4. A little bit of history of water supply in
Bangalore
• Most of Bangalore’s lakes are actually irrigation tanks
• The Hoysalas, Vijaynagara, Marathas, Tipu Sultan, Haider Ali,
Wodeyars have all been patrons of lakes and tanks.
• Open wells near the lakes were the withdrawal points
Biome Environmental Trust
5. • Open wells closer
to the lakes
• Source of drinking
and other purposes
of cooking, etc.
8. Who managed and owned these lakes?
Farmers,
Fishermen,
Grazers
Community
Community
and Village
Elders
NeerugantiRulers
Patronage
Ensured
tanks were
maintained
Control
management
distribution of
water to village
or community
tank
Joint decision
making on
water use
Active
participation in
maintenance:
cleaning,
desilting…
Used lakes for
economic use
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10. Bengaluru – 2001
Total population : 5.1 million
The centre of the city was more populous but…
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11. Bengaluru – 2011
Total population : 8.4 million (65.2% growth)
…Now the periphery is more populous
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12. Lakes no longer able to suffice our water
needs…..
• 189 lakes in BBMP area
• 50-60 have water
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13. Bangalore water supply
1890-1900 1896-Hessarghatta WSS-untreated water
1900-1930 Hesarghatta-Combined Jewel filter
1930-1940 T G Halli Arkavathy WSS- 27 MLD
1950-1960 1952-T G Halli-45 MLD
1960-1970 1964- T G Halli-135 MLD
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/sanban14/bangalores-water-supply-situation-bwssb
Biome Environmental Trust
14. Year of the
development
Name of the water supply
scheme
Distance of the city
from the water
source
1896 Arkavathy River
(Hessarghatta Water Suply
Scheme)
20 km to NW of
Bangalore
1930-1970 Arkavathy River (TG Halli or
Chamaraja Sagar reservoir)
35 km to West of
Bangalore
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15. Bengaluru gets its official water from the Cauvery 95 kms and 500 meters below the city
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16. Cauvery Stages Year
commissioned
Water withdrawn
(MLD)
Cauvery Stage I 1974 135
Cauvery Stage II 1982 135
Cauvery Stage III 1995-96 270
Cauvery Stage IV Phase I 2002 270
Cauvery Stage IV Phase II 2012 500
1310
https://bwssb.gov.in/content/about-bwssb-2Biome Environmental Trust
17. How is water demand calculated?
Demand Norms as per CPHEEO Manual
Metropolitan and Mega cities provided
with piped water supply and sewerage
system is existing / contemplated
150 LPCD
Cities provided with piped water supply
and sewerage system is existing /
contemplated
135 LPCD
Towns provided with piped water supply
but without sewerage system
70 LPCD
Rural Areas 55 LPCD
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18. How much water I use?
Use L/person/day
Drinking 3
Cooking 4
Bathing 20
Flushing 40
Washing Clothes 25
Washing Utensils 20
Gardening 23
Total 135
Drinking
2%
Cooking
3%
Bathing
15%
Flushing
30%
Washing
Clothes
18%
Washing
Utensils
15%
Gardening
17%
Drinking
Cooking
Bathing
Flushing
Washing Clothes
Washing Utensils
Gardening
Biome Environmental Trust
19. Water Balance of the city
Population as per 2011 Census 8.4 million
Population in 2015 11 million
Demand @ 135 LPCD (Liters per capita
per day)
1485 MLD (Million Litres a day)
Quantity of water sourced from Kaveri
by BWSSB
1310 MLD
Leakages – 40% ~524 MLD
Groundwater to the rescue ! ~700 MLD
Wastewater generated ~1100-1200 MLD
Biome Environmental Trust
20. Cauvery
Bangalore
city:
1310 MLD
BWSSB
Bangalore city 786 MLD
from CauveryWTP
Demand
@135 LPCD -
1485 MLD
Groundwater
Distribution
loss- @40%
524 MLD
Consumption
@200lpcd-2200
MLD
Deficit of 1414 MLD
700 MLD Deficit
Population as per 2011 Census 8.4 million
Population in 2015 ~11 million
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21. Majority depend on groundwater
• Resort to groundwater
• No single source of data giving exact number of groundwater wells
(borewells)
• A 2005 ISEC study estimates 200,000 to 450,000 borewells in Bangalore.
