B.p.singhdeo,reader in geog

ROLE OF
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
IN
CLIMATE CHANGE OF ODISHA
Sri B.P.SiNGH DEO,
rEaDEr iN GEOGraPHy , H.O.D
DEPartmENt Of GEOGraPHy
m.ramPUr COLLEGE,
m.ramPUr, KaLaHaNDi,766102
Sri B.P.SiNGH DEO,
rEaDEr iN GEOGraPHy , H.O.D
DEPartmENt Of GEOGraPHy
m.ramPUr COLLEGE,
m.ramPUr, KaLaHaNDi,766102

• INTRODUCTION:
• Climate change is any long term substantial
deviation from present climate because of variation in
weather and climatic elements.
• The earth’s natural climate is changing continuously
since ancient times . Presently it has got momentum due to
various artificial causes of modern technology in
agricultural practices, heavy deforestation and
industrialization .

• The hike in population growth has raised awfully the
requirements of the people and consequently the
exploitation of natural resources has increased abruptly
leading to climate change by the emissions of
• Carbon dioxide,
• Methane,
• Nitrous oxide,
• Hydrofluoro carbons,
• Perfluoro carbon,
• Ozone and
• Sulfur hexafluoride
which have high global warming potential.

• Out of the various artificial causes, agriculture
ranks 3rd
as a contributor to the enhanced green
house effect after energy and industry.
• Land use related emissions like from Rice
cultivation, Manure management, Crop
management, Emissions from soils & Enteric
fermentation currently account for nearly 1/3rd
of total
warming from green house gases, globally.

Agriculture, the largest human activity depends on
climatic parameters. More than 50% difference in
crop yield is due to climatic variation. Manipulation
of climate is beyond our control.
But
we can manipulate the cropping environment(soil,
water & nutrient management practices).It
influences the crop-pest equilibrium.

VULNERABILITY OF INDIA TO CLIMATE
CHANGE
India is most vulnerable to climate change
because of….
• A unique combination of its geography
• Diverse population characteristics
• Extremely high dependence on fossil fuels
• With nearly 700 million rural population directly
depending on climate sensitive sectors (agril.,
forests, fisheries) & natural resources (water,
biodiversity, mangroves, coastal zones,
grasslands) for their subsistence & livelihoods.

VULNERABILITY OF ODISHA TO CLIMATE
CHANGE
Odisha may be better termed as ‘’Disaster
Crown’’of india. (In the last 42 years, the state
has experienced 34 disasters of varied intensity)
as it is one of the most vulnerable states to climate
change and the impacts of climate change have
been serious. It is the hot spot of climate change
and because of the poor people, they are more
vulnerable to such changes.

CLIMATE CHANGE EXPERIENCED IN ODISHA
a) Odisha is getting warmer day by day
b) Monsoon rain pattern is very erratic.( Annual
rainfall decreased between 1950 and 1990 by
19 to 225 mm, increasing in the coastal districts
and declining in the interior districts, increasing
in May and Oct. and declining in Nov. to March).
c)Low pressure numbers over the Bay of Bengal is
increasing( Low pressure reached 12 in 2006
and 14 in 2007. Super Cyclone in 1999…..)

S U N D A R G A R H
J H A R S U G U D A
D E O G A R H
S A M B A L P U R
B A R G A R H
B O L A N G I R
N A W A R A N G P U R
K O R A P U T
M A L K A N G I R I
A N D H R A
P R A D E S H
G A J A P A T I
G A N J A M
N A Y A G A R H
R A Y A G A D A
K A L A H A N D I
S O N E P U R
B O U D H
K A N D H A M A L
A N G U L
K H U R D A J A G A T S I N G H P U R
K E N D R A P A R A
J A J P U R
B H A D R A K
B A L A S O R E
M A Y U R B H A N J
K E O N J H A R
W E S T
B E N G A L
D H E N K A N A L
C U T T A C K
P U R I
N U A P A D A
B H U B A N E S W A R
B A Y
O F
B E N G A L
SUPER CYCLONE – 1999
(Coastline of 480 km)

d) Extreme weather events are increasing.
(max. rainfall in a day,increased no of days with
heavy rainfall,daily max temperature is increasing,
no.of hot days also increasing)
e)Threat to 480 KM long coastal settlements.
(Eroded beach, encroached several kilometers to
the land)

FUTURE PROJECTIONS OF CLIMATE
CHANGE IN ODISHA (Pasupalak 2008)
• Late monsoon onset and more pre-monsoon rainfall.
• Reduced post monsoon and winter rainfall.
• Less rainfall in February, June and October.
• More number of cloudy days.
• Increased day and night temperatures in all the months
except July.
• Maximum increase in temperature in post-monsoon
followed by summer.
• Extended summer up to June.
• Increased number of hot, humid summer days in coastal
areas.

• Warm and short winter with fewer cold nights in western
Orissa.
• More frequent extreme weather events, such as hot
extremes (maximum temperature above 450
C) and
prolonged heat waves.
• More number of very heavy rainy days (> 125 mm per
day).
• Prolonged dry spell due to most rainfall over few days.
• More number of low-intensity low pressures at the Bay of
Bengal.
• More intense tropical cyclones with larger peak wind
speeds and heavier rainfall.
• Increased risk of drought and flood during monsoon.
• Intense storms resulting in loss of the rain water as direct
runoff resulting in reduced groundwater recharging
potential.

