes
are deprecated in
XHTML, most are moved to CSS
 Attribute minimization is forbidden, e.g.
<input type="checkbox" checked>

<input type="checkbox" checked="checked" />

 Note: Web browsers load XHTML faster than
HTML and valid code faster than invalid!

24

HTML Structure
 HTML is comprised of elements called “tags”
 Begins with <html> and ends with </html>
 When writing XHTML, must define a namespace
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

 Tags are nested one inside another:
<html> <head></head> <body></body> </html>
 Tags have attributes:
<img src="logo.jpg" alt="logo" />
 HTML describes structure using two main sections:
<head> and <body>
25

The <head> Section
 Contains information that doesn’t show
directly on the viewable page
 Starts after the <!doctype> declaration

 Begins with <head> and ends with </head>

 Contains mandatory single <title> tag

 Can contain multiple nested tags, e. g.:
 <meta>
 <script>
 <style>
 <!– comments -->
26

<head> Section: <title> tag
 Title should be placed between <head> and
</head> tags
<title>Telerik Academy – Winter Season 2009/2010
</title>

 Used to specify a title to the Web page window
 Search engines and people rely on titles
27

<head> Section: <meta>
 Meta tags additionally
describe the content
contained within the page
<meta name="description" content="HTML
tutorial">

<meta name="keywords" content="html, web
design, styles">

<meta name="author" content="Chris Brewer">

<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5;
url=http://www.telerik.com">

28

<head> Section: <script>
 The <script> </script> tag is used to
embed scripts into an HTML document
 Script are executed in the client's Web browser
 Scripts can live in the <head> and in the <body>
sections
 Supported client-side scripting languages:
 JavaScript (it is not Java!)
 VBScript
 JScript
29

The <script> Tag – Example
<html> scripts-example.html
<head>
<title>JavaScript Example</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function sayHello() {
document.write(
"<p><b>Hello World!</b>");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type=
"text/javascript">
sayHello();
</script>
</body>
</html>
30

<head> Section: <style>
 The <style> </style> tag embeds formatting
information (CSS styles) into a HTML page
<html> style-example.html
<head>
<style type="text/css">
p { font-size: 12pt; line-height: 12pt }
p:first-letter { font-size: 200%; float: left }
span { text-transform: uppercase }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>Styles demo.</p>
<span>Test uppercase</span>.
</body>
</html>
32

Embedding CSS Styles
Live Demo

Comments:  Tag
 Comments can exist anywhere between the
<html></html> tags
 Comments start with 

<!–- BASD Logo (it is a GIF file with
transparent background) -->
<img src="logo.gif" alt="BASD Logo">
<!–- Hyperlink to BASD official Web site -->
<a href="http://www.devbg.org/">BASD Home</a>
<!–- Show the news table -->
<table class="newstable">
...

34

<body> Section: Introduction
 The <body> section describes the viewable
portion of the page
 Starts after the <head> </head> section

 Begins with <body> and ends with </body>

<html>
<head><title>Test page</title></head>
<body>
This is the Web page body!
</body>
</html>

35

<body> Section: Attributes
 The <body> tag has the following attributes:
background Background image file ="URL"
bgcolor Background color ="color"
text Default text color ="color"
link Hyperlink color ="color"
vlink Visited hyperlink color ="color"

 Example:
<body background="texture.gif" text="#238E23">

* For color codes, see www.webreference.com/html/tools/colorizer/
36

Text Styling without CSS
 Text can be formatted  Different styles of
as headings or regular heading are
paragraph text available:
 Use these consistently! <h1></h1> Heading 1
 <p></p> by default <h2></h2> Heading 2
doubles the spaces <h3></h3> Heading 3
after each paragraph <h4></h4> Heading 4
<h5></h5> Heading 5
 <br /> is weird: the <h6></h6> Heading 6
trailing “/” makes it <p></p> Paragraph

XHTML compliant <br /> Line break

37

Text Formatting
 Text formatting tags modify the text between
the opening tag and the closing tag
 Ex. <b>Hello</b> makes “Hello” bold
<b></b> bold
<i></i> italicized
<u></u> underlined
<sup></sup> Samplesuperscript
<sub></sub> Samplesubscript
<strong></strong> strong
<em></em> emphasized
<pre></pre> Preformatted text
<blockquote></blockquote> Quoted text block
<del></del> Deleted text – strike through
38