• Official Thyagaraja report pegs 500 + MLD, 400,000+ borewells
• 3000 water Tankers belonging to 100-120 water tanker companies
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23. Change in water levels over a period of time
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24. Multi-sourcing inside the city
• Private borewells
• Tankers
• Some from Rainwater
• And some from even treated wastewater (Tzed)
• Open wells?
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27. MONTH DAYS QUANTITY (mm)
JAN 0.2 2.70
FEB 0.5 7.20
MAR 0.4 4.40
APR 3.0 46.30
MAY 7.0 119.60
JUN 6.4 80.80
JUL 8.3 110.20
AUG 10.0 137.00
SEP 9.3 194.80
OCT 9.0 180.40
NOV 4.0 64.50
DEC 1.7 22.10
TOTAL 59.8 970.00
Rainfall Pattern in Bangalore- 30 years
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28. Rainfall endowment for Bangalore
Total Annual Average Rainfall for
Bangalore 970mm
Total Population (2015) 11 million
Demand @ 135 LPCD (Liters per capita
per day) 1485MLD
5,42,025ML/year
Total Area (sqm) BBMP limits/Land
endowment 741Sq km
Demand as Rainfall (Land endowment) 731mm
Biome Environmental Trust
29. Total Annual Average Rainfall for
Bangalore 970mm
Total Population (2015) 11 million
Demand @ 200 LPCD (Liters per capita per
day) 2200MLD
8,03,000ML/year
Total Area (sqm) BBMP limits/Land
endowment 741Sq km
Demand as Rainfall (Land endowment) 1084mm
Biome Environmental Trust
31. Current Official Paradigm : “Supply”
• Treatment
for
potability
• Supply
Source
Cauvery
• Subsidised
Tariffs
• No Demand
management
Demand
• Flows out
• reuse
mostly
incidental
Partial waste
water
treatment
Supply driven paradigm, little acknowledgement of other sources of water, and little encouragement on utilizing
other sources of water actively as a measure of minimizing the demand.. It’s time to do all of this from the
institutions’ perspective
Biome Environmental Trust
37. RAINBOW DRIVE
Location Sarjapur Road, Bangalore – Ground water stressed area
Size 35 acres, approx 350 plots, 258 occupied
Details Currently governed by Plot owners association (Society)
since 2002.
No BWSSB connection
Dependent on Ground water ( owned bore wells)Biome Environmental Trust
38. Rainbow Drive: SUMMARY OF KEY PROBLEMS in 2008
•Increasing water insecurity – borewells drying up.
•Community as a whole not aware of the problems – wasteful consumption
•Water Tankers not reliable.
•Flash flooding at entrance during heavy rains
•STP output water stagnating at entrance drains
Biome Environmental Trust
43. And lake water quality is also deteriorating
Source: Wetlands: Treasures of Bangalore (Abused, Polluted, Encroached and
Vanishing) by Ramachandra TV et al
•79% lakes fell under Class E category
classified by CPCB as suitable for
irrigation, industrial cooling or
controlled waste disposal.
•29% lakes could be classified under
Class E and D as suitable for fish culture
and wildlife propagation.
Biome Environmental Trust
44. What do we understand by the water quality?
• Physical, chemical and biological nature
and amount of substances
• Can I drink that water or bathe in it or
use for irrigation?
pH
E.coliCl
TDS
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45. What does the water quality depend on?
Natural geology and
ecosystems
http://raesidecartoon.com/
External sources
like Human uses
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46. Type of contaminants (Anthropological)
Nutrients-from sewage and fertilizers
Hazardous waste-pesticide, industrial waste
Organic matter-leaf litter, etc.
Point and Non-point sources of pollution:
• Point source: a single, identifiable source of pollution (Pipe/Drain,
etc.)
• Non-Point: sort of diffused, source not attributable to one single point
Biome Environmental Trust
47. Drinking water quality standards: BIS 10500
(2012)
A 35 parameter test
• Physical
• Minerals
• Toxic substances
• Radioactive substances
• Pesticide residue tests
• Bacteriological/Microbiological
Biome Environmental Trust
48. Parameter Acceptable limit Permissible limit Sources
Physical
Color (Hazen units) 5 15 Tannins, Iron, Copper, Manganese, Natural deposits
Odour Agreeable Agreeable Chlorine, Hydrogen sulfide, Organic matter, Septic contamination, Methane gas
pH 6.5 8.5 Natural
Turbidity (NTU) 1 5
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
(mg/l) 500 2000
Livestock waste, septic system Landfills, nature of soil, Hazardous waste, landfills
Dissolved minerals, iron and manganese
General Parameters Concerning Substances Undesirable in Excessive Amounts
Calcium (mg/l) 75 200 Natural
Magnesium (mg/l) 30 100 Natural
Total Hardeness as Calcium
Carbonate (mg/l) 200 600 Dissolved calcium from soil and aquifer minerals containing limestone or dolomite
Alkalinity as Calcium
Carbonate (mg/l) 200 600 Pipes, Hazardous waste landfills
Sulphate (mg/l) 200 400
Animal sewage, septic system, sewage By-product of coal mining, industrial waste,
Natural deposits or salt
Chloride (mg/l) 250 1000 Fertilizers, Industrial wastes, Minerals, seawater
Nitrate (mg/l) 45 No relaxation
Livestock facilities, septic systems, manure lagoons, fertilizers, Household waste
water, Natural Deposits
Iron (mg/l) 0.3 No relaxation Leaching of cast iron pipes in water distribution systems, Natural
Fluoride (mg/l) 1 1.5 Industrial waste, Geological
Microbiological
E.coli (MPN/100 ml) Absent Absent Human waste
Coliforms (MPN/100 ml) Absent Absent Livestock facilities, septic systems, manure lagoons, Household waste water
Biome Environmental Trust
49. Parameter Impacts
pH Affects aquatic life, bitter taste, corrosion
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (mg/l) Undesirable taste, gastro-intestinal irritation, corrosion
Calcium (mg/l) Poor lathering, incrustation in pipes; scale formation
Magnesium (mg/l) Poor lathering, incrustation in pipes; scale formation
Alkalinity as Calcium Carbonate (mg/l) Poor lathering with soap; scale forming; skin irritation
Sulphate (mg/l) Taste affected; laxative effect; gastro intestinal irritation
Chloride (mg/l) Taste is affected, corrosive
Nitrate (mg/l) Eutrophication, Fish kills, Blue Baby disease
Iron (mg/l)
Poor or sometimes bitter taste, color and turbidity; staining of clothes
materials; iron bacteria causing slime
Fluoride (mg/l) Dental and skeletal fluorosis
E.coli (MPN/100 ml) Gastro-intestinal diseases
Coliforms (MPN/100 ml) Gastro-intestinal diseases
Health Impacts
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50. Treatment and purification
Selection dependent on:
• Specific end use of the source- drinking or other purposes
• Nature and amount of the substances in water source
Biome Environmental Trust
51. Type of treatment
Water with turbidity in excess of limit specified in BIS 10500:
Pressure filtration with addition of a coagulant.
Pressure filtration with chlorination/ozonisation if bacteria is present.
Water with total hardness in excess of limit specified by BIS 10500:
Water softening
Water with only bacteriological contamination ( for domestic use):
Boiling for 20 minutes, exposure to ultra violet light, chlorination,
ultrafiltration for disinfection
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