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
IN ODISHA
The trend analysis and the future projections agree
to result in reduced yield of crops, substantial yield
losses in winter crops, more crop loss, water logging,
increased soil structure damage, soil erosion, higher
incidence of pests &diseases etc.
And thus, future climate change is likely to adversely
affect agriculture, livelihood, food security and water
resource.

ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION TO
REDUCE VULNERABILITY
A range of adoption measures(crop
diversification, introducing new crop variety,
mixed cropping/inter cropping, altering sowing
time, integrated nutrient management, integrated
pest management, draught management, flood
management ,land management and integrated
farming system approach) are available to
reduce vulnerability to climate change by
enhancing adaptive capacity and increasing
resilience.

A large number of technologies (improved
land management ,restoration of degraded land,
improved composting, using efficient agril.
machineries and adopting farm forestry and
plantation with due emphasis on natural resource
management developed for sustainable
agriculture have strong mitigation potential. The
practices having mitigation potential can
collectively make a significant contribution to
increasing soil carbon sinks, reducing green house
gases emissions, and by contributing biomass
feedstock for energy use.

Technology developed in research station is
of no use, unless it is appropriately transferred
and adopted by the end users. For the purpose of
transferring appropriate technology to the farming
community, development of competence,
consciousness about the roles, possession of
certain qualities and knowledge about methods for
effective transfer of technology are essential. Here
the term “agricultural extension” comes into the
play. It is the nucleus of the agriculture
development cell. It is not to aim at only on
technology transfer but also on the human
resource development in agriculture in holistic
manner.

To reduce the vulnerability to climate change,
“agricultural extension”can go a long way with:-
A. RIGHT EXTENSION POLICY OF STATE GOVT.
B. SUSTAINED EFFORTS OF HIGHLY DEDICATED
RESEARCH & EXTENTION SCIENTISTS
C. RESPONSIVE & DEDICATED EXTENTION
FUNCTIONARIES OF AGRICUTURE & ALLIED
SECTOR (GOVT.DEPT & N.G.O. ALONGWITH THE
INPUT SUPPLIER,FINANCIAL
INSTITUTION,MARKET AGENTS,PROCESSORS
ETC.)
D. EFFECTIVE EDUCATION,TRAINING AND PUBLIC
AWARENESS.

RIGHT EXTENSION POLICY OF STATE GOVT.
I. Need based Revised agricultural extension policy
(may now be better termed as Climate Led
Extension as 3rd
generation extension after
production led extension and market led
extension ) frame work development
II. Restructured extension network to reach the
increased population and to meet the effects of
climate change.
III. Recruitment of committed and dedicated
extension personnel.

IV.Orientation training to the newly recruited
personnel to get introduced to the new
organization /capacity building training to all the
officers to incorporate climate change
concerns.and the capacity building at local level
also must not be ignored.
V.Providing proper working environment to the
extension personnel and encouragements through
periodic promotion/ performance based incentives
etc.
VI.Special emphasis on strengthening the ATMA like
institutions for multi disciplinary extension services
to the farmers.

EFFORTS OF HIGHLY DEDICATED
RESEARCH & EXTENTION SCIENTISTS
The organizational set up plays the key role
for setting up an enabling environment,. The co-
ordinated efforts of highly dedicated research
scientists and extension scientists can bring in the
improved decision making on continuous basis at
state level for effective implementation to achieve
the desired goal of sustainable agricultural
production

RESPONSIVE & DEDICATED EXTENTION
FUNCTIONARIES OF AGRICUTURE & ALLIED
SECTORS INCLUDING THE GOVT.
DEPARTMENTS & NGOs.
I The extension personnel must be competent with
scientific,technical and managerial skill and above
all he should be willing to work for socio-
economic development of the farming community.
This will help in proper technology dissemination,
understanding and adoption by the target
groups.
II.The participatory approaches to be followed for
climate change.

III.”Learning by doing” being an effective method
of motivation, a few demonstration projects are to
be used.
IV.The extension personnel including all the stake
holders (members from Govt.Dept & N.G.O.
alongwith the input supplier,financial
institution,market agents,processors etc.) should
personally,socially and organizationally be
held responsible in the multi-stage drama
undertaken to develop the farming community.

EFFECTIVE EDUCATION,TRAINING AND
PUBLIC AWARENESS.
In order to combat the effects of climate change
alongwith the capacity building of extension
personnel,the first and foremost step to be taken
up by the state is to develop teaching material for
imparting effective education, training and
public awareness under multi-tier approach.

The different tools for the purpose are :-
I. For civil society:The reading materials must reach
the would be benefitted professionals.
II.For school curriculum: The reading materials must
be prepared for different levels.
III.For the community: The small book and literatures
as reading materials must be prepared in
participatory approach with the community in
simple language and with more pictorial features.
IV. For the policy makers, decision makers and
planners: The reading materials with exhaustive
research data on climate change and its effect
with case studies.

V.By organizing workshop and seminars : For faster
dissemination to different levels.
VI.Using communication media: Newspaper, TV,
Radio Street Play etc.
Here, it is an appeal to all,to develop such a
slogan or song or any other strategy which will
create mass awareness for taking environment
friendly activities as it often happens in
viewing World Cup cricket and now like the
most popular enchanting song of
“Kolaveri,Kolaveri...D’’.