Text Formatting – Example
text-formatting.html
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC
"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
<html>
<head>
<title>Svetlin Nakov</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="black" text="white" link="red" vlink="blue">
<h1>Notice</h1>
<p>This is a <em>sample</em> Web page.</p>
<p><pre>Next paragraph:
preformatted.</pre></p>
<h2>More Info</h2>
<p>Specifically, we’re using XHMTL 1.0 transitional.<br>
Next line.</p>
</body>
</html>
39

Text Formatting – Example (2)
text-formatting.html
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC
"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
<html>
<head>
<title>Svetlin Nakov</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="black" text="white" link="red" vlink="blue">
<h1>Notice</h1>
<p>This is a <em>sample</em> Web page.</p>
<p><pre>Next paragraph:
preformatted.</pre></p>
<h2>More Info</h2>
<p>Specifically, we’re using XHMTL 1.0 transitional.<br>
Next line.</p>
</body>
</html>
40

Hyperlinks: <a> Tag
 Link to a document calledform.html on the
same server in the same directory:
<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a>

 Link to a document calledparent.html on
the same server in the parent directory:
<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a>

 Link to a document calledcat.html on the
same server in the subdirectory stuff:
<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a>
42

Hyperlinks: <a> Tag (2)
 Link to an external Web site:

<a href="http://www.devbg.org" target="_blank">BASD</a>

 Always use a full URL, including "http://", not
just "www.somesite.com"
 Using the target="_blank" attribute opens
the link in a new window
 Link to an e-mail address:

<a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=Bug+Report">
Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>

43

Hyperlinks: <a> Tag (3)
 Link to a document called apply-now.html
 On the same server, in same directory
 Using an image as a link button:
<a href="apply-now.html"><img
src="apply-now-button.jpg" /></a>

 Link to a document called index.html
 On the same server, in the subdirectory english of
the parent directory:
<a href="../english/index.html">Switch to
English version</a>
44

Hyperlinks and Sections
 Link to another location in the same document:
<a href="#section1">Go to Introduction</a>
...
<a name="section1">Introduction</a>

 Link to a specific location in another document:
<a href="chapter3.html#section3.1.1">Go to Section
3.1.1</a>
<!–- In chapter3.html -->
...
<a name="section3.1.1">
<h3>3.1.1. Technical Background</h3>
</a>

45

Hyperlinks – Example
hyperlinks.html
<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a> <br/>
<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a> <br/>
<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a> <br/>
<br/>
<a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=Bug
Report">Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>
<br/>
<a href="apply-now.html"><img src="apply-now-button.jpg"
border="0"/></a> <br/>
<a href="../english/index.html">Switch to English
version</a> <br/>

46

Hyperlinks – Example (2)
hyperlinks.html
<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a> <br/>
<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a> <br/>
<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a> <br/>
<br/>
<a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=Bug
Report">Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>
<br/>
<a href="apply-now.html"><img src="apply-now-button.jpg"
border="0"/></a> <br/>
<a href="../english/index.html">Switch to English
version</a> <br/>

47

Links to the Same Document –
Example
links-to-same-document.html
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<p><a href="#section1">Introduction</a><br/>
<a href="#section2">Some background</A><br/>
<a href="#section2.1">Project History</a><br/>
...the rest of the table of contents...

<h2><a name="section1">Introduction</a></h2>
... Section 1 follows here ...
<h2><a name="section2">Some background</a></h2>
<h3><a name="section2.1">Project History</a></h3>
... Section 2.1 follows here ...

49

Links to the Same Document –
Example (2)
links-to-same-document.html
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<p><a href="#section1">Introduction</a><br/>
<a href="#section2">Some background</A><br/>
<a href="#section2.1">Project History</a><br/>
...the rest of the table of contents...

<h2><a name="section1">Introduction</a></h2>
<h2><a name="section2">Some background</a></h2>
<h3><a name="section2.1">Project History</a></h3>
... Section 2.1 follows here ...

