The document provides an overview of key elements of Spanish grammar including the present tense, stem changers, irregular verbs like "hacer" and "tener", the difference between saber and conocer, reflexive verbs, the impersonal "se", diphthongs, verbs ending in -uir/-guir, -cer/-cir, -ger/-gir, the use of "hace" plus the infinitive, and the imperfect tense.

1. EL LIBRO DE LA
GRAMÁTICA
Camila Boyd

2. TABLE OF
CONTENTS
1. PRESENT TENSE 7. DIPTHONGS
2. STEM CHANGERS 8. –UIR/GUIR, -CER/CIR
3. IREEGULARS “YO” 9. -GER/GIR VERBS
4. SABER VS. CONOCER LIKE…
5. REFLEXIVE 10. HACE+___+QUE+
PRESENT/ PRETERATE
6. “SE” IMPERSONAL
11. IMPERFECT

3. PRESENT
TENSE
AR ER IR
O O O
AS ES ES
A E E
AMOS EMOS IMOS
AN EN EN
• HABLO, COMPRAS, BUSCA, CENAMOS, ESPERAN
• APRENDO, PERDES, BEBE, VENDEMOS, COMEN
• PEDO, VIVES, MORE, ADVERTIMOS, SENTEN

4. STEM CHANGERS
• E  IE
• EI
• O  UE
• U  UE
***VERBS DON’T
CHANGE IN
NOSOTROS AND
VOSOTROS***

5. IRREGULARS
“YO”
~ “GO” VERBS: CAER, DECIR, OIR, PONER, HACER, TENER,
TRAER, VENIR
EXAMPLE: HACER  HAGO… TENER  TENGO
~ “ZCO” VERBS (-CER/-CIR): CONOCER, PRODUCIR, CONDUCIR
EXAMPLE: CONOZCO, PRODUZCO
~ Y LOS DEMAS: SER, ESTAR, IR , VER, SABER, DAR

6. SABER VS. CONOCER
• Both saber y conocer translate to the
English verb “to know”
Both “yo” forms are irregular
EX: Conocer EX: Saber
Conozco Conocemos Sé Sabemos
Conoces Conocen Sabes Saben
Conoce Sabe

7. REFLEXIVES
• Camila se lava- se is reflexive
**Reflexives also can be added on the end of an
infinitive.**
EX:
Puedo verme en el espejo

8. “SE” IMPERSONAL
• Pronoun ”se” is in front of verbs to make general
statements.
¿Cómo se dice cantaloupe en español?
~In English it will regurgitate to either “you say” or
“one says” for the answer.

9. DIPTHONGS WITH
ACCENTS
• Dipthongs are the strong or weak vowels in a word next to
each other.
**Strong vowel sounds are a,e,o.
**Weak vowel sounds are i,u,y.
EX: *two strong
puerto, ciudad, siete, hay. vowels cannot
be in the same
syllable.

10. -UIR/-GUIR
Guir Uir
-Nosotros form is the only form that
-Yo form only changes from Gu to G
doesn’t change.
-Verbs that end in -uir add y before the
letters o, e, and a .
EX: Conseguir EX: Atribuir
consigo atribuyo
consigues atribuyes
consigue atribuye
conseguimos atribuimos
consiguen atribuyen

11. -CER/-CIR
• Verbs that end in a vowel + cer or cir add z before the c.
• Verbs that end in a consonant + cer or cir change the c to z.
EX:
conducir = conduzco
ejercer = ejerzo

12. -GER/-GIR & VERBS LIKE…
Verbs that end in ger and gir change the g to j.
EX:
coger = cojo
fingir = finjo

13. HACE+____+QUE+
PRESENT/PRETERATE
The YO form is the only irregular.
EX:
Salgo, sales, sale, salimos, salen
Hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacen

14. IMPERFECTO
The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred
repeatedly.
EX:
Yo caminaba todo los días.
Ser- Ir- Ver- Ar- Er/Ir-
aba ía
era iba veía
abas ías
eras ibas veías
aba ía
era iba veía
ábamos íamos
éramos íbamos veíamos
aban ían
eran iban veían