Conclusion
Most of the climate change studies have
highlighted more on macro/global perspectives of
climate change. In the recent past ,the state level
studies have also not lagged behind. Under such
circumstances, the present need is the effective
education, training and creating public
awareness along with micro-level studies on the
one hand . On the other, the vast majority of the
population being dependent upon the farming for
their livelihood, the agricultural extension can
instill awareness and each individual will start to
contribute their bit in climate change of Odisha.
Last but not the least……..

Let all efforts for the futures to have smiles with greenery

CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
• Natural causes
1] Continental drift
2] Volcanoes
3] The earth’s tilt
4] Ocean currents
• Artificial causes
1] Global warming
2] Deforestation
3] Industrialization
Climate change is any long term substantial deviation from
present climate because of variation in weather and climatic
elements

Milutin Milankovitch Cycles (1920s)

MILANKOVITCH CYCLES
• Eccentricity constantly fluctuating, orbital shape (0 to
5% ellipticity, currently 3%) on a cycle of about
100,000 years. Causes prominent changes in the
Earth's climate and glacial regimes.
• Earth's axial tilt occur on a periodicity of 41,000
years from 21.5 to 24.5 degrees. Today the Earth's
axial tilt is about 23.5 degrees, which largely accounts
for our seasons. A smaller degree of axial tilt would
promote growth of ice sheets.
3. Earth's precession: Earth wobbles from pointing at
Polaris (North Star) to pointing at the star Vega, has
a periodicity of 23,000 years. Due to this wobble a
climatically significant alteration takes place.
*At present, only precession is in the glacial mode, with tilt and eccentricity not
favorable to glaciation

Methane
23%
Nitrous
Oxide
7%
Carbon
Dioxide
70%
COCO22 Contributed Most to Global WarmingContributed Most to Global Warming
Over Past CenturyOver Past Century

GREEN HOUSE GASES AND THEIR
ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE
CO
N O
CH
CFC
Biomass burning
Fossil fuel combustion
Solvent
Refrigerants
Natural gas
releases
Fertilizers
Ruminants
Rice paddy
cultivation
Foam packaging
2
2
4
Deforestation/
land use changes
Land conversion
to agriculture
Aerosol spray
propellants

Emission sources of Methane
• Natural (70%): Wetlands (110 Tg CH4/yr in
world), including mangroves (India has 3% of world
mangrove), termites, wild animals
• Anthropogenic (30%): Ponds, dams (India has
4291 dams contributing 33.5 mt CH4/yr), paddy
fields (contribute 11-13 % of world’s
anthropogenic CH4), landfills (dumping sites), cattle
& other domestic ruminants (Indian cattle emit 11.75
Tg CH4/yr @ 80 g CH4/day)
About 70-80% of total global CH4 emission is of
biogenic origin.

Enteric
fermentation,
28%
Natural gases,
15%Solid waste
treatment, 13%
Rice fields,
11%
Waste water,
10%
Coal, 8%
Biomass
burning, 5%
Biofuel burning,
4%
Manures, 4%
Oil, 1%
Contribution to global anthropogenic CH4 emission

Avg. emission of GHGs from Agril. At global level is only 13.5%

Carbon flow Pg C yr-1
Source
Fossil fuel 6.4
Land use change 1.1
Tropical deforestation 1.6
Total sources 9.1
Sinks
Atmospheric increase in CO2
3.4
Terrestrial 2.0
Oceans 2.0
Unknown sink 1.7
Total sink 9.1
Carbon flow from various sources to sink

AGRICULTURE AS A SOURCE & SINK OF GHGs
• Emissions of GHG’s (CO2
, CH4
, and N2
O) from agricultural
sources account for some 15% of today's anthropogenic GHG
emissions. Land use changes, made for agricultural purposes,
contribute another 8% or so to the total.
• Agriculture ranks third as a contributor to the enhanced
greenhouse effect after energy and industry.
• According to IPCC estimates, by 2010 CO2
removal in tropical
ecosystem would be 125 Mt of carbon per year by croplands,
170 Mt by forests, and 240 Mt by grazing lands accounting for
about 3% of CO2
generated by these countries.

Year CO2
, ppm
2000 369
2010-2015 388-398
2050/2060 463-623
2100 478-1099

Climate change caused by human activities
• More than 6 billion tonnes of C as CO2
is added annually to
the atmosphere due to human activities. Land clearing and
deforestation adds another 1-2 billion tonnes.
• CO2 conc. increased from 280 ppm in 1860 to 380 ppm in
2005 and would exceed 700 ppm by 2100 ( levels not seen
in the planet for 50 million years.)
• CH4 increased since pre-industrial times from 0.70 to 1.78
ppm, presently increasing @ 3%/ year against 1.2% in the
late 1970s.
• N2O conc. at present is 310 ppb & increasing @ 0.22%/yr.
Agril. soils contribute 65% of anthropogenic N2O emission
(6.3 Tg/yr).

