Sharing the Planet: Humanity’s Greatest Challenge
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Lecture by Sir Mark Walport at the Natural History Museum Annual Science Lecture on 2 December 2013.
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Sharing the Planet: Humanity’s Greatest Challenge
- 1. Annual Science Lecture Sharing the Planet: Humanity’s Greatest Challenge Sir Mark Walport Introduction: Dr Michael Dixon, Director, Natural History Museum
- 2. The Diversity of Life 2 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 3. Sharing Our Genome: One Genetic Family Credit: www.evogeneao.com 3 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 4. Genetic Conservation Between Species 1 difference per 1000 base pairs between people Person 1 Person 2 Credit: Dee'lite/CC-BY-2.0 2 differences per 100 base pairs between people and chimps Person 1 Chimp Credit: Eric Isselee/Shutterstock 40 differences per 100 base pairs between people and mice Person 1 Mouse Credit: Getty Small regions of similarity between people and nematode worms Credit: Erik Jorgensen, University of Utah Person 1 Worm The regions that code for proteins are most similar 4 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 5. Sharing Our Environment Credit: Ian Usher/CC-BY-SA-3.0 5 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 6. Generating Our Atmosphere Credit: Natural History Museum • • • Credit: Natural History Museum 6 Photosynthesis began 2.5 billion years ago Cyanobacteria were first to evolve the capability Carboniferous forests evolved ~ 300 m years ago Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 7. Credit:Sufosys Biotec Credit: Brocken Inaglory/CC-BY-SA-3.0 7 Sulfolobus acidocaldarius Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 8. Red Beds 10 1 1 0.1 Oxygen 0.1 Carbon Dioxide 0.01 CO2 concentration (%) PD Oxygen concentration (%) Inheriting Our Atmosphere Credit: Natural History Museum Banded Iron Formations 8 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Time (billion years before present) Credit: Andrew Watson, University of Exeter Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 9. Inheriting Our Energy PD Credit: Meredithw/CC-BY-SA-3.0 9 Credit: Agencia Brasil/CC-BY-SA-3.0-BR Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 11. Our Relationship with Other Species Credit: British Museum 11 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 12. Classifying the World Credit: Natural History Museum •Wealthy and popular physician •Amassed one of the greatest collections of plants and animals of his time. •Oldest Collection in the Natural History Museum Credit: Natural History Museum Specimens from the Carolinas Preserved in Sir Hans Sloane’s collection 12 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 13. Ordering the Natural World: Taxonomy PD Credit: University of Otago, New Zealand Carl Linnaeus 18th Century Swedish Botanist Leaf Forms from Linnaeus’s Systema Naturæ 13 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 14. Causing Extinction 1598-1662 Credit: Natural History Museum 14 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 15. Discovering the Extinct Credit: Natural History Museum Mary Anning 19th Century British Palaeontologist Credit: N Natural History Museum Fossil of Plesiosaurus macrocephalus One of Mary Anning’s discoveries 15 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 16. Genomic Taxonomy: The Next Tool Box Chrysomeloidea Cucujoidea Curculionoidea Tenebrionoidea Cerylonid Series Beetles from canopy flogging in Borneo Cupedidae Cleroidea Carabidae: Harpalinae Elateroidea Buprestidae Staphylinidae Byrrhoidea 16 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 17. Discovering the Invisible Louis Pasteur 19th Century French chemist and microbiologist PD S. cerevisiae 17 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 18. Sharing our Body • There are 10 times more bacterial cells your intestines than there are cells in your entire body (100 trillion)! • This weighs about 1 kg. Credit: Dr David Phillips/Getty Images Clostridium bacteria has been linked to gut ailments •Sensitive to antibiotics, diet and surgery. 18 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 19. The Yak Microbiome Methane Methanogens Methanobrevibacter Reduce carbon content CO2, H2 Carbohydrates Protozoa Isotricha intestinalis Metabolise plant material Plant Material Pectin-Fermenting Bacteria Bacteroides ruminicola Breaks down carbohydrates Credit: Pongratz/CC-BY-SA-3.0 19 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 20. Our Deadliest Rivals Cholera Vibrio cholerae Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum Influenza A virus Orthomyxoviridae 20 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 21. Jumping Species PATHOGEN ORIGINAL HOST YEAR REPORTED Ebola virus Bats 1977 Escherichia coli O157:H7 Borrelia burgdorferi Cattle 1982 Rodents 1982 SIV/HIV-1 Primates 1983 SIV/HIV-2 Primates 1986 Hendra virus Bats 1994 BSE/vCJD Cattle 1996 Australian bat lyssavirus Bats 1996 H5N1 influenza A Chickens 1997 Nipah virus Bats 1999 SARS coronavirus Palm civets 2003 21 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 22. Our Dance with Infectious Organisms Credit: josullivan.59/CC-BY-2.0 22 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 23. Our Dance with Infectious Organisms: Spread of SARS 23 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 24. Moving Species Around Credit: Matthieu Aubry/CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0 Credit: Guillaume Baviere 24 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 25. For Food, Biocontrol and Aesthetics Credit: Andreia Isleb Credit: AFP Rob Elliott Credit: SMcGarnigle/CC-BY-2.0 Credit: Guillaume Baviere 25 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 26. Aesthetics: Hydrangea in the Azores Credit: Guillaume Baviere 26 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 27. Food and Resources: Rabbits in Australia PD 27 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 28. Then Biocontrol: Introduction of Myxoma Virus PD 28 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 29. The Globalisation of Food Crops Grape, Rye Sugar beet Alfalfa Apple Soybean Lettuce Almond Sunflower Strawberry Corn, dry bean, tom ato Rice Orange Cotton Onion Dry bean Barley, Wheat Tobacco Potato Sorghum Peanut Strawberry 29 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet Sugarcane
