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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Topic list
About project?
The project manager
The project team
Project stakeholders
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
What is a project?
Any piece of work that is undertaken or
attempted; "he prepared for great
undertakings"
www.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn
a planned undertaking
www.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn
"The concept of 'project' means different things
to different users, or reflects different frames of
reference. In finance and budgeting terms it is
an investment with a specified economic return.
In economic analysis a project is a potential
income generating activity. In management
terms the project notion often connotes a
particular organisational unit.".
www.dfid.gov.uk/aboutdfid/files/glossary_p.htm
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project management
The application of knowledge, skills, tools and
techniques to a broad range of activities to meet
the requirements of the particular project. Project
management knowledge and practices are best
described in terms of their component processes.
www.asq.org/info/glossary/p.html
The set of people, tools, techniques, and processes
used to define the project’s goal, plan all the work
necessary to reach that goal, lead the project and
support teams, monitor progress, and ensure that
the project is completed in a satisfactory way.
mfg.patentcafe.com/glossary.asp
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project management (cont…)
Project management is concerned with the overall
planning and co-ordination of a project from inception to
completion aimed at meeting the client's requirements
and ensuring completion on time, within cost and to
required quality standards. www.ecbp.org/glossary.htm
Project management is the systematic planning,
organizing and controlling of allocated resources to
accomplish project cost, time and performance
objectives. Project management is normally reserved for
focused, non-repetitive, time-limited activities with
some degree of risk and that are beyond the usual
scope of program (operational) activities for which the
organization is responsible.
www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/pubs_pol/dcgpubs/TBM_122/abkglos-1_e.a
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project management (cont…)
The objective of project
management is a successful project.
A project will be deemed successful
if it is completed at the
specified level of quality,
on time (timescale)
within budget.
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project manager
Project manger: The individual responsible
for managing a project.
Project management process: The way in
which a project manger co-ordinates a project
from initiation to completion, using project
management and general management
techniques, is
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Definition of project manager
The individual responsible for managing a
project. This person would plan and
organise activities required to develop
deliverables requested by clients.
www.aits.uillinois.edu/glossary/glossaryp.html
Systems analyst with a diverse set of
skills--management, leadership, technical,
conflict management, and customer
relationship--who is responsible for
initiating, planning, executing, and closing
down a project.
myphliputil.pearsoncmg.com/student/bp_hoffer_m
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Definition of project manager (con…)
A project manager oversees the
execution of entire project or
publication, including hiring members
of the production team, assigning
tasks, organizing and scheduling the
writing and production process, and
attending to all administrative details.
writerseditors.com/services.htm
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project manager duties
Some of the leadership tasks they will
be required to perform include
choosing team members, assigning
duties, motivating employees, setting
standards, performing reviews and
team member reassignments.
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project manager duties (cont…)
Outline planning
Detailed planning: Teambuilding
Communication
Coordinating project activities
Monitoring and control
Problem solution
Quality control
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project manager duties (cont…)
Outline planning
Develop project targets
Diving the project into activities and
placing these activities into the right
sequence
Development framework for the
procedures and structures
Detailed planning:
work breakdown structure, resource,
requirements
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project manager duties (cont…)
Teambuilding:
build cohesion and team spirit
Communication:
Supervisor must know what is going on
Ensure members are briefed
Coordinating project activities:
Between the project team and users, and
other external parties
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project manager duties (cont…)
Monitoring and control:
The project manager should estimate the
causes for each departure from the
standard, and take corrective measures
Problem-solution
Even with the best planning, unforeseen
problems may arise
Quality control:
There is often a short-sighted trade-off
between getting the project out on time
and the project quality.
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project manager skills
Leadership and team building
Organisational
Communication
Technical
Personal
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project manager skills (cont…)
Leadership and team building
Being enthusiastic about the project
Being positive
Delegating tasks
Organisational:
Ensuring all project documentation is clear
and distributed to all who require it
Using project management tolls to analyse
and monitor project progress
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project manager skills (cont…)
Communication:
Listing to project team members
Using persuasion to coerce reluctant team
members or stakeholders to support the
project
Ensuring management is kept informed
Technical:
Providing the technical expertise and
experience needed to manage the project.
