1. Time and Stress Management

2. What Is Stress?
 Stress
– Psychological, Emotional, Physiological
Response
 Stressors
– Threatening Environmental Conditions

3. Why Is Stress
Management Important?
 Organizational Costs
 Individual Costs
– Health Impairment
– Job Burnout
– Performance Decline

4. Exhibit 6.1: Relationship Between
Stress and Job Performance

5. Experiencing stress
STRESSORS
Anticipatory,
Encounter,Time,
Situational
REACTIONS
Physiological,
Psychological
RESILIENCY
Physical
Psychological
Social

6. Exhibit 6.2: Model of the Stress Management Process
Potential Stressors
Personal Factors
Family problems
Financial problems
Health problems
Organizational Factors
High stress occupation
Job role
Overload
Under-utilization
Role ambiguity
Role conflict
Responsibility for others
Job Environment
Poor working conditions
Organizational politics
Poor work relationships
Environmental Factors
Economic Uncertainty
Technological Change
Politics
Consequences
Psychological
Heart Disease
Ulcers
Headaches
Emotional
Anxiety
Depression
Burnout
Behavioral
Aggression
Productivity
Avoidance
Successful Coping
High self esteem
Goal accomplishment
Feeling of well being
Stress Management
Individual
Seek help
Time management
Change jobs
Build resiliency
Personality
Companionship
Experience
Health (Exercise, diet)
Relaxation
Recreation
Organizational
Job Design
Selection & Placement
Training & Mentoring
Team Building
Employee Assistance
Communicating
Wellness Promotion
Experienced Stress
(SYMPTOM AWARENESS)

7. Managing Stress: Objectives
 Becoming Aware of Negative Stress
Symptoms
 Determining the Sources
 Determining the Cause
 And then…
– Cope temporarily with the stress
– Eliminate stressors
– Develop resiliency

8. How Can Awareness of Stress
Symptoms Be Enhanced?
 Physical Symptoms
 Psychological Substitutes
Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always
Constant fatigue [] [] [] [] []
Low energy level [] [] [] [] []
Recurring headaches [] [] [] [] []
Gastrointestinal disorders [] [] [] [] []
Bad breath [] [] [] [] []
Sweaty hands or feet [] [] [] [] []
Dizziness [] [] [] [] []
High blood pressure [] [] [] [] []
Pounding heart [] [] [] [] []

9. Sources of Stress
 Major Organizational Stressors
– High-stress Occupations
– Job Role
– Interpersonal Relationships
 Major Personal Stressors
– Family Problems
– Financial Problems
– Health Problems
– Personality
 Major Environmental Stressors
– Economic Uncertainty
– Political Uncertainties
– Technological Change

10. Types of Stressors: Causes
 Time
 Encounter
 Situational
 Anticipatory

11. Managing Stress
Eliminate
Stressors
Develop
Resiliency
Temporary
coping
mechanisms
Permanent
effects
Long term Short term
Enactive
approach
Proactive
approach
Reactive
approach
Long time
required
Moderate time
required
Immediate

12. Resiliency:
 Physiological
– Cardiovascular
conditioning
– Proper diet
 Social
– Supportive relations
– Mentors
– teamwork
Psychological
–Balanced lifestyle
–Hardy personality
–Small wins strategy
–Relaxation techniques

13. Short term strategies
 Reframing
 Imagery

14. Types of stressors and what we can
do about them
 Time Stressors
– Work overload
– Lack of control
 Elimination Strategies
– Principles of time management
– Delegation

15. Eliminating time stressors:
Time management
 “Effective time management can enable
managers to gain control over their time and
organize their fragmented, chaotic
environment.”

16. Effective time management
means…
 Spending time on important, not just urgent
matters
 Distinguishing clearly between importance and
urgency
 Focusing on results not methods
 Not feeling guilty when saying no

17. Effective time management
URGENCY
High Low
IMPORTANCE
Low
High

18. 80/20 Rule
Activities Time Spent Results
Trivial 80% 20%
Vital 20% 80%

19. Efficient time management
 Too little time; too much to do
 How do I get more done?

20. Schedule
Schedule Activities
• Horizontal Scheduling
• Vertical Scheduling
• Directing and Controlling

21. Rules
 Read selectively
 Make lists
 Everything in its place
 Prioritize
 Multitask the routine
 Discretionary task jar
 Divide up the big jobs
 Critical 20%
 Best time for important jobs
 Arrange non-interrupted
time
 Don’t procrastinate
 Keep track of time
 Set deadlines
 Use waiting time
 Designate time for busy
work
 Closure on one thing a day
 Schedule personal time
 Limit worry time
 Long term objectives
 Continuous improvement

22. Tips for managers
 Hold routine meetings at end of day
 Set time limit
 Hold meetings only if needed
 Agendas, minutes
 Start on time
 Paper work decisions
 Organize
 Limit interruptions

23.  Delegate
 Empowerment: allow for initiative
 Give credit to those who deserve it

24. Types of stressors and what we can
do about them
 Encounter Stressors:
– Role Conflicts
– Issue
– Interaction
 Elimination Strategies:
– Delegation
– Interpersonal skills
 Conflict resolution
 Resilience
– Social support; Collaboration
 Self awareness
 EQ

25. Types of stressors and what we can
do about them
 Situational Stressors:
– Unfavourable working conditions
– Rapid change
 Elimination Strategies:
– Work redesign
– Changing jobs
 Short term Strategies
 resiliency

26. Work redesign
 Level of task demand
 Level of autonomy (individual control &
discretion)
 Level of interest
 Feedback

27. Types of stressors and what we can
do about them
 Anticipatory Stressors:
– Unpleasant expectations
– Fear
 Elimination Strategies:
– Time management
 Priorities; planning
 Short term strategies
 Resiliency

28. Stress and Self awareness
 Values
 Attitude towards change
 Cognitive style
 Interpersonal orientation

29. “There is more to life than
increasing its speed.”
Mahatma Gandhi