50

Links to the Same Document
Live Demo

Images: <img> tag
 Inserting an image with <img> tag:

<img src="/img/basd-logo.png">

 Image attributes:

src Location of image file (relative or absolute)
alt Substitute text for display (e.g. in text mode)
align Text alignment: bottom, middle, top
height Number of pixels of the height
width Number of pixels of the width
border Size of border, 0 for no border

 Example:
<img src="./php.png" alt="PHP Logo" border="0">
52

Miscellaneous Tags
 <hr />: Draws a horizontal rule (line):
<hr size="5" width="70%" />

 <center></center>: Deprecated!

<center>Hello World!</center>

 <font>: Changes font style

<font size="3" color="blue">Font3</font>
<font size="+4" color="blue">Font+4</font>

 With CSS, there is no reason to use this tag

53

Miscellaneous Tags – Example

misc.html
<html>
<head>
<title>Miscellaneous Tags Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<hr size="5" width="70%" />
<center>Hello World!</center>
<font size="3" color="blue">Font3</font>
<font size="+4" color="blue">Font+4</font>
</body>
</html>

54

Miscellaneous Tags
Live Demo

Ordered Lists: <ol> Tag
 Create an Ordered List using <ol></ol>:
<ol type="1">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ol>

 Attribute values for type are 1, A, a, I, or i
1. Apple i. Apple
2. Orange ii. Orange
3. Grapefruit iii. Grapefruit
a. Apple
A. Apple b. Orange I. Apple
B. Orange c. Grapefruit II. Orange
C. Grapefruit III. Grapefruit
56

Unordered Lists: <ul> Tag
 Create an Unordered List using <ul></ul>:
<ul type="disk">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ul>

 Attribute values for type are:
 disc, circle or square

• Apple o Apple  Apple
• Orange o Orange  Orange
• Pear o Pear  Pear
57

Definition lists: <dl> tag
 Create definition lists using <dl>
 Pairs of text and associated definition; text is in
<dt> tag, definition in <dd> tag
<dl>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>A markup language …</dd>
<dt>CSS</dt>
<dd>Language used to …</dd>
</dl>

 Renders without bullets
 Definition is indented
58

Lists – Example
<html> lists.html
<body>
<ol type="1">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ol>
<ul type="disc">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>A markup lang…</dd>
</dl>
</body>
</html>
59

HTML Special Characters
Symbol Name HTML Entity Symbol
Copyright Sign © ©
Registered Trademark Sign ® ®
Trademark Sign ™ ™
Less Than < <
Greater Than > >
Ampersand & &
Non-breaking Space  
Em Dash — —
Quotation Mark " "
Euro € €
British Pound £ £
Japanese Yen ¥ ¥
61

Special Characters – Example
<html> special-chars.html
<head>
<title>Special HTML Characters Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>[>>  Welcome
  <<]</p>
<p>►I have following cards:
A♣, K♦ and 9♥.</p>
<p>►I prefer hard rock ♫
music ♫</p>
<p>© 2006 by Svetlin Nakov & his team</p>
<p>Telerik Academy™</p>
</body>
</html>
62

Special Chars – Example (2)
<html> special-chars.html
<head>
<title>Special HTML Characters Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>[>>  Welcome
  <<]</p>
<p>►I have following cards:
A♣, K♦ and 9♥.</p>
<p>►I prefer hard rock ♫
music ♫</p>
<p>© 2006 by Svetlin Nakov & his team</p>
<p>Telerik Academy™</p>
</body>
</html>
63

HTML Special Characters
Live Demo

Using <DIV> and <SPAN>
Block and Inline Elements

Block and Inline Elements
 Block elements act as if there is a break before
and after them
 <div> is a block element
 Other block elements are <table>, <hr>,
headings, lists, <center>, <p> and etc.
 Inline elements don’t break the text before
and after them
 <span> is inline element
 Most HTML elements are inline, e.g. <a>
66

The <div> Tag
 <div> creates logical divisions within a page
 Block style element

 Used with CSS

 Example:

div-and-span.html
<div align="center" style="font-size:24;
color:red">DIV example</div>
<p>This one is <span style="color:red; font-
weight:bold">only a test</span>.</p>
67

The <span> Tag
 Inline style element

 Useful for modifying a specific portion of text

 Don't create a separate area
(paragraph) in the document
 Very useful with CSS

span.html
<p>This one is <span style="color:red; font-
weight:bold">only a test</span>.</p>
<p>This one is another <span style="font-size:32;
font-weight:bold">TEST</span>.</p>
69

HTML Basics

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HTML Fundamentals

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