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Chapter01
1.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 1 Principles of ElectronicPrinciples of Electronic Communication SystemsCommunication Systems Third Edition Louis E. Frenzel, Jr.
2.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 2 Chapter 1Chapter 1 Introduction to Electronic Communication
3.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 3 Topics Covered in Chapter 1Topics Covered in Chapter 1 1-1: Significance of Human Communication 1-2: Communication Systems 1-3: Types of Electronic Communication 1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing
4.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 4 Topics Covered in Chapter 1Topics Covered in Chapter 1 (continued)(continued) 1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1-6: Bandwidth 1-7: A Survey of Communication Applications 1-8: Jobs and Careers in the Communication Industry
5.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 5 1-1: Significance of1-1: Significance of Human CommunicationHuman Communication Communication is the process of exchanging information. Main barriers are language and distance. Contemporary society’s emphasis is now the accumulation, packaging, and exchange of information.
6.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 6 1-1: Significance of1-1: Significance of Human CommunicationHuman Communication Methods of communication: 1.Face to face 2.Signals 3.Written word (letters) 4.Electrical innovations: Telegraph Telephone Radio Television Internet (computer)
7.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 7 1-2: Communication Systems1-2: Communication Systems Basic components: Transmitter Channel or medium Receiver Noise degrades or interferes with transmitted information.
8.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 8 1-2: Communication Systems1-2: Communication Systems Figure 1-2: A general model of all communication systems.
9.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 9 1-2: Communication Systems1-2: Communication Systems Transmitter The transmitter is a collection of electronic components and circuits that converts the electrical signal into a signal suitable for transmission over a given medium. Transmitters are made up of oscillators, amplifiers, tuned circuits and filters, modulators, frequency mixers, frequency synthesizers, and other circuits.
10.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 10 1-2: Communication Systems1-2: Communication Systems Communication Channel The communication channel is the medium by which the electronic signal is sent from one place to another. Types of media include Electrical conductors Optical media Free space System-specific media (e.g., water is the medium for sonar).
11.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 11 1-2: Communication Systems1-2: Communication Systems Receivers A receiver is a collection of electronic components and circuits that accepts the transmitted message from the channel and converts it back into a form understandable by humans. Receivers contain amplifiers, oscillators, mixers, tuned circuits and filters, and a demodulator or detector that recovers the original intelligence signal from the modulated carrier.
12.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 12 1-2: Communication Systems1-2: Communication Systems Transceivers A transceiver is an electronic unit that incorporates circuits that both send and receive signals. Examples are: • Telephones • Fax machines • Handheld CB radios • Cell phones • Computer modems
13.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 13 1-2: Communication Systems1-2: Communication Systems Attenuation Signal attenuation, or degradation, exists in all media of wireless transmission. It is proportional to the square of the distance between the transmitter and receiver.
14.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 14 1-2: Communication Systems1-2: Communication Systems Noise Noise is random, undesirable electronic energy that enters the communication system via the communicating medium and interferes with the transmitted message.
15.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 15 1-3: Types of Electronic1-3: Types of Electronic CommunicationCommunication Electronic communications are classified according to whether they are 1. One-way (simplex) or two-way (full duplex or half duplex) transmissions 2. Analog or digital signals.
16.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 16 1-3: Types of Electronic1-3: Types of Electronic CommunicationCommunication Simplex The simplest method of electronic communication is referred to as simplex. This type of communication is one-way. Examples are: Radio TV broadcasting Beeper (personal receiver)
17.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 17 1-3: Types of Electronic1-3: Types of Electronic CommunicationCommunication Full Duplex Most electronic communication is two-way and is referred to as duplex. When people can talk and listen simultaneously, it is called full duplex. The telephone is an example of this type of communication.
18.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 18 1-3: Types of Electronic1-3: Types of Electronic CommunicationCommunication Half Duplex The form of two-way communication in which only one party transmits at a time is known as half duplex. Examples are: Police, military, etc. radio transmissions Citizen band (CB) Family radio Amateur radio
19.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 19 1-3: Types of Electronic1-3: Types of Electronic CommunicationCommunication Analog Signals An analog signal is a smoothly and continuously varying voltage or current. Examples are: Sine wave Voice Video (TV)
20.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 20 1-3: Types of Electronic1-3: Types of Electronic CommunicationCommunication Figure 1-5: Analog signals (a) Sine wave “tone.” (b) Voice. (c) Video (TV) signal.