Abundance & global warming potential
of GHGs
Parameter CO2 CH4 N2O CFC
Avg. conc. 100 yr ago, ppm 290 0.900 0.270 0
Current Conc., ppm 380 1.774 0.319 0.003-
0.005
Projected conc in 2030,
ppm
400-500 2.8-3.0 0.4-0.5 0.003-
0.006
Atm. lifetime, yr 5-200 9-15 114 75
Global warming potential
relative to CO2
1 25 298 4750-
10,900

• Temp. increased by 0.74°C between 19th
century to 20th
century & would increase from 1.4-5.8 o
C by 2100 (exceed
the change for the last 10,000 years.)
20th century was the hottest century.
1991-2000 was the hottest decade
2005 was the hottest year so far recorded.
11 of the 12 years during 1995-2006 rank among the top 12
warmest years in the instrumental record since 1850
(beginning of industrial revolution)
• Sea levels would rise between 15-94 cm by 2100 (may
affect 45-90 million people living in low lying areas)

Variations in the All-India mean annual temperature
during 1875-2004. (Source: NATCOM, 2004)

• The earth has warmed by 0.74°C [0.56 to 0.92] during last
100-years (1906–2005)
• Frequency of heavy precipitation events has increased
over most land areas
• More intense and longer droughts are observed over wider
areas since the 1970s, in the tropics and subtropics.
• Average Arctic temperatures have increased at almost
twice the global average rate in the past 100 years
• Mountain glaciers and snow cover have declined on
average in both hemispheres
OBSERVED CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC 2007)

Climate change projections for India
Year
Temperature change, o
C Sea level
rise, cm
Annual Winter Monsoon
2020s 1.36 ± 0.19 1.61 ± 0.16 1.13 ± 0.43 4-8
2050s 2.69 ± 0.41 3.25 ± 0.36 2.19 ± 0.88 15-38
2080s 3.84 ± 0.76 3.84 ± 0.76 3.19 ± 1.42 46-59
Aggarwal and Lal (2000)

India is most vulnerable to climate change
because of…
• A unique combination of its geography
• Diverse population characteristics
• Extremely high dependence on fossil fuels
• With nearly 700 million rural population
directly depending on climate sensitive
sectors (agril., forests, fisheries) & natural
resources (water, biodiversity, mangroves,
coastal zones, grasslands) for their
subsistence & livelihoods

Cold wave (papaya)
Heat wave (Mango tree death)
Flood
Flood
Drought
TIDAL WAVESTIDAL WAVES

Why climate change is so important to agriculture ?
• Agriculture is the largest human activity in
the world which depends on climatic
parameters. More than 50% differences in
yield is due to climatic variations.
• A genotype gives good yield only under
suitable climatic conditions and other
management practices.
• Manipulation of climate is beyond our
control, but we can manipulate environment
(soil, water and nutrient management
practices).
• It influences crop-pest equilibrium.
Agriculture→ Small & Marginal farmers → rural poor → Handicapped ecology → Coastal areas

Effect of climate change on crops
• Growth
CO2 rise
-Favours drymatter
-Reduces transpiration
Temperature rise
-Reduces drymatter
-Increases transpiration
• Development
-Accelerates maturity
• Quality
-Less protein content
• Pest dynamics changes
• New weed flora
• Soil degradation

Impact of climate change on crop production
• Increased atmospheric CO2 concentration has a fertilization
effect on C3 plants but is negated by increased temperature.
• Increase in temperature reduces crop duration, increases crop
respiration rate and alters photosynthates partitioning to
economic products (for 1°C increase in temp. wheat yield
decreases by 428 kg/ha, for 2°C temp. rise rice yield decreases
by 750 kg/ha)
• Increase in extreme weathers adversely affecting agril.
productivity
• Decrease probability of yield reduction due to cold waves &
frost damage
• Tropospheric ozone causes foliar injury
• Affect quality of fruits, veg., tea, coffee, aromatic & medicinal
plants
• Ultra violet radiation damages nucleic acids creating long
term effects
• Threaten agricultural biodiversity

Crop
Temp. increase
1°C 2°C 3°C
WHEAT 8.1 18.7 25.7
RICE 5.4 7.4 25.1
MAIZE 10.4 14.6 21.4
GROUNDNUT 8.7 23.2 36.2
Yield decrease (%) by increase in temperature

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WHEAT
PRODUCTION IN INDIA
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070
Year
Production,mt

Estimated changes in total rice production predicted by
simulation models for Asia under the three GCM scenarios
Simulation
model
Global circulation model
GFDL GISS UKMO
%
change
Production
(mt)
% change Production
(mt)
% change Production
(mt)
ORYZA 1 6.5 462 -4.4 415 -5.6 409
SIMRIW 4.2 452 -10.4 389 -12.8 379
Taking average of all these estimates, it would appear that rice production in asian regions may
decline by –3.8%.
GFDL : Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
GISS : Goddard Institute for Space Studies
UKMO : United Kingdom Meteorological Office
In an analysis of climatic potential and on-farm yields of rice and wheat in
Indo-Gangetic plains, negative yield trends were observed at six of the
nine sites studied, four of which were statistically significant (p<0.05).

