Ready to learn ways to move from mere regulatory compliance towards full distribution system optimization?

1. InsightH2O™
March29,2016
OPTIMIZING YOUR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
INSIGHT H2O™ PRESENTS:
FROM PLANT TO TAP:

2. •Q&A will be held at the end. To submit a
question, click on the question tab located on
the dashboard
•To receive a certificate indicating 1 hour of
continuing education, email Ben Klayman at
KlaymanBJ@bv.com
•This webcast is being recorded. An email will be
sent to participants with a link to the recording.
TO GET THE MOST OUT OF TODAY’S WEBCAST
2

3. • Distribution system
overview
• Corrosion and metals
release
• A proactive approach to
managing distribution
systems
AGENDA
3
•Dr. Ben Klayman,
Black & Veatch
•Dr. Daniel Giammar,
Washington
University in St. Louis
•Brandy Thigpen,
Black & Veatch

4. • Water main
• Storage tanks
• Utility service line
• Customer service line
• Premise plumbing
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
4

5. •Regulations
• Lead and Copper Rule
• Sets action level for 90th percentile
• NDWAC Lead and Copper Working Group
• Long term revisions due out 2017
• Disinfectants / Disinfection Byproduct Rule
• Total Coliform Rule
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS
5

6. •Aesthetic / Public Health
• Increased microbial activity
• Taste and odor
• Cloudy or colored water
• Metals release
•Maintaining integrity of the distribution system
• Operations
• Maintenance
• Replacement program
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS
6

7. •Managing water quality
•Managing infrastructure
7
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OVERVIEW
(SIMPLIFIED)
Hydraulic /
Quality
Analysis
Risk-
Consequence
Prioritized
Improvement
s

8. WATER QUALITY
8

9. WATER QUALITY
06/23/2009
• Three categories:
• Biological stability
• Metals solubility and uniform corrosion
• Particulate scale release and transport
9

10. •Disinfectant residual and ORP
• Maintain residual throughout system
•Temperature, organic carbon, nutrients
•Measure overall microbial activity
• ATP or HPC
• TCR data
• Nitrification data (NO3
-, NO2
-, ammonia)
•Impacts chemistry and metals release
10
BIOSTABILITY

11. CORROSION AND METALS RELEASE
11
Daniel E. Giammar, Ph.D., P.E.
Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering
Washington University in St. Louis
• Active versus passive corrosion
• Iron and red water
• Copper and blue water
• Lead corrosion and corrosion control

12. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 12
Corrosion
• Corrosion involves the oxidation of the metal to result in the pipe scales
of solid products or the release of metals to the water.
• Stability and solubility of the pipe scales controls concentrations of
metals in water and whether corrosion is active or passivated.
Source: MWH, 2005, Water Treatment Principles and Design

13. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 13
Iron and Red Water
• Perturbations that disturb the scale
mobilize iron.
– changes in pH
– removal of corrosion inhibitor
• Red water complaints.
• Iron corrosion consumes chlorine,
making it harder to maintain residual.
Source: Water Quality and Treatment, 5th Ed., AWWA, 1999
http://events.nace.org/library/corrosion
/Experiments/rust-chemistry.asp

14. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 14
Copper and Blue Water
• Corrosion at low pH (< 6.5)
• Can be subject to pitting corrosion
(high pH low alkalinity)
• Blue water complaints (even in
new buildings)
Source: MWH, 2005, Water Treatment Principles and Design
Source: Lytle and Schock, 2008, Journal AWWA

15. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 15
Lead in Drinking Water
• Historical use of lead (plumbing = Pb)
for conveying and storing water.
• Widespread use starting in the late 19th
century in service lines that connect
residences to water mains.
• Use dropped off in 1930, but not
prohibited until 1986.

16. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 16
Lead Phases in Lead Service Lines
• Lead(IV) oxide (PbO2) and lead phosphate solids are the least soluble.
• Lead carbonate and hydroxycarbonate can have solubility minimized by
controlling pH and alkalinity.
• Changes in distribution system water chemistry can destabilize
corrosion products in premise plumbing.
CO3
2-, PO4
3-
OCl-
Cl-
Pb 2+
Pb(IV)O2, Pb3(CO3)2OH2, PbCO3, Pb5(PO4)3OH
Lead Pipe Pb(0)
CO3
2-, PO4
3-, Cl-
Pb2+
Particulate
Pb(II) Pb(IV)

17. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 17
Formation and Dissolution of PbO2
• PbO2 can only be formed in the presence of free chlorine.
• When free chlorine is depleted, PbO2 dissolves and releases lead to the water.
• Switching from free chlorine to chloramine (e.g., for control of disinfection
byproducts) can result in lead release from PbO2.
• Presence of reductants, including dissolved organic carbon, enhances the
dissolution of PbO2.
Mn2+, Fe2+
Br-, I-
DOC
H2O
PbO2(s)
Pb(II)(diss)
Pb2+, Pb(II)-CO3 complexes
reductants
HOCl/OCl-

18. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 18
Lead Service Line Replacements
• Required if corrosion control does not decrease 90th
percentile of tap water lead concentrations below 15 µg/L.
• Examples include Washington, DC and Providence, RI
• Partial replacement can be worse than no replacement.

19. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 19
Possibility for Galvanic Corrosion
• Service line had been all lead, but the replaced part is now copper, which
is connected to the remaining lead pipe.
• Electrical connection of dissimilar metals can allow a current to develop.
copper leadbrass
Pb2+
O2
2e-2e-
anodecathode
DeSantis, WQTC 2009
brass
lead pipe
leadcopper
brass

20. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 20
Bench-Scale Experiments with DC Pipes
• Use lead pipes harvested from distribution systems and
connect them to copper tubing used in replacements.
• Make connections using commercially-available couplings.
• Operate with intermittent flow and stagnation.

21. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 21
DC Lead Pipes with Different Connections
6-h stagnation
• More lead released with brass couplings than with plastic.
• Dielectric couplings resulted in lower lead release but did not prevent galvanic corrosion.
• Replicates are important.
• These effects persisted for at least six weeks.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
TotalPb(µg/L)
Mean
BrassBrass diePlastic -exPlastic LL-Brass
max
median
min
75th percentile
25th percentile
galvanic corrosion
not possible
galvanic corrosion occurring
From Wang, Mehta, Welter, and Giammar Journal AWWA, 2013

22. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 22
Preparing for a Transition in Water Chemistry
• Pipe loop studies are valuable for evaluating implications of source or
process changes that influence water chemistry.
Providence evaluation of orthophosphate addition to high pH water (~10.4).
From Welter, Schock, Miller, Razza, and Giammar, WQTC 2015

23. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 23
Providence Dissolved Lead
From Welter, Schock, Miller, Razza, and Giammar, WQTC 2015
• Orthophosphate has immediate and clear impact
on dissolved concentrations.
• Concentrations are higher at higher temperatures.
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
DissolvedLead(ppm)
Pipe Loops - Dissolved Lead
1b-C
2b-C
5b-C
8b-C
1a-P
2a-P
5a-P
7b-P
Temp (fresh)
Temp (24-hr)
Temperature
with orthophosphate
control
(no orthophosphate)

24. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 24
Providence Total Lead
From Welter, Schock, Miller, Razza, and Giammar, WQTC 2015
• Benefits for total lead take longer to be achieved.
• Replicate experiments valuable for distinguishing impacts
from noisy data associated with use of real pipes.
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
TotalLead(ppm)
Pipe Loops - Total Lead
1b-C
2b-C
5b-C
8b-C
1a-P
2a-P
5a-P
7b-P
Temp (fresh)
Temp (24-hr)
Dates for temperature
data are approximate,
Temperature
with orthophosphate