21.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 21 1-3: Types of Electronic1-3: Types of Electronic CommunicationCommunication Digital Signals Digital signals change in steps or in discrete increments. Most digital signals use binary or two-state codes. Examples are: Telegraph (Morse code) Continuous wave (CW) code Serial binary code (used in computers)
22.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 22 1-3: Types of Electronic1-3: Types of Electronic CommunicationCommunication Figure 1-6: Digital signals (a) Telegraph (Morse code). (b) Continuous-wave (CW) code. (c) Serial binary code.
23.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 23 1-3: Types of Electronic1-3: Types of Electronic CommunicationCommunication Digital Signals Many transmissions are of signals that originate in digital form but must be converted to analog form to match the transmission medium. Digital data over the telephone network. Analog signals. They are first digitized with an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. The data can then be transmitted and processed by computers and other digital circuits.
24.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 24 1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing Modulation and multiplexing are electronic techniques for transmitting information efficiently from one place to another. Modulation makes the information signal more compatible with the medium. Multiplexing allows more than one signal to be transmitted concurrently over a single medium.
25.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 25 1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing Baseband Transmission Baseband information can be sent directly and unmodified over the medium or can be used to modulate a carrier for transmission over the medium. In telephone or intercom systems, the voice is placed on the wires and transmitted. In some computer networks, the digital signals are applied directly to coaxial or twisted-pair cables for transmission.
26.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 26 1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing Broadband Transmission A carrier is a high frequency signal that is modulated by audio, video, or data. A radio-frequency (RF) wave is an electromagnetic signal that is able to travel long distances through space.
27.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 27 1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing Broadband Transmission A broadband transmission takes place when a carrier signal is modulated, amplified, and sent to the antenna for transmission. The two most common methods of modulation are: Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Another method is called phase modulation (PM), in which the phase angle of the sine wave is varied.
28.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 28 1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing Figure 1-7: Modulation at the transmitter.
29.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 29 1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing Figure 1-8: Types of modulation. (a) Amplitude modulation. (b) Frequency modulation.
30.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 30 1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing Broadband Transmission Frequency-shift keying (FSK) takes place when data is converted to frequency-varying tones. Devices called modems (modulator-demodulator) translate the data from digital to analog and back again. Demodulation or detection takes place in the receiver when the original baseband (e.g. audio) signal is extracted.
31.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 31 1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing Multiplexing Multiplexing is the process of allowing two or more signals to share the same medium or channel. The three basic types of multiplexing are: Frequency division Time division Code division
32.
© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 32 1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing Figure 1-11: Multiplexing at the transmitter.
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© 2008 The
McGraw-Hill Companies 33 1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic signals encompassing all frequencies is referred to as the electromagnetic spectrum.
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McGraw-Hill Companies 34 1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Figure 1-13: The electromagnetic spectrum.
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McGraw-Hill Companies 35 1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency and Wavelength: Frequency A signal is located on the frequency spectrum according to its frequency and wavelength. Frequency is the number of cycles of a repetitive wave that occur in a given period of time. A cycle consists of two voltage polarity reversals, current reversals, or electromagnetic field oscillations. Frequency is measured in cycles per second (cps). The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz).
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McGraw-Hill Companies 36 1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency and Wavelength: Wavelength Wavelength is the distance occupied by one cycle of a wave and is usually expressed in meters. Wavelength is also the distance traveled by an electromagnetic wave during the time of one cycle. The wavelength of a signal is represented by the Greek letter lambda (λ).
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McGraw-Hill Companies 37 1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Figure 1-15: Frequency and wavelength. (a) One cycle. (b) One wavelength.
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McGraw-Hill Companies 38 1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Example: What is the wavelength if the frequency is 4MHz? Frequency and Wavelength: Wavelength Wavelength (λ) = speed of light ÷ frequency Speed of light = 3 × 108 meters/second Therefore: λ = 3 × 108 / f λ = 3 × 108 / 4 MHz = 75 meters (m)
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McGraw-Hill Companies 39 1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into segments: Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF) 30–300 Hz. Voice Frequencies (VF) 300–3000 Hz. Very Low Frequencies (VLF) include the higher end of the human hearing range up to about 20 kHz. Low Frequencies (LF) 30–300 kHz. Medium Frequencies (MF) 300–3000 kHz AM radio 535–1605 kHz.
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McGraw-Hill Companies 40 1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz High Frequencies (HF) (short waves; VOA, BBC broadcasts; government and military two-way communication; amateur radio, CB. 3–30 MHz Very High Frequencies (VHF) FM radio broadcasting (88–108 MHz), television channels 2–13. 30–300 MHz Ultra High Frequencies (UHF) TV channels 14–67, cellular phones, military communication. 300–3000 MHz
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McGraw-Hill Companies 41 1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz Microwaves and Super High Frequencies (SHF) Satellite communication, radar, wireless LANs, microwave ovens 1–30 GHz Extremely High Frequencies (EHF) Satellite communication, computer data, radar 30–300 GHz
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McGraw-Hill Companies 42 1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Optical Spectrum The optical spectrum exists directly above the millimeter wave region. Three types of light waves are: Infrared Visible spectrum Ultraviolet
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McGraw-Hill Companies 43 1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Optical Spectrum: Infrared Infrared radiation is produced by any physical equipment that generates heat, including our bodies. Infrared is used: In astronomy, to detect stars and other physical bodies in the universe, For guidance in weapons systems, where the heat radiated from airplanes or missiles can be detected and used to guide missiles to targets. In most new TV remote-control units, where special coded signals are transmitted by an infrared LED to the TV receiver to change channels, set the volume, and perform other functions. In some of the newer wireless LANs and all fiber-optic communication.
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McGraw-Hill Companies 44 1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Optical Spectrum: The Visible Spectrum Just above the infrared region is the visible spectrum we refer to as light. Red is low-frequency or long-wavelength light Violet is high-frequency or short-wavelength light. Light waves’ very high frequency enables them to handle a tremendous amount of information (the bandwidth of the baseband signals can be very wide).
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McGraw-Hill Companies 45 1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Optical Spectrum: Ultraviolet Ultraviolet is not used for communication Its primary use is medical.
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McGraw-Hill Companies 46 1-6: Bandwidth1-6: Bandwidth Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal. Channel bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies required to transmit the desired information.
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McGraw-Hill Companies 47 1-6: Bandwidth1-6: Bandwidth More Room at the Top Today, virtually the entire frequency spectrum between approximately 30 kHz and 300 MHz has been spoken for. There is tremendous competition for these frequencies, between companies, individuals, and government services in individual carriers and between the different nations of the world. The electromagnetic spectrum is one of our most precious natural resources.
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McGraw-Hill Companies 48 1-6: Bandwidth1-6: Bandwidth More Room at the Top Communication engineering is devoted to making the best use of that finite spectrum. Great effort goes into developing communication techniques that minimize the bandwidth required to transmit given information and thus conserve spectrum space. This provides more room for additional communication channels and gives other services or users an opportunity to take advantage of it.
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McGraw-Hill Companies 49 1-6: Bandwidth1-6: Bandwidth Spectrum Management and Standards Spectrum management is provided by agencies set up by the United States and other countries to control spectrum use. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) are two agencies that deal in spectrum management. Standards are specifications and guidelines necessary to ensure compatibility between transmitting and receiving equipment.
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McGraw-Hill Companies 50 1-7: A Survey of1-7: A Survey of Communications ApplicationsCommunications Applications Simplex AM and FM broadcasting Digital radio TV broadcasting Digital television (DTV) Cable television Facsimile Wireless remote control Paging services Navigation and direction-finding services Telemetry Radio astronomy Surveillance Music services Internet radio and video
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McGraw-Hill Companies 51 1-7: A Survey of1-7: A Survey of Communications ApplicationsCommunications Applications Duplex Telephones Two-way radio Radar Sonar Amateur radio Citizens radio Family Radio service The Internet Wide-area networks (WANs) Metropolitan-area networks (MANs) Local area networks (LANs)
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McGraw-Hill Companies 52 1-8: Jobs and Careers in the1-8: Jobs and Careers in the Communication IndustryCommunication Industry The electronics industry is roughly divided into four major specializations: 1. Communications (largest in terms of people employed and the dollar value of equipment purchased) 2. Computers (second largest). 3. Industrial controls. 4. Instrumentation.
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McGraw-Hill Companies 53 1-8: Jobs and Careers in the1-8: Jobs and Careers in the Communication IndustryCommunication Industry Types of Jobs Engineers design communication equipment and systems. Technicians install, troubleshoot, repair, calibrate, and maintain equipment. Engineering Technicians assist in equipment design, testing, and assembly.
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McGraw-Hill Companies 54 1-8: Jobs and Careers in the1-8: Jobs and Careers in the Communication IndustryCommunication Industry Types of Jobs Technical sales representatives determine customer needs and related specifications, write proposals and sell equipment. Technical writers generate technical documentation for equipment and systems. Trainers develop programs, generate training and presentation materials, and conduct classroom training.
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McGraw-Hill Companies 55 1-8: Jobs and Careers in the1-8: Jobs and Careers in the Communication IndustryCommunication Industry Major Employers The communication electronics industry is made up of the following segments: Manufacturers Resellers Service Organizations End users
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McGraw-Hill Companies 56 1-8: Jobs and Careers in the1-8: Jobs and Careers in the Communication IndustryCommunication Industry Figure 1-18: Structure of the communication electronics industry.
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