Simulated grain yield (t/ha) of rice under different climate change
scenarios
scenarios
scenarios
scenarios
scenarios
scenarios

Station Crop
Increase in water
requirements
(2000-2005)
mm
Anakapalli
Maize 51.7
Groundnut 61.3
Anantapur Groundnut 70.1
Red gram 174.3
Jagtial Cotton 60.5
Maize 49.0
Rajendranagar Red gram 114.5
Groundnut 73.0
Tirupathi Groundnut 73.0
Projected Crop Water Requirement

Changes in crop duration
Station Crop
Reduction in crop
duration (weeks)
(2000-2005)
Anakapalli
Maize 1
Groundnut 1
Anantapur
Groundnut 1
Red gram 1
Jagtial
Cotton 2
Maize 1
Rajendranagar
Red gram 2
Sorghum 1
Tirupathi Groundnut 1

Anthesis
• The response of rice to high temperatures differs according to the
developmental stage with high temperature tolerance at one
developmental stage may or may not necessarily lead to tolerance
during other stages.
• Processes close to the meiotic stage during tetrad formation and
young microspore stage are most sensitive to high temperature
during microsporogenesis. A significant reduction in pollen
production at 50
C above ambient air temperature was attributed to
impaired cell division of microspore mother cells.
• Advancing peak anthesis toward early hours of the morning is an
efficient strategy to escape high temperatures during later hours of
the day. Significant genotypic variation for early morning peak
anthesis exists in rice germplasm with O. glaberrima (CG14) having
the ability to flower immediately after dawn, potentially escaping high
temperatures during the later hours of the day

Ripening phase
• High temperature affects cellular and developmental processes
leading to reduced fertility and grain quality.
• Decreased grain weight, reduced grain filling, higher
percentage of white chalky rice and milky white rice are
common effects of high temperature exposure during ripening
stage in rice.
• In addition, increased temperature causes serious reduction in
grain size and amylase content further reducing the potential
economic benefits farmers can derive from rice cultivation.

Spikelet fertility of BKN6624–46–2 exposed to high
temperature of 350
C during different stages of
panicle development for 5 days
The extreme sensitivity of high temperature during
anthesis leading to spikelet sterility: (A) high
temperature for 4 h, (B) high temperature for 1 h, (C) 1
h before the onset of high temperature, (D) 1 h
immediately after high temperature exposure, and (E)
beyond 1 h of high temperature exposure
Flowering patterns of O. sativa cv. IR64
under both control and high temperature

High night temp.
• Grain yield declined by 10% for each 10
C increase in
minimum temperature in the dry season. The decrease
in radiation and increase in minimum temperature were
identified as the reasons for the yield decline.
• Although, high temperature at both day and night
reduced the duration of grain growth, the rate of growth
was lower in the early or middle stages of grain filling,
and also reduced cell size midway between the central
point and the surface of endosperm at high night
temperature (22/340
C) than at high day temperature of
34/220
C

Effects of enhanced CO2 on crop growth
• C3 plants (Wheat, rice, soybeans etc.) would
respond readily to increased CO2 levels.
• C4 plants (Corn, sorghum, sugarcane, and millet)
would be less responsive to enriched
concentrations.
• Higher levels of atmospheric CO2 induce plants to
close stomata.
• Under CO2 enrichment crops may use less water
while producing more carbohydrates and improve
water-use efficiency.

Change in yields of 4 cereals, due to increase
of 2 and 4 °C in average global temp.

Impact of climate change on wheat yield in north India
• Grain yields of wheat decrease
by 17% with a 2o
C increase in
temperature.
• Increase in CO2 to 550 ppm
nullify the effect of 2o
C rise in
temperature.
• Effect of climate change
scenario of 2070 may be
• Positive (up to 25%) or
• Negative (up to 30%)
depending upon the magnitudes
of change in temperature and
CO2
(Source: Aggarwarl and Ramakrishna, 2002)
350
450
550
650
750
0 1 2 3 4 5
Increase in temperature, C
CO2,ppm
20%
10% 0%
-10%
-20%
-30%
-40%
2070
2010
Increase in temperature (o
C)
IncreaseinCO2(ppm)
↑ in CO2 conc. to 550 ppm ↑ yield of mung, soybean & gram by 9-15%, tomato by

Impact of climate change on fresh water
availability
• Climate change will modify rainfall, evaporation,
runoff and soil moisture storage. More runoff will
cause flood and needs to be stored.
• Increased evaporation from the soil and accelerated
transpiration in the plants will cause moisture stress.
Crops will need frequent irrigation.
• Climate change affects the availability of fresh water
for irrigation. In the Himalayas it will increase in
short run but in the long run will decrease
considerably.
• Lowering of ground water and decline in quality
because of intrusion of sea water

Impact of climate change on soil health
– Reduces soil organic matter both in quantity & quality
– Reduces soil moisture availability
– Crop residues under elevated CO2 will have wide C:N reducing their
decomposition and nutrient supply
– Decreases in microbial population reducing soil productivity and nutrient
cycling
– Affects soil structure
– Reduces fertilizer and irrigation use efficiency (increase temp. will increase N
mineralization but there will be more volatilization & denitrification loss)
– Additional application of fertilizer may be needed to counteract the speed up of
the natural decomposition of organic matter and increase the rates of other soil
processes due to higher air temperature and enhance crop growth that can
result from increased atmospheric CO2
.
– The continual cycling of plant nutrient may enhance CO2
and N2
O gas emissions
More prone to erosion, creating sedimentation in streams and reservoirs
– Creates waterlogging, soil salinity problems, salt water ingression in coastal
areas
– The process of N fixation, is predicted to increase in warmer conditions and
with higher CO2
, if soil moisture is not limiting.