25. A PROACTIVE APPROACH TO MANAGING
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
25
BRANDY THIGPEN,
INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING
BLACK & VEATCH

26. DISTRIBUTION OPTIMIZATION - BEYOND
HYDRAULICS
Distribution
System
Optimization
Hydraulics
Energy
Management
GIS & Asset
Management
Water
Quality Hydraulics
Infrastructure
Sizing
Pressure
CIP
Development
Fire Flow
26

27. Water
Quality
Water Age
Strategic
Flushing
Plans
Tank and
System
Operating
Plans
Source
Trace
WATER QUALITY OPTIMIZATION
27

28. Locate high water age areas
and limit the need for
sampling.
Evaluation of Corrective
Strategies
Tank Operations
Strategic Flushing
Rerouting Water
Water
Age
Chlorine
Residual
Nitrification
Tank
Management
DBP
How can computer models help lower Water Age?
WATER QUALITY OPTIMIZATION
28

29. Flushing
Plans
Improve
water Quality
Sediment
Accumulation
Biofilm
Removal
Clean water
Mains
Evaluate the effectiveness /
non-effectiveness of
conventional flushing
programs
Identify modifications to
address any deficiencies
Develop strategic Flushing
Plans
How can computer models help with flushing?
WATER QUALITY OPTIMIZATION
29

30. CONVENTIONAL FLUSHING
Max Velocity
during Hydrant
Flushing (fps)
<1.0
1.0-2.0
2.0-3.0
3.0-4.0
4.0-5.0
>5.0
UNI-DIRECTIONAL PLAN
30

31. Source trace used to track
water movement
throughout the system
Source Blending or New
Source
Holistic Approach to
Operating Plans to achieve
quality goals
Managing a Contamination
Event
How can computer models help with source and contamination
management?
WATER QUALITY OPTIMIZATION
31

32. • Identify high water age and focus sampling sites
• Trace introduction of new source(s)
• Identify changes in velocity or flow direction
• Evaluate benefits of potential operational changes
• “What-if” scenarios to find most effective solution
BENEFITS OF WATER QUALITY MODELING
32

33. GIS AND ASSET MANAGEMENT
GIS and Asset
Management
Likelihood of
Failure/
Identify High
Risk
Infrastructure
Visualize
System
Components
Map modeling
results and
Identify and
alert affected
Population
Facilitate
Effective
Capital
Planning
33

34. LINKING ASSET MANAGEMENT WITH WATER QUALITY
R3 = Replace the Right Facility at the Right Time with the
Right Material.
Hydraulic / Quality Analysis Risk-Consequence Prioritized
Improvements
Locational
water quality
34

35. MOVING FROM COMPLIANCE TO OPTIMIZATION
35
CLOSING THOUGHTS

36. • Understand the water quality in your distribution
system
• Updated hydraulic model
• Distribution system monitoring plan
• Biological and chemical stability
• Parameters, frequencies, and locations
• Minimize change in water quality within system
• Have a system wide unidirectional flushing program
• Minimize water age and variability
• Understand the potential impacts from changes to
source or treatment
• Re-evaluate asset replacement program risk
prioritization model
RECOMMENDATIONS
36

37. • Increased public health protection
• Reducing the potential for waterborne pathogens to reach
customer’s tap
• Reducing metals release
• Proactively achieving regulatory compliance
• Preparing for future regulations
• Lower overall asset management program cost
• Improved public confidence and agency coordination
MOVING FROM COMPLIANCE TO
OPTIMIZATION
37

38. •To submit a question, click on the question tab
located on the dashboard
Q&A
38

39. •Thank you for your participation today
•To receive a certificate indicating 1 hour of
continuing education, email Ben Klayman at
KlaymanBJ@bv.com
•This webcast is being recorded. An email will be
sent to participants with a link to the recording
as well as the Q&A log.
•This webcast is part of a continuing series.
CLOSING THOUGHTS
39