2. Outline of Presentation
• NIST CPS, Big Data, Cloud, and Combined Models
• Extending NIST CPS Models to CPS System of Systems
• Consortia IoT Reference Architectures
• Analysts IoT Reference Architectures
• Industry IoT Reference Architectures
• Vendor-Specific Reference Architectures
• Potential Standards
• Backup Slides from James Albus of NIST and Bob Marcus
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3. Key Points for IoT Architectures
• Many alternative IoT Reference Architectures have been published
• Typically architectures extend from devices to middle layers to Clouds
• Differences often relate to data and control processing at alternative layers
• Multilayer processing is needed to satisfy constraints (e.g. response time, resource)
• Large-scale IoT applications will generate enormous volumes of diverse data
• Large scale applications (e.g. Smart City) will require system of systems integration
• No vendor or open source community can supply a complete solution
• Vertical and horizontal interoperability will require multiple standards
• Some standards are available but more are needed (e.g. data interoperability)
Reference: https://www.slideshare.net/bobmarcus/inventory-of-my-cps-slide-sets
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4. NIST CPS, Big Data, Cloud,
and Combined Models
Thursday, June 15, 17
5. NIST Big Data Reference Architecture
http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/_uploadfiles/M0397_v1_2395481670.pdf
Thursday, June 15, 17
6. NIST Cloud Reference Architecture
http://www.nist.gov/customcf/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=909505
Thursday, June 15, 17
7. NIST Framework for CPS Systems
http://www.cpspwg.org/Portals/3/docs/CPS%20PWG%20Draft%20Framework%20for%20Cyber-Physical%20Systems%20Release%200.8%20September%202015.pdf
Thursday, June 15, 17
8. Combining NIST CPS, Big Data, and Cloud Models by Bob Marcus
Data
Commands
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9. Extending NIST CPS Framework
to Cyber-Physical System of Systems
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10. Functional Domain Framework for CPS Systems
From http://www.cpspwg.org/Portals/3/docs/CPS%20PWG%20Draft%20Framework%20for%20Cyber-Physical%20Systems%20Release%200.8%20September%202015.pdf
Thursday, June 15, 17
11. Suggestions for NIST’s CPS Framework Extension by Bob Marcus
• NIST’s CPS Framework models a single CPS System
• It is necessary to extend the Framework to Systems of Systems for Smart X applications
• This would be a first step towards a Smart City Framework for NIST
www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/upload/smartcities_cps_budgetsheet.pdf
• This extension should probably precede the building of realistic testbeds
• Terminology: A CPS Hub is a system that processes data, commands, messages, and queries
• A loosely coupled CPS SoS can be modeled by connecting multiple CPS Hubs
• These Hubs can range in scale from device interface level to Cloud
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12. CPS and Smart Grid as System of Systems from NIST
From www.nist.gov/smartgrid/upload/SGAC-Meeting-Presentations.pdf
CPS Testbed Status - https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/cyber-physical-systems-testbed-design-concepts
Global Cities Technical Challenge - https://www.nist.gov/el/cyber-physical-systems/smart-americaglobal-cities
IoT Enabled Smart City Framework - https://pages.nist.gov/smartcitiesarchitecture/
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13. Smart Grid Reference Model from NIST
From http://slideplayer.com/slide/4631296/
Thursday, June 15, 17
14. Smart City Framework Status from NIST
From https://pages.nist.gov/smartcitiesarchitecture/
Happy New Year 2017
Here is a summary set of artifacts from the framework
development activity (Note: This document is a rough draft of the
IES-City Framework that is undergoing rapid development and
change. Therefore, no copy of this document should be used for
any purpose other than contributing to the drafting process. A
released version will appear via a link on this page when a draft
for review is available.)
• Framework Draft In Progress
• Application Framework Analysis Tool
• ConsensuPPI Analyses
• ConsensuPPI Analysis of oneM2M
• ConsensuPPI Analysis of FIWARE
• ConsensuPPI Analysis of CVRIA
• ConsensuPPI Analysis of OpenIoT
• ConsensuPPI Analysis of DeployedPPI Raw Data
For details on the work of the working groups, see here
Please find a white paper describing this project here. And here is
a slide deck describing this project here.