Impact of climate change on pest
• Increasing temp. increases the rate of development of insects thereby
decreasing development period
• Monocyclic diseases & univoltine insects are less influenced whereas, polycyclic
diseases become epidemic with climate change
• Expansion of geographical range of insects to regions where warmer winter
temperatures allow their over-wintering survival and increase the possible
number of generations per season.
• Changes in crop pest synchrony
• Increase risk of infestation
• Conditions are more favorable for the proliferation of insect pests in warmer
climates. (In UK, for last 10-15 years aphids are hatching earlier and their
population is growing)
• Crop-pest interactions may shift as the timing of development stages in both
hosts and pests is altered.
• Rate of evolution will increase in hotter, drier conditions and in 'extreme
years‘
• Pests and diseases from low latitude regions where they are much
more prevalent may be introduced at higher latitudes.

Effects of droughts, heat waves,
wind storms and floods on insects
• Drought/Heat waves – Mealy bugs,
scales, mites, borers, thrips, rodents
will increase
• Wind storms – Coconut eriophyid mite
will increase
• Floods – cut worms will increase
• Heavy rainfall – Snails and slugs will
increase

Effect on Insecticide Use Efficiency
• Entomologist predict more generation of insets in warm
climate that necessitates more number of insecticide
application
• It will increase cost of protection and environmental
pollution
• Synthetic pyrethroids and naturalites (Bio-pesticides,
Plant products) will be less effective in higher
temperature
• It is advisable for the farmers not to use insecticides
with similar mode of action frequently, to avoid
development of resistance in case of more number of
applications
• Cultural management practices e.g. early planting may
not be helpful because of early emergence of pests due
to warmness

Impact of climate change on livestock &
fishery
• Affects feed production & nutrition of livestock. Less
fodder production due to increased water scarcity.
More lignification of plant tissues due to temp. rise
reducing digestibility.
• More impacts of vector borne diseases
• Global warming increases water, shelter & energy
requirements to meet the projected milk demands
• Aggravate heat stress in dairy animals reducing their
reproductive performance
• Increase water temp. affects fish breeding, migration
& harvest
• Increased temp. & tropical cyclonic activities affect
capture, production & marketing cost of marine fish

Predicted effects of climate change on agril. over next 50 yrs
Climatic
element
Expected changes by 2050's
Confidence
in prediction
Effects on agriculture
CO2
Increase from 360 ppm to 450 –
600 ppm
Very high
Good for crops: increased
photosynthesis; reduced water
use
Sea level rise
Rise by 10 -15 cm Increased in
south and offset in north by
natural subsistence/rebound
Very high
Loss of land, coastal erosion,
flooding, salinization of
groundwater
Temperature
Rise by 1-2o
C. Winters
warming more than summers.
Increased frequency of heat
waves
High
Faster, shorter, earlier growing
seasons, range moving north and
to higher altitudes, heat stress
risk, increased evapo-
transpiration
Precipitation Seasonal changes by ± 10% Low
Impacts on drought risk' soil
workability, water logging
irrigation supply, transpiration
Storminess
Increased wind speeds,
especially in north. More
intense rainfall events.
Very low
Lodging, soil erosion, reduced
infiltration of rainfall
Variability
Increases across most climatic
variables. Predictions uncertain
Very low
Changing risk of damaging
events (heat waves, frost,
droughts floods) which effect
crops and timing of farm
operations
Source: Climate Change and Agriculture, MAFF (2000)

Climate change experienced in Orissa
• Orissa is getting hotter:
– 1.0 o
C in the 40 years from 1951 to 1990 and 0.1 o
C in the recent past
of 14 years.
• Rainfall pattern is changing:
– Annual rainfall decreased between 1950 and 1990 by 19 to 225 mm,
increasing in the coastal districts and declining in the interior
districts, increasing in May and Oct. and declining in Nov. to March.
• Low pressures over the Bay of Bengal is increasing:
– Low pressure reaching 12 in 2006 and 14 in 2007. Super Cyclone
1999, Tsunami 2004, Aila, 2009
• Extreme events are increasing:
– Last decade BBSR recorded the maximum rainfall of 400.3 mm in
one day as against the preceding record of 256.4 mm between 1969
to 1978.
– Number of days with very heavy rainfall (>125 mm) has increased.
– Daily maximum temperature is increasing with 46.3 o
C at BBSR in
2005.
– Number of hot days with >45 o
C is also increasing with such 3 days
in 2005, while it was absent in 1970s and 1980s except for 1972.
– In the last 42 years, the state has experienced 34 disasters of varied
intensity.
• Threat to coastal settlements:
– Eroded the beach, encroached several kilometers to the land

NATURAL CALAMITIES IN ORISSA
(1964 to 2011)
Calamity Year
Drought 1965, 1966, 1976, 1979, 1984,
1987, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2004*,
2005*, 2010, 2011
Flood 1969, 1970, 1973, 1975, 1977,
1985, 1990, 2001, 2003, 2007,
2008,2009, 2011
Super Cyclone 1999
Cyclone and Flood 1967, 1968, 1971
Drought and Flood 1972, 1974, 1980, 1992, 2000,
2006*
Drought, Flood and Cyclone 1982
Drought, Flood, Whirlwind & Tornado 1981
Hailstorm, Tornado and Whirlwind 1978
* moisture stress

EXTENT OF CROP LOSS
Year Loss ( Rs crore)
2000 322
2001 453
2002 1877
2003 341
2004 346
2005 360
2006 491
2007 355

