4. social-economical environment passive support complexity environment local territory natural environment green urban areas mine and dump (Sacks, 1998) ecosystems complex network of ecosystems (Dematteis, Governa, 2005) Integrated components trivial machine summary of components operative-analytic perspective functionalist approach political-normative perspective epistemologic perspective territorialist perspective

5. ECOSYSTEMS – PRODUCTION SYSTEMS – ECONOMICAL SYSTEMS ECOSYSTEMS (Tiezzi, 2005) PRODUCTION SYSTEM Non-renewable energy ECONOMIC SYSTEM goods and services capital greenhouse gases climate crisis energetic crisis economic crisis

7. The Climate Issue Direct link between climate change and energy production Effects on weather Increasing temperature is likely to lead to increasing precipitation but the effects on storms are less clear. Extratropical storms partly depend on the temperature gradient , which is predicted to weaken in the northern hemisphere as the polar region warms more than the rest of the hemisphere. Increased freshwater flow Research based on satellite observations, published in October, 2010, shows an increase in the flow of freshwater into the world's oceans, partly from melting ice and partly from increased precipitation driven by an increase in global ocean evaporation. The increase in global freshwater flow, based on data from 1994 to 2006, was about 18%. Much of the increase is in areas which already experience high rainfall. One effect, as perhaps experienced in the 2010 Pakistan floods , is to overwhelm flood control infrastructure. Regional effects of global warming vary in nature. Some are the result of a generalised global change, such as rising temperature, resulting in local effects, such as melting ice. In other cases, a change may be related to a change in a particular ocean current or weather system. In such cases, the regional effect may be disproportionate and will not necessarily follow the global trend. Local scale

8. Climate change (Ecosystem Millennium Assessments (2005)

9. ANTHROPOCENE (Krutzen, 2005)

10. (IPCC, 2009)

12. www.worldmapper.org Global Carbon Emissions, 2000

14. the Kyoto Protocol – facing climate change Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC): stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system (350 ppm). 191 States signed and ratified the K.P. (July, 2010) Annex I countries agreed to reduce their collective greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% from the 1991 level within 2012. carbon credits and carbon markets supporting and promoting Renewable Energy Sources (RES): solar energy, wind energy, biomasses, hydroelectric energy

15. from global to local dimension: the case Yasuni-ITT Ecuador Initiative proposal: leave 850 million barrels crude locked, in perpetuity, beneath the Yasuni Biosphere Reserve Ecuador seeks financial compensation from developed countries Not exploiting the Yasuni-ITT fields will keep 410 millions metric tons of CO2 out of atmosphere UNDP Trust Funds Windows of opportunity

18. energy production and sustainable development A RES-based energy model implies complex re-organization of the territory, usually, increased decentralization of energy production and consumption. (Bagliani, Dansero, 2008) Backlash at many different scales and dimension: Ecological: re-routing flows of materials and energy produced and consumed so they can be contained inside the local system Social and political: a broader arena of actors who participate in energy policy decision at different scales Economic: wide range of private and organized actors located at different scales some RES-based energy solutions may give little consideration to the territorial local systems and to possible ecological impact at local and supra-local level; e.g., solutions based on importation of raw material from outside and conder local territory merelyas a space for localizing the plant. territory and energy sustainability

19. Relationships between energy systems and territory Using fossil energetic sources has produced an energy system organized in a very long supply chains in which production of energy is centralized and integrated (Eliot, 2000) Local dimension dipends generally on supra-local supplying networks (long networks) managed by supra-local actors (national, transnational monopolies, global oligopolies) (Bagliani, Dansero, 2008). Increasing “de-territorialized” system in which there are no direct relationships between consuption and energy production sites, but only links mediated by long energy and raw material distribution networks

22. Solar farm in China

23. Solar farm in China

24. Energy windmills in California