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15. Creating a Smart Cities Framework
From https://www.slideshare.net/US-Ignite/day1-marty-burns
Reference : Comparison of of 23 Smart City Platforms at http://tinyurl.com/y7tds558
Thursday, June 15, 17
16. Pivotal Points of Interoperability for Smart Cities Framework
From https://www.slideshare.net/US-Ignite/day1-marty-burns
Thursday, June 15, 17
17. FIWARE Target Smart City Architecture
From https://www.slideshare.net/JuanjoHierro/fiware-a-standard-platform-for-smart-cities
Thursday, June 15, 17
18. IoT to Cloud Stack from Fraunhofer Fokus
From https://www.slideshare.net/jstrobl/linking-everything-keynote-mhauswirthgiforum2015
Thursday, June 15, 17
19. Challenge to IoT Reference Architectures and Standardization
From https://s3.amazonaws.com/nist-sgcps/smartcityframework/files/IES-CityFrameworkOverviewSlides.pdf
Thursday, June 15, 17
20. IoT Ecosystems from Postscapes
From https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-ecosystem/ (interactive diagram)
Thursday, June 15, 17
22. Network of Things from NIST
From http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-183.pdf
Thursday, June 15, 17
23. Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) Implementation RA
From industrial-iot.com/2015/06/the-industrial-internet-reference-architecture-first-impressions/
Lake Nona
Thursday, June 15, 17
24. Reference Architecture Model Industrie 4.0 (RAMI4.0)
From http://www.omg.org/news/meetings/tc/berlin-15/special-events/mfg-presentations/adolphs.pdf
Thursday, June 15, 17
25. Aspects of IoT Architecture from CSCC
From www.Cloud-Council.Org/deliverables/CSCC-Cloud-Customer-Architecture-for-IoT.pdf
Teleconference (June 15 at 1:00 PM EDT) - http://www.cloud-council.org/webinars/brighttalk-cloud-customer-architecture-for-iot.htm
Thursday, June 15, 17
26. Elements of an IoT Solution Reference Architecture
From www.Cloud-Council.Org/deliverables/CSCC-Cloud-Customer-Architecture-for-IoT.pdf
Thursday, June 15, 17
27. Cloud Components Capabilities and Relationships for IoT
From www.Cloud-Council.Org/deliverables/CSCC-Cloud-Customer-Architecture-for-IoT.pdf
Thursday, June 15, 17
28. Detailed Components Capabilities and Relationships for IoT
From www.Cloud-Council.Org/deliverables/CSCC-Cloud-Customer-Architecture-for-IoT.pdf
Thursday, June 15, 17
29. IoT Architecture from EU IERC
From http://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/Building_the_Hyperconnected_Society_IERC_2015_Cluster_eBook_978-87-93237-98-8_P_Web.pdf
Thursday, June 15, 17
30. AnotherView of IoT Architecture from EU IERC
From http://ww.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/IERC_Cluster_Book_2014_Ch.3_SRIA_WEB.pdf
Thursday, June 15, 17
31. Intelligent Reasoning over IoT Data from EU IERC
From www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/Building_the_Hyperconnected_Society_IERC_2015_Cluster_eBook_978-87-93237-98-8_P_Web.pdf
Thursday, June 15, 17
32. Reference Architecture from Open Interconnect Consortium (OIC)
From http://openinterconnect.org/developer-resources/specs/
Thursday, June 15, 17
33. IoTivity Reference Architecture from OIC
http://openinterconnect.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Open-Interconnect-ConsortiumOverview_Final-.pdf
Thursday, June 15, 17
34. FunctionalView of Reference Architecture from EU IoT-A Project
From cocoa.ethz.ch/downloads/2014/01/1524_D1.3_Architectural_Reference_Model_update.pdf
Thursday, June 15, 17
35. Industrial IP Advantage IoT Architecture
From http://www.manufacturing.net/articles/2015/02/3-steps-for-evolving-iot-architectures or
http://www.industrial-ip.org/en/industrial-ip/internet-of-things/3-steps-for-evolving-iot-architectures
Thursday, June 15, 17
36. IoT Reference Architecture from EU Almanac Project
From http://www.in-jet.dk/en/articles.php?article_id=24
Thursday, June 15, 17
37. Smart Object API from IPSO Alliance
From http://www.slideshare.net/michaeljohnkoster/object-models-for-interoperability
Reference: IPSO Alliance - https://www.ipso-alliance.org/
Thursday, June 15, 17
39. Gartner Group’s 5 IoT Architecture Types
From http://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/build-your-blueprint-for-the-internet-of-things/
and http://www.wi-next.com/2015/03/living-cloud-gateway-edge-iots-fragmented-future/
Thing-centric. Things are smart on their own and store most of their data on-board. Things
are self-sufficient and communicate to the Internet only for centralized coordination and
analysis.