- 30. Modifying Species: Diversify and Enhance Wild mustard plant (Brassica oleracea) Strain Kohlrabi Kale Broccoli Brussels sprouts Cabbage Cauliflower Modified trait Stem Leaves Flower buds and stem Lateral leaf buds Terminal leaf bud Flower buds 30 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 31. Diversify and Enhance: Dogs Grey Wolf Herding Dogs: e.g. Border Collie Pets: e.g. Corgi Gun Dogs: e.g. English Pointer Pets: e.g. Poodle 31 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 32. Modifying the Environment Regular Fire Use Complex Stone Tools Agriculture The Practical Steam Engine Pasture and Plough arrive in UK Domestication of Fruits 0.2 0.1 100 1 million years ago 1000 100,000 years ago Human Occupation of New Environmental Zones 10000 10,000 years ago 100000 1000000 10000000 1,000 years ago 100 years ago Future Today Cities & the built environment emerge England and Wales deforested 90% 17% Unequivocal Anthropogenic Warming 32 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 33. Subsistence Farming Credit: Bombadier, flickr Credit: Bombadier/CC-BY-2.0 33 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 34. The African Diaspora 34 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 35. Intensive Farming Credit: USDA 35 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 36. Our Hunger for Resources: Cows and Badgers 36 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 37. Our Hunger for Resources: Competing with Pests Credit: kohlmann.sascha/CC-BY-SA-2.0 Credit: Jeff Kubina Credit: iStockphoto 37 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 38. Our Hunger for Resources: Collaborating with Bees Credits: orangeaurochs, kirstyhall, Gudlyf, somebox and hankinsphoto.com 38 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 39. Credit: Mark Walport 39 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 40. Our Hunger for Resources: Disappearing Ecosystems 40 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 41. Moynaq, The Aral Sea Credit: Arian Zwegers/CC-BY-2.0 41 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 42. Agricultural Chemical Addiction: Coral Bleaching and Algal Blooms Credit: USFWF Pacific 42 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 43. Deforestation of Europe Evidence From • Domesday Book • Soil Record • Climate Modelling England and Wales deforested 90% 17% tree cover Source: Kaplin 2009 43 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 44. The Pace of Change Picks up: Industrialisation Credit: Leonard Bentley 44 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 45. Our Driver: Exponential Growth World Population (Millions) 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 Year 45 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 46. The Atmosphere Catches Up Credit: IPCC Credit: NOAA 46 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 47. Climate Disruption, not Climate Change Source: Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (2013) 47 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 48. A Stitch in Time: Enlightenment 2.0 Some we can’t Some we can do something about Credit: James Cridland/CC-BY-2.0 Credit: Wikimedia Commons Credit: Nick carson/CC-BY-SA-3.0 Credit: PD Credit: Eneas/CC-BY-2.0 48 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 49. Climate policy responses… Mitigate Credit: Harvey McDaniel Adapt Credit: Ian Britton/CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0 Suffer Credit: Reuters 49 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 50. The Push of Population Source: Population Reference Bureau 2009 Credit: Julien Harneis/CC-BY-SA-2.0 50 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 51. The Solutions are Technological Mitigate: Population Growth Credit: Bryancalabro/CC-BY-SA-3.0 51 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 52. The Solutions are Technological – Diverse Energy Sources Credit: Bidgee/CC-BY-SA-2.0 Credit: Bellona CC BY-SA 2.0 - Russ Ferriday Credit: Russ Ferriday/CC-BY-SA-2.0 Credit: hddod/CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 52 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 53. Some of the Solutions are Technological – Reduce Energy Demand Credit: Pieter van Marion/CC-BY-SA 2.0 Credit: Ian Britton/CC-BY-NC 2.0 Credit: Ludovic Hirlimann 53 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 54. The Solutions are Technological Adapt: Water Shortages New Sanitation Value Chain Credit: http://www.wsup.com/sharing/PracticeNote8.htm 54 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 55. The Solutions are Technological – Adapt: Transgenic Tailoring Selective Breeding Biotechnology • Millions of gene changes • Small amount of genetic material • Chromosome doubling • Accurately determined location • Extensive chromosome rearrangement/deletion • Took >7,500 years • Consequences rapidly tested Means that these are highly “Genetically Modified” Means that these are slightly “Genetically Modified” Considered safe to eat. Food safety doubted. Credit: Jill Farrant, University of Cape Town Teosinte Zea mays 55 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 56. Credit: Mark Walport Minsmere, December 2013 56 Natural History Museum: Annual Science Lecture, Sharing the Planet
- 57. @uksciencechief www.bis.gov.uk/go-science Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. We apologise for any errors or omissions in the included attributions and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future versions of this slide set. We can be contacted through enquiries@bis.gsi.gov.uk .
- 58. Questions