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n
PRESSURE SORE
Topic presentation
INTRODUCTION & ETIOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
• Pressure ulcers = damage of soft tissue that get
compressed between bony prominence and external
surface for prolonged period of time
• Risk groups: people who cannot avoid long-term
uninterrupted pressure over bony prominences
• Elderly
• Neurologic impairment
• Acute hospitalization
COMMON LOCATIONS
• Hip and buttock 70%
• Ischial tuberosity,trochanteric and sacral locations
• Lower extremities 15-25%
• Malleolar, heel, patellar and pretibial locations
• Others
• Nose, chin,forehead,occiput,chest,back, elbow
ทุกที่สามารถเกิด pressure sore ได/
ETIOLOGY OF PRESSURE SORE
• Impaired mobility
• prolonged uninterrupted pressure
• Muscle and soft tissue atrophy à bony prominences got less protection
• Inability to perceive pain: most important stimuli for repositioning
• Friction and shear forces: eg. Spasticity,moving of patient
• Skin tear à bacterial contamination, water loss, maceration and adherence to clothing
• Quality of skin
• Atrophy, decrease rate of turnover, loss of vascularity,flattening of dermal-epidermal
junction
ETIOLOGY OF PRESSURE SORE
• Incontinence or fistula
• moist à maceration (ผิวเป34อย) + bacterial reservoirs
• Bacteria: contamination à delay or prevent wound healing
• Poor nutrition
• Malnutrition, hypoproteinemia, anemia à contribute to tissue
vulnerability and delayed wound healing
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
n
• Complex process
• External forces to the skin (Host-specific factor)
PATHOGENESIS
n
Pressure
PATHOGENESIS
Excess of arteriolar pressure > 32 mmHg
Venous capillary closing pressure > 8-12 mmHg
Oxygen and Nutrient to tissue
Tissue hypoxia
Wasted product and free radical
n
• Most susceptible tissue to pressure – induced injury
Muscle >> Subcutaneous fat >> Dermis
• Greatest pressure at bony prominence area
cone - shaped distribution
PATHOGENESIS
n
• Sitting position : ischial tuberosity (100mmHg)
• Supine position : sacrum (150mmHg) and heel
(40mmHg)
• Prone position : knee and chest (40mmHg)
• Lateral decubitus position : greater trochanter
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
INTERIOR
n
INTERIOR
n
• Body Level One
• Body LevelTwo
• Body LevelThree
• Body Level Four
• Body Level Five
Eros et accumsan et iustoodiodignissimquiblandit praesent luptatum
INTERIOR
GRADING & SEVERITY
GRADING
แผลกดทับแบ;งเป=น
1. stage 1
2. stage 2
3. stage 3
4. stage 4
5.Suspected DeepTissue Injury (DTI)
6.Unstageable
GRADE 1
1.ผิวหนังสีแดงผิวยังคงสมบูรณCอยู;
2.ไม;มีตุ;มพอง
3.กดแล/วสีไม;เปลี่ยน
GRADE 2
1.แผลทะลุถึงชั้นDermis พื้นแดง
2.ไม;มีเนื้อตาย
3.สามารถวัดขนาดกว/าง*ยาว*สูง
GRADE 3
1.สูญเสียผิวหนังตั้งแต;Epidermis,Dermis,Subcutaneous แต;ไม;ถึงMuscle
2.อาจพบเนื้อตายสีเหลือง,หรือพบโพรงใต/ผิวหนังได/
3.ความลึกเปลี่ยนไปตามตําแหน;งของอวัยวะเช;นกระดูกท/ายทอยตาตุ;มเพราะไม;มีFat
GRADE 4
1.สูญเสียผิวหนังทุกชั้นจนถึงMuscleหรือ Bone
2.มักมีเนื้อตายสีดําแข็ง(eschar) หรือ โพรงใต/ผิวหนัง
3.ComplicationOsteiomyelitis และOsteitis
SUSPECTED DEEP TISSUE
INJURY (DTI)
• บริเวณที่ผิวหนังยังคงปกคลุมอยู;ไม;มีการฉีกขาดแต;มีการเปลี่ยนสีเป=นสีม;วงคล้ําหรือสีแดง หรือมี
ตุ;มเลือดที่เกิดจากกล/ามเนื้อใต/บริเวณนั้นได/รับแรงกดทับ หรือแรงไถล
SUSPECTED DEEP TISSUE
INJURY (DTI)
• แข็งแฉะ หรือหยุ;นเหมือนมีน้ําใต/ผิวหนังร/อนขึ้น หรือเย็นลงกว;าผิวหนังบริเวณ
ใกล/เคียง นอกจากนี้ยังตรวจพบได/ยากในคนที่มีผิวดํา
• การเปลี่ยนแปลงที่พบหลังจากพบผิวหนังที่เกิด DTI คือพบตุ;มน้ําบนผิวหนัง
ที่เกิดDTI พบการเปลี่ยนแปลงเป=น eschar บางๆ ได/เร็วและพบการ
ทําลายชั้นเนื้อเยื่อเพิ่มเติมได/แม/จะได/พยายามรักษาอย;างเต็มที่แล/ว
SUSPECTED DEEP TISSUE INJURY
(DTI)
UNSTAGEABLE
• มีการสูญเสียผิวหนังทั้งหมดโดยที่พื้นแผลทั้งหมดถูก
คลุมไว/ด/วยเนื้อตายสีเหลืองหรือ เนื้อตายสีดําแข็งแม/
จะตัดเอา เนื้อตายสีเหลืองหรือ เนื้อตายสีดําแข็งออก
แล/ว ยังคงไม;สามารถระบุระดับของแผลกดทับได/ว;าเป=น
ระดับ ที่ 3หรือระดับ 4
UNSTAGEABLE
• แผลบริเวณก/นกบ
• มีการสูญเสียผิวหนังทั้งหมด
• มีเนื้อตายคลุมทั่วแผล
• ไม;สามารถประเมินความลึกของแผลได/
WOUND CARE & WOUND
CLOSURE
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
◦multidisciplinary of wound care teams
◦debridement of necrotic tissue
◦maintain moist wound environment (healing,
relief pressure)
◦Address host issues (nutrition, metabolic,
circulatory status)
◦Promote healing of the wound bed
◦appropriate dressings or wound packing
◦Prevent recurrence
PRESSURE SORE
MANAGEMENT
•Non- surgical
•Surgical
NON-SURGICAL TREATMENT
• Remove necrotic tissue
• Manage patient factors
• Infection,vascular disease,DM, smoking,nutrition
• Management of contracture & spasm
• Reduce pressure :
• change position every 2 hrs
• mattress system e.g.เตียงลม
SURGICAL TREATMENT
PREOPERATIVE CARE
• Appropriate nutrition
• Treat infection
• Relieve pressure
• Management of spasm
• Medication e.g. diazepam
• Sx: perioperative nerve blocks,rhizotomy
• Contracture therapy (of hip, knee/ reduce recurrence)
OPERATION
• Excisionaldebridement
• m/c surgically (or enzymatic proteolytic, hydrotherapy etc.)
