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1. 7.1 Phonetics

2. Introduction

3. Pronunciation
 How do you explain “good pronunciation?
 What sounds exist in your LS and English?
 What sounds exist in one language but not the other?
 What sounds are similar but a little different?
 How do native English speakers (sometimes)
mispronounce sounds sounds in your LS?
 How do native LS speakers (sometimes)
mispronounce sounds in English?

4. What is phonetics?
 Phonetics is the science describing the sounds of
speech.

5. Positive/negative (interference) language transfer
 What do these terms mean?
 Similar traits in L1 and L2 result in positive transfer.
 Traits that are *different in L2 and L2 result in
negative transfer.
 similar, but different in form, function, frequency, or
distribution
 trait that doesn’t exist
 corresponds with different trait

6. Articulatory phonetics

7. What is articulatory phonetics?
 Articulatory phonetics = physiological aspects of
speech production:
 How do we produce speech using our bodies?
 What parts of our bodies are involved in making
different speech sounds?

8. Organs of articulation
upper teeth

9. Voicing

10. Consonants

11. Places of articulation
 bilabial consonant
 both lips touching
 /p/, /b/, /m/ in pit, bit and mit
 What words have bilabial consonants in your LS?

12. Places of articulation
 labiodental consonants
 the bottom lip and the upper teeth as articulators
 /f/ and /v/ fan and van
 What words have labiodental consonants in your LS?

13. Places of articulation
 dental consonants
 the tongue tip being inserted between (or just touching) the
top and bottom teeth in the sounds
 /θ/ and /ð/ teeth and teethe
 What words have dental consonants in your LS?

14. Places of articulation
 alveolar consonants
 different types of contact between the tongue and alveolar
ridge
 /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/ in tip, dip, sip, zip, nip and
lip.
 What words have alveolar consonants in your LS?

15. Places of articulation
 postalveolar (or palato-alveolar) consonants
 the tongue blade and the palate (behind the alveolar ridge)
 /ʃ/ in fish, /ʒ/ in pleasure, /tʃ/ in church, and /dʒ/ in
judge
 What words have postalveolar consonants in your
LS?

16. Places of articulation
 palatal consonant
 the central part of the tongue makes contact with the
hard palate
 /j/ in young and yesterday
 What words have palatal consonants in your
LS?

17. Places of articulation
 velar consonants
 the back part of the tongue lifts to make contact with the
velum (soft palate)
 /k/, /g/, /ŋ/ in the words cat, got and tongue are
produced when.
 What words have velar consonants in your
LS?

18. Places of articulation
 uvular consonants
 the rear-most portion of the tongue is raised to touch the uvula
(not characteristic of English)
 [R] is the symbol used to represent the trilled uvular
r sound of standard German that English speakers
often struggle to master, while [q] and [G] are found
in Arabic.
 What words have uvular consonants in your
LS?

19. Places of articulation
 glottals
do not use the tongue, lips or teeth and are thus less ‘consonant-
like’ When the vocal folds are completely shut, the airstream is
blocked and the glottis produces what is known as a glottal ‘stop’
(actually a short moment of silence, rather than a sound). [ʔ]
Familiar examples of glottal stops exist in some English accents
(for example, Cockney), in a word like met where the word-final
/t/ is glottalised rather than pronounced (transcribed as /beʔ/).
Although /h/ does not involve constriction or contact between
articulators at any point – the vocal folds are open and the
mouth is in the shape it will need for the following vowel – it is
also conventionally included in the set of glottals.

20. Manner of articulation
 The manner of articulation refers to the ways air is
restricted as is passes out of the body.
 Voiced/voiceless
 Another basic manner distinction can be made between
oral and nasal sounds.
 Nine nimble noblemen nibbled nuts
 When you block your nose and say this tongue twister –
what happens?

21. Define the terms
 Stops
 Fricatives
 Affricates
 Approximates

22. Manner of articulation
Manner Description Representation
Stops a complete block of the
airflow
Manner diagram for nasal stops in English
Fricatives a narrow constriction
of the airway that
causes friction between
the articulators
Manner diagram for a fricative
Source: Knight (2012) © Rachael-Anne Knight 2012. Reproduced with permission.

23. Manner of articulation
Manner Description Representation
Affricates combine characteristic
features of both stops
and fricatives,
beginning with a
complete closure of the
airway with a gradual,
fricative release
Manner diagram for an affricate
Approximants closure in the oral cavity
is leaves plenty of room
for the air to move
through the articulators
Manner diagram for an approximant
Source: Knight (2012) © Rachael-Anne Knight 2012. Reproduced with permission.

24. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
Source: © 2015 International Phonetic Association. Reproduced under CC BY-SA 3.0.

25. The Language Sounds That Could Exist,
But Don't
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uZam0ubq-Y

26.  https://soundsofspeech.uiowa.edu/

27. Wikkipedia (I know 🙄 )
 Google the term
 voiced retroflex plosive

28. Vowels

29. Vowels
 Vowels are produced by changing the shape of the
oral cavity.
 Vowels involve much less restriction of the airstream
than with consonants.
 Vowels in English and the case study languages are
voiced but some languages have voiceless vowels
(Cheyenne, Japanese).
 Many languages contrast oral and nasal vowels.

30. Vowels

31. IPA vowels
Source: © 2015 International Phonetic Association. Reproduced under CC BY-SA 3.0.

33. Diphthongs
 The tongue ‘glides’ from one position (or target) to
another:
 Front-rising diphthongs
say, sigh and soy
 Back-rising diphthong
sow
 Falling or centring diphthongs
stair, steer and sewer

34. Australian and New Zealand English diphthongs
Figure 7.14 The dipthongs of Australian
English
Figure 7.15 The dipthongs of New Zealand
English
Source: Cox, F. & Palethorphe, S. (2007). Reproduced with
permission.
Source: Adapted from Bauer, L. et al. (2007). Reproduced
with permission.

35. Vowels and dipthongs
 https://cmed.ku.edu/acdapres/rabeipa/vowels.html

36. Quiz each other
 Organs of articulation
 Places of articulation
 sounds produced in English and LS
 Voiced and voiceless consonants
 Manner of articulation
 sounds produced in English and LS

37. For Monday
 Short reading
 Reading Questions
 Monday in class - analyze phonetic system of LS,
explain negative transfer from English in terms of
point and mode of articulation.