Gateway-centric. The gateway houses the application logic, stores data and communicates
with the Internet for the things that are connected to it. Things don’t have to be as smart,
because the gateway provides these resources.
Smartphone-centric. The smartphone (or any mobile device) houses the application logic,
stores data and communicates with the Internet for the things that are connected to it. Things
don’t have to be as smart, because the smartphone provides these resources.
Cloud-centric. The cloud will act as the central connection hub, power analytics and
provision data storage. Things don’t have to be as smart, because the cloud will provide these
resources.
Enterprise-centric. Things are behind a firewall and are geographically colocated. There is
little need to extend out to the external Internet.
Reference: Gartner’s Top Ten IoT Technologies for 2017-2018 - http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3221818
Thursday, June 15, 17
40. Gartner Architectural Types Diagram
From http://www.slideshare.net/gschmutz/internet-of-things-are-traditional-architectures-good-enough
Thursday, June 15, 17
41. High Level Gartner IoT Platform Model
From http://www.slideshare.net/bobmarcus/clipboards/my-clips
Thursday, June 15, 17
42. IoT Reference Architecture FunctionalView from Deloitte
From http://dupress.com/articles/iot-primer-iot-technologies-applications/
Thursday, June 15, 17
43. IoT Cloud Reference Architecture
From http://iottechnology.com
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44. Web Of Things (WOT) Architecture Model
From http://hollobit.github.io/swot-model/
Thursday, June 15, 17
45. Another Web Of Things (WOT) Architecture Model
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_of_Things
Thursday, June 15, 17
47. Reference Model from Cisco at IoT World Forum
From http://cdn.iotwf.com/resources/72/IoT_Reference_Model_04_June_2014.pdf
andjava.sys-con.com/node/3224693
Thursday, June 15, 17
48. Simplified Fog Computing Reference Architecture from Cisco
From http://thenewstack.io/developing-enterprise-strategy-internet-things/
Thursday, June 15, 17
49. IoT Reference Architecture from Oracle
From http://www.oracle.com/us/solutions/machine-to-machine/iot-wp-2190408.pdf
Thursday, June 15, 17
50. IoT and Big Data Reference Architecture from Oracle
From http://www.slideshare.net/junsukseo946/0-2-oracle
Thursday, June 15, 17
51. IoT Reference Architecture from Microsoft
From http://www.slideshare.net/ilyas_it83/business-transformation-with-microsoft-azure-iot
Thursday, June 15, 17
52. A Data Flow Model from IBM
From https://developer.ibm.com/bluemix/2015/07/29/ibm-streaming-analytics-now-available-bluemix/
Thursday, June 15, 17
53. Reference Architecture for IoT Data Analytics from IBM
From http://www.ibmbigdatahub.com/blog/extracting-insights-internet-things-data-analytics-platforms
Thursday, June 15, 17
54. IoT Reference Architecture from Intel
From http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/internet-of-things/white-papers/iot-platform-reference-architecture-paper.html
Thursday, June 15, 17
55. Building Blocks of an IoT Platform from Trivadi
From http://www.slideshare.net/gschmutz/internet-of-things-are-traditional-architectures-good-enough
Thursday, June 15, 17
56. IoT Reference Architecture from Trivadi
From http://www.slideshare.net/gschmutz/internet-of-things-are-traditional-architectures-good-enough
Thursday, June 15, 17
57. IoT Reference Architecture from WS02
From http://wso2.com/wso2_resources/wso2_whitepaper_a-reference-architecture-for-the-internet-of-things.pdf
Thursday, June 15, 17
60. Amazon Green Grass Edge Processing
From https://aws.amazon.com/greengrass/
Thursday, June 15, 17
61. Microsoft Azure Gateway
From http://blogs.technet.com/b/dataplatforminsider/archive/2014/10/29/microsoft-adds-iot-streaming-analytics-data-production-and-workflow-services-to-azure.aspx
Thursday, June 15, 17
62. Intel IoT Reference Architecture
From https://theiotlearninginitiative.gitbooks.io/internetofthings101/documentation/Intel.html
Thursday, June 15, 17
64. IBM Watson IoT Architecture
From https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/iot-trs-secure-iot-solutions1/index.html
Thursday, June 15, 17
65. IoBridge Internet of Things Platform
From https://iobridge.com/technology/
Thursday, June 15, 17
66. IoT Architecture from Imagination
From http://blog.imgtec.com/communications/cloud-interfaces-and-software-requirements-in-iot
Thursday, June 15, 17
67. WSO2 Connected Device Management Framework
From https://www.slideshare.net/wso2.org/wso2con-usa-2015-wso2-platform-for-iot
Thursday, June 15, 17
71. From https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/
IoT Standards and Protocols Channel Guide by Postscapes
The Channel Guide:
• Provides overview list of popular protocols and standards helping power IoT devices,
apps and applications
• Drills down on specific layers or industry specific protocols
• Lists head-to-head comparisons of popular protocols (ie: mqtt vs xmpp)
Protocols: The protocols are broken into the following layers to provide some level of
organization:
1. Infrastructure (ex: 6LowPAN, IPv4/IPv6, RPL)
2. Comms / Transport (ex:Wifi, Bluetooth, LPWAN)
3. Discovery (ex: Physical Web, mDNS, DNS-SD)
4. Data Protocols (ex: MQTT, CoAP,AMQP,Websocket, Node)
5. Device Management (ex:TR-069, OMA-DM)
6. Semantic (ex: JSON-LD,Web Thing Model)
7. Multi-layer Frameworks (ex:Alljoyn, IoTivity,Weave, Homekit)
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77. Hierarchical Real-Time Control System (RCS) by Albus
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_control_system
Thursday, June 15, 17
78. Rough CPS Hub-based Architecture for IoT from Marcus
Data
Data Data
Data
Data Data
CPS Hub
CPS Hub CPS Hub
CPS Hub
CPS Hub CPS Hub
Data
Commands
Commands CommandsCommands
Commands
Commands
SensorsActuators
Commands Commands
CommandsDataData
Data
Actuators ActuatorsSensors Sensors
Cloud
Fog
Edge
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79. Node in a Hierarchical Control System from James Albus of NIST
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_control_system
Thursday, June 15, 17
80. Node in Real-Time Control System (RCS) by Albus
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4D-RCS_Reference_Model_Architecture
Thursday, June 15, 17
81. External Data
Output Interface
External Data
Input Interface
Subsystem Framework
Provider (e.g. Data
Stores, Software and
Hardware Resources)
Subsystem Application
Provider (e.g. Analytics,
Services, Data Processing)
Subsystem Orchestrator
(e.g. Management of
Resources and
Processing)
Input Data
Service
Interfaces
CPS Hub Node from Bob Marcus
Output Data
Commands,
Messages,
Requests
Service
Interfaces
Commands,
Messages,
Requests
Data
Analytics
Results
External Control-related
Input Interface
External Control-Related
Output Interface
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83. Simple
Event
Processing
Complex
Event
Processing
Hierarchical C4ISR Flow Model from Bob Marcus
Preprocess
In
Input
Devices
u
World
Model
Update
New
World
Model
StrategyTactics
HQ
Operations
Field
Operations
Situation ImpactObject Process
Simple
Response
Complex
Response
Update Plan
Create New
Goals and Plan
Sensor and
Effects
Management
In
Actuator
Devices
Measurement
Field
Processors
Data Structured Data Information Knowledge Wisdom
Devices
Awareness
Decision
Adapted From http://www.et-strategies.com/great-global-grid/Events.pdf
Thursday, June 15, 17
84. Hierarchical System of Systems for Traffic Management from Marcus
Smart Vehicles e.g real-time data used to monitor and control vehicles
Smart Signal Cycle e.g setting signal timing to enhance traffic flow over days
Smart Traffic Flow e.g. using up to date data to improve traffic flow as in Waze
Smart Highway Planning e.g planning added capacity over months
Smart Traffic Rerouting e.g. planning for detours over weeks
An example of data analysis and control over different timescales
Thursday, June 15, 17