Future climatic projections for Orissa (Pasupalak, 2008)
• ce

Projected effects of climate change on Agriculture-
special emphasis in Orissa
• Reduced yields of crops due to warm days and nights.
• Decreased grain yield of rice (9%) by 2020 due to accelerated
senescence and higher chaffyness. (S.cane in Maharastra by
30%, rice in flood prone coastal Orissa by 12%)
• Substantial yield losses in winter crops. Temp. ↑0.5 o
C ↓wheat
yield by 0.45 t/ha, ↑2.0 o
C ↓rice yield by 0. 75 t/ha in efficient
zone & by 0.06 t/ha in coastal zone.
• Temp ↑by 1-4 o
C ↓yields of rice by 0-49%, potato by 5-40%,
mung by 13-30% & soybean by 11-36%.
• India would lose 3.9 mt wheat by 2020, 11.7 mt by 2050 & 23.5
mt by 2080.
• India loses 1.8 mt milk due to climate stresses

• Less elongation of rice grain and lower quality of rice due to warm
nights during post flowering period (basmati rice)
• Direct sown rice at more risk due to extended summer and less
rainfall in June.
• More crop loss, waterlogging and difficulty in cultivation due to
more heavy rainfall events.
• More crop loss and land degradation due to increased drought
occurrence.
• Increased risk of soil damage and erosion due to soil wetness,
waterlogging and flooding.
• Increased salinisation of the coastal areas, particularly Mahanadi
delta.
• Long-term loss of soil carbon stocks, soil degradation
• Increased crop WR due to accelerated evapotranspiration.
• Decreased use efficiency of N fertilizers.
• Shift in weed flora
• Higher pest incidence such as increasing infestation of rice crop by
swarming caterpillar, hispa, stem borer and BLB.
• Loss of cultivated land by sea water intrusion, inundation and
coastal erosion in low-lying coastal areas. Land dispute between
migrant & established communities

ADAPTING AGRICULTURE
TO CHANGING CLIMATE
• Adaptive mechanism
• Mitigating mechanism
• increasing soil carbon sink
• reducing GHG emissions
• contributing biomass for energy use

Adaptive measures
• Crop diversification
• New crop varieties
• New rice culture
• Intercropping/Mixed cropping
• Altered sowing time/Plant population
• Efficient fertilizer use (INM, SSNM,
• Efficient water use (Conjunctive use of rain,
ground and canal water)
• Integrated pest management
• Drought and flood management
• Land management
• Catchments management
• Integrated Farming Systems

Crop mixture- Nutri millets, Pulses and Oilseed, Agroforestry, IFS
Enlarging the Food Basket

WUE of different field cropsWUE of different field crops
Crop WR
(mm)
Yield
(kg/ha)
WUE
(kg/ha-
mm)
Rice 1200 4000 3.3
Maize 500 4000 8.0
Potato 500 20000 40.0
Groundnut 480 2500 5.2
Sunflower 400 2000 5.0
Mustard 300 1400 4.7
Sesame 250 1000 4.0
Greengram 250 1000 4.0
Jute 480 2800 5.8
Sugarcane 1700 100000 58.8

Water saving techniques in rice
• Proper land leveling and puddling.
• Growing rice in a compact rather than in isolated patches.
• Continuous shallow sub. (5+2 cm) than deep sub. saves 10-50% irrigation
water
• Saturation throughout is optimum in shallow WT (20-30 cm in rabi and 20-
45 cm in kharif)
• Recommended practice is 3 DADPW during kharif (5-7 irrigations) and
1 DADPW during rabi season (13-15 irrigations), water saving 9-27%.
• Bed planting saves 26-42% water as compared to conventional planting.
• Drainage at max. tillering or even at PI in iron toxicity area is beneficial
• Drainage at dough stage along with at max. tillering increased head rice
recovery by 10%.
• Draining the field gradually 15-20 days after flowering facilitates
mechanical harvesting and timely sowing of succeeding crops, saves
16-22 cm water.

Productivity and profitability of
non-paddy crops in rainfed
highlands
Crop Yield (q/ha) Net return (Rs/ha)
Maize 45 (grain) 5,909
Greengram 8 (grain) 9,773
Blackgram 9 (grain) 12,473
Pigeonpea 15 (grain) 18,284
Groundnut 15 (pod) 9,368
Yam 230 (Tuber) 43,100
Yambean 167 (Tuber) 60,316
Sweet potato 236 (Tuber) 59,256
Elephant foot yam 334 (Tuber) 63,223
Cassava 246 (Tuber) 41,139
Arrowroot 152 (Tuber) 36,346
Turmeric 40 (dry rhizome) 44,755
Ginger 160 ( Fresh rhizome) 95,755
Rice (upland) 25 234

Performance of upland crops in
normal & drought years
Performance of upland crops in
normal & drought years
Crop
REY (kg/ha) RWUE
(kg/ha-mm)
2000 2001 2002 SEm
Maize (G) 5450 4400 4300 369 6.4
Maize (C) 8125 7321 6500 469 10.4
Arhar 5550 5081 5268 136 5.1
Groundnut 5640 6240 5480 231 6.2
Blackgram 4200 4900 3787 325 6.1
Cowpea 2800 3600 2400 353 3.8
Rice 1010 2850 1215 582 2.1
SEm 864 573 696
Rainfall (mm)- N=1442, 2000=1149, 2001=1617, 2002=1002
Dryspells- 2000- 25 June to 15 July, 2002- 2 to 28 July
Rainfall (mm)- N=1442, 2000=1149, 2001=1617, 2002=1002
Dryspells- 2000- 25 June to 15 July, 2002- 2 to 28 July

"Greater emphasis on tuberous crops such as potato, tapioca and sweet
potato to make them available at cheaper rates"
Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam
Relevance of tuber crops in a
system
1. Food security
2. Nutritional security
3. Social security
4. Value addition prospects
5. Export role

Varieties for adverse situations
Rice: Drought-Sahabhagi Dhan
High temp. – Annapurna
Flood: Swarna Sub-1, Varshadhan, Hanseswari
Salinity: Getu, Damodar, Pateni, Rasmanjari,CR Dhan 402 & 403
Wheat: Heat tolerance- Raj 3765, Halna, NIAW 34, NW 1014,
Tepoka, WH 730, CBW 12
Waterlogging at initial stage- HD 2329, HUW 507, HD
2204, D 6-3, D 6-35
Salinity & alkalinity- Kharchia 65, KRLI 4, KRL 19, KRL 210,
KRL 213
Arid legumes: Cowpea, HG, Lathyrus, moth bean, clusterbean,
ricebean
Mustard: Short duration temp. tolerant -NPJ 122, NRC-DR-02
Frost tolerant- RGN 48 & 49
Groundnut: Short duration temp tolerant -ICGS-11, ICGS-44
Fresh dormancy: TG 17, 26 & 37A, VRI 1, BSR 1, Dh-40, SG 99
Sunflower: B spray at ray floret helps seed set even in times of continuous
drizzle & cloudy weather

Yam Cassava
Sweet potato
Colocassia
Yam bean Arrowroot
Elephant Foot Yam

New submergence tolerant lines after 17 days of submergence

Management ofManagement of PairaPaira pulsespulses
• Proper land levelling of kharif rice
• Growing stiff straw rice var.
• 1.25 times seeds
• Seed treatment & inoculation
• Use of P of paira to kharif rice
• DAP or 2% urea spray at fl. of paira crop & 15 d after
• DAP 100 & MOP 33 kg/ha at PI stage of rice
• Varieties:
– Mung: Pusa-9072, TARM-1& 2, OBGG 52, OUM-11-5, LGG-460
– Biri : Ujala, TU-94-2, LBG-17
– Pea : Rachna, HFP-4 (Aparna), DDR-27 (Pusa Pana), HFP-8909,
(Uttara), DMR 7 (Alankar)
– Gram: JG 11, Radhey, L 550
– Lathyrus: Ratan, Prateek

Natural Resource Management :
• Soil physical, chemical & microbial properties
• Soil fertility management
• Soil health pass books
• Crop residue management
• Soil mulching
(Contd….)

RHIZOBIUM
Components of organic agriculture
Green manure Cover crop
Crop residues
Vermicompost Oil cake
Azolla

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
100%N
Control
50%NPK
100%NPK(-S)
100%NP
100%NPK+Zn
NPK (soil test)
100%NPK
100%NPK+FYM
Relative Soil Quality

RCTs for sustainability & climate change mitigation
RCT Potential benefit
Zero tillage Reduces WR, fuel use, GHG emission, increases
C-sequestration, yield & income, more tolerant to
heat stress,
Laser aided
land levelling
Reduced WR, fuel use, GHG emission, more
efficient tractor use, increased area for
cultivation
Direct drilling
rice
Less WR, saves time, better soil condition for
succeeding crop, deeper root growth & better
tolerance to water & heat stress, reduces CH4
emission, earliness,
Diversification Efficient water use, reduces risk, conserves soil
fertility, increases income & nutritional security
Raised bed
planting
Less WR, improves drainage, better residues
management, less lodging, more tolerant to
water stress
LCC Reduces fer.-N need, N loss, NO2 emission &
environmental pollution

Resource conservation equipments
• Rotavator saves 50 % fuel and helps in preparation of
better quality seed bed
• Zero till drill increases yield by 5–10% and saves of
Rs. 2000-3000/ha
• Pressurized irrigation saves 20–30 % water
• Rotary power weeder saves 20–30 % time and labour
• Vertical conveyer reaper/combine helps in timely
harvesting
• Multicrop thresher saves 50 % labour and time and 54
% cost of threshing
• Improved manual harvester for mango & kinnow
causes no damage to fruits with higher harvesting
capacity

Capping Methane emission in rice fields
• The balance CH4 out of the action of Methanogens &
Methanotrophs in rice field is released to the atm. through
ebullition, diffusion & rice plant system (at active growth
stage by aerenchymatous tissues through leaf sheath)
• Direct sowing
• Addition of composted or partially composted OM
• Alternate wetting & drying (Aerobic/SRI), mid-season
/intermittent drainage
• Short duration varieties with low emission potential i.e.,
capacity to oxidise rhizosphere Methanotrophs
(Methylomonas, Methylobacter, Methylomicribium,
Methylosinus, Methylocystis, Methylococcus
• Incorporation/deep placement of fert., lower dose, use of
Nitrification inhibitor (neem product), slow release fertilizers

