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- 1. Introduction to Vines and Wines Hort/VE 113 Fall 2012 Session 6 -Grape Growing: climate and environment(cont.) Geology and Soils Relative Cold Hardiness Low Moderate High Chenin blanc Sauvignon Riesling blanc Merlot Lemberger Chardonnay Sangiovese Cabernet Gewurztraminer sauvignon Semillon Cabernet Pinot noir franc Syrah Pinot gris Viognier Pinot blanc Relative Heat Requirements Low Moderate High Riesling Chardonnay Sauvignon blanc Gewurztraminer Lemberger Cabernet franc Pinot noir Merlot Semillon Pinot blanc Syrah Cabernet sauvignon Pinot gris Sangiovese Chenin blanc 1
- 2. http://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=sVaZFCzxx24&playn ext=1&list=PLAC8CA53A2E 20D3DD&feature=results_vi deo Geology vs Soil • Geology • Soil • Study of the Earth • A natural body comprised of solids (minerals and • The materials of which it organic matter), liquid, and is made gases • The structure of those • Occurs on the land surface materials • Has horizons, or layers, • and the processes acting that are distinguishable upon them from the parent material • As a result of additions, losses, transfers, and transformations Geologic materials and processes are the building blocks upon which soils are formed Vineyards grow on soils Soils influence grape yield and quality 2
- 4. Metamorphic Rocks SOIL FORMATION Geologic materials on Landscapes are weathered by Climate under i fl d influence of f Vegetation over eons of Time to form Soils GEOLOGY AND SOILS Courtesy of: Joan Davenport Soil Scientist WSU-Prosser jdavenp@wsu.edu 4
- 5. Where in the World? Unique Pleistocene History of Columbia Basin Event Result Episodes of Glaciation Sculpting of W. Canada & PNW US; bouldery soil materials Unique Pleistocene History of Columbia Basin Event Result Episodes of Glaciation Sculpting of W. Canada & PNW US; bouldery soil materials “Cataclysmic” Glacial Channeled Scabland Outburst Floods 5
- 6. Unique Pleistocene History of Columbia Basin Event Result Episodes of Glaciation Sculpting of W. Canada & PNW US; bouldery soil materials “Cataclysmic” Glacial Channeled Scabland Outburst Floods Strong Directional Dune fields and Palouse Winds loess Unique Pleistocene History of Columbia Basin Event Result Episodes of Glaciation Sculpting of W. Canada & PNW US; bouldery soil materials “Cataclysmic” Glacial Channeled Scabland Outburst Floods Strong Directional Dune fields and Palouse Winds loess High Cascades; ash Volcanic Eruptions added to soils Glaciation 6
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- 8. Cataclysmic Floods 8
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- 10. Wind 10
- 11. Strong Winds Spring and Fall Prevailing strong winds from SW Volcanic Eruptions 11
- 12. May 17, 1980 May 18, 1980 Photos courtesy: USGS Mount Mazama before 8000 yr BP (no photo available) Mount Mazama after 8000 yr BP 12
- 13. Mean Annual Precipitation Soils of Washington Inceptisols & others Spodosols Mollisols Ultisols & Andisols Aridisols & Entisols 13
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- 15. Generalized Soil Properties Important for Wine Grape • Depth • Texture & Structure • Available water holding capacity • Drainage • Chemical Properties • Quality (om, biota) • Spatial variability Soil Depth •Important for root zone •depth of root penetration •water holding capacity d •drainage •nutrient holding capacity Site Potential (R. Smart) • Based on depth of potential root zone • high > 1m • medium 0.5 05-1m • low < 0.5 m 15
- 16. Soil Texture • % Sand (S) 0.05 - 2.0 mm • % Silt (Si) 0.002 - 0.05 mm • % Clay (C) < 0.002 mm Soil Texture • % Sand (S) 0.05 - 2.0 mm • % Silt (Si) 0.002 0.05 0 002 - 0 05 mm • % Clay (C) < 0.002 mm 16
- 17. Soil Textural Gradient In general, soils in central WA are sandy close to the i t th river and d become more fine when moving inland. Soil as a three phase system liquid gas solid 17
- 18. void gas liquid solid solid VOIDS (Pores) •Macropores •mostly air •Micropores •mostly water l 18
- 19. Soils •Well drained generally best •Mixtures of sand, gravel, organic matter •Drainage can be improved with drainage tile til •Many wines benefit from the mineral content of the soil– sometimes chalky •Rootstocks are selected for soil characteristics (texture, pH) Thank you Dr. Davenport! • http://wine.wsu.edu/faculty/joan-davenport • / 19