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project manager skills (cont…)
Personal
Being flexible
Showing persistence
Being creative
Being patience
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project team
Comprises the people who report
directly or indirectly to the project
manager
Project’s success depend to a large extent
on the team members select
The team comprises individuals with
different skills and personalities
Question when building a team:
What skills required
Who has the particular talent
Availability and affordability
What level of supervision
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Factors which enhances project team
Effective communication
All member being aware of the team’s
purpose
Collaboration and creativity
Trusting, supportive atmosphere
Innovative/creative behaviour
Interdependence among the team
Capacity of conflict resolution
Enthusiasm
Acceptance of change
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Managing conflict
Conflict will occasionally occur
Positive: fresh ideas and energy being input
to the project
Negative conflict: problems which may
bring the project to a standstill
An open exchange of views between project
personnel should be encouraged
This will help ensure all possible courses of
action
Manager to keep in touch with the
relationship of team members and act as a
conciliator if necessary.
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Negotiation techniques
Focus on the problem, not the
personalities
Define the problem carefully
Try to develop options that would
result in mutual gain
Look for a wide variety of possible
solutions
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Resolution techniques
Ideally the conflict will be resolved by
the parties involved agreeing on a
course of action. If this does occurs,
the project manager should:
Work through using negotiation
techniques
Attempt to establish a compromise
Try to smooth out any differences
Emphasise areas of agreement
If all attempts fails, the manager
should make a decision.
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Controlling the team
Two types of control strategies:
Behavioural control: deals with the
behaviour of team members. Control
is exercised through agreed
procedures, policies and mythologies
Output control: attention is focused
on results, more that the way these
were achieved
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Controlling the team (cont…)
Trust-control dilemma:
T + C = Y
T = the trust the superior has in the
subordinate, the trust which the
subordinate feels the superior has in
him
C = the degree of control exercised
by the superior over the subordinate
Y = a constant, unchanging value
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Controlling the team (cont…)
Any increase in C leads to an equally
decrease in T.
If the manager retains more ‘control’
or authority, the subordinate will
immediately recognise that he/she is
being trusted less
If the superior wishes to show more
trust in the subordinate, this can only
be done by reducing C , that is by
delegating more authority.
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Controlling the team (cont…)
Span of control
Span of control or span of management
refers to the number of subordinates
responsible to a person
Classical theorists
There are physical and mental limitation to a
manager’s ability to control people,
relationships and activities
There should be tight managerial control
from the top of an organisation downward.
The span of control should be restricted to
allow maximum control.
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Controlling the team (cont…)
The appropriate span of control will
depend on:
Ability of the manger
Ability of the team members
Nature of the task
The geographical dispersal
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project stakeholders
Identifying Stakeholders - a Primary and
an Ongoing Task
"Satisfy stakeholders!" is the project
manager's mantra. For successful projects,
it's not enough to deliver on the customer's
demand; projects have to meet all
stakeholder expectations. Identifying
stakeholders is a primary task because all
the important decisions during the initiation,
planning and execution stages of the project
are made by these stakeholders.
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project stakeholders (cont…)
Some primary project stakeholders:
the project manager,
the risk manager
the project team,
the support team
the sponsor,
the customer.
In a larger sense, anyone who participates in the
project or is impacted by its results is a stakeholder.
Each stakeholder has an essential contribution to
make and all stakeholder expectations need to be
met.
Contribution made by different people to the project
is the principal criteria for identifying stakeholders
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project stakeholders (cont…)
Managing stakeholder dispute
Establish a framework to predict the
potential for disputes. This involves risk
management, since an unforeseen (risk)
has the potential to create conflict, and
dispute management
Dispute resolution processes:
Resolution: is the solution of a conflict
Settlement: is an arraignment which
brings an end to the conflict
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Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Thames Valley University
Project stakeholders (cont…)
Conflict between project stakeholders
may be resolved by:
Negotiation
Partnering
Mediation
A third party neutral may judge or
intervene to impose a solution
On very large projects, a Dispute
Review Board (DRB) may be formed