• Partial/ complete Osteotomy
• remove bony prominence (i.e. กระดูกที.ตายแล้ว)
• ไม ่ควรทํา radical ostectomy (bleeding problems)
• wound closure e.g. skin flap
• once sufficiently minimize bacterial load optimize social & nutritional
status (Alb>3.5g/mL)
• Poor candidates:
• poor Sx candidates
• lack supportive network at home (e.g. pressure-release bed)
• Poor compliance to prior secondary intention healing
POST OPERATIVE CARE
• Continuous care similar to pre-operative care
• Relief pressure
• Psychosocial
• Rehabilitative care
• Drain
• Prevent contamination (feces, urine)
• Prevent recurrence
SPECIFIC TREATMENT - GUIDED
BY STAGE
• Stage 1 :
• covered with transparent film
• protection & prevent from more serious ulcer
• Stage 2 ulcers
• Require moist wound environment & little debridement
• avoid wet-to-dry dressings.
• Semi-occlusive (transparent film) or occlusive dressings (hydrocolloids or hydrogels)
•Enzymes normally present in the wound
base—>digest necrotic tissue
•Contraindication:infection
• Stage 3 and 4 ulcers
•Debridement of necrotic tissue
•cover with appropriate dressings
•treat infection.
DEBRIDEMENT
• Debride necrotic tissue (mechanical,
enzymatic, biological)
• necrotic tissue promotes bacterial growth and impairs
wound healing
• Contraindication:
• Absence of necrotic tissue
• Granulation tissue is present
• Indications:
} treat an infected pressure ulcer
} ATB (adjunctive) + Debridement
} prevent the infection from spreading
• Avoid topical antibiotics
} BUT may applyAntiseptic cream (eg. Nanosilver cream)
topically
Antibiotics
OTHER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
• Negative pressure wound therapy
• Reconstructive surgery
} skin grafting
} Local flaps
COMPLICATION
COMPLICATION:
INFECTION
• Superficial wound infection
• Deep:cellulitis, osteomyelitis(stage4)
• Systemic: bacteremia,endocarditis
• septic arthritis
COMPLICATION
• Marjolin’s ulcer
• Urethro-cutaneous fistula
• vesico-cutaneous fistula
• Wound dehiscence
COMPLICATION
• Autonomic dysreflexia (spinal cord injury when
debridement)
• Hematoma & Seroma (after reconstructive
surgery)
• Recurrence
PREVENTION
IDENTIFICATION OF PATIENTS AT RISK
• Elderly persons
• Chronically ill (eg cancer,stroke, or diabetes)
• Immobile (eg fracture,arthritis, or pain)
• Weak or debilitated
• Altered mental status (eg narcotics,anesthesia,or coma)
• Decreased sensation or paralysis
Braden	scale
Norton	scale
Total	Norton	Scale	- Total	Number	of	Check	
Marks	=	Total	Norton	Plus	Score
SECONDARY FACTORS
• Illness or debilitation
• Fever àincreases metabolic demands
• Predisposing ischemia
• Diaphoresis àskin maceration
• Incontinence àskin irritation and contamination
• Other factors:edema,jaundice, pruritus, and xerosis (dry
skin)
INTERVENTIONS
• Scheduled turning and body repositioning
• Appropriate bed positioning
• Protection of vulnerable bony
• Skin care
• Alertness for skin changes
• Use of support surfaces and specialty beds
• Nutritional support - enteral or parenteral nutrition or vitamin therapy
• Maintenance of current levels of activity,mobility,and range of motion
SCHEDULED TURNING AND
BODY REPOSITIONING
APPROPRIATE BED POSITIONING
PROTECTION OF VULNERABLE
BONY PROMINENCES
SKIN CARE
USE OF SUPPORT SURFACES AND
SPECIALTY BEDS
NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT - ENTERAL
OR PARENTERAL NUTRITION OR
VITAMIN THERAPY
MAINTENANCE OF CURRENT
LEVELS OF ACTIVITY, MOBILITY, AND
RANGE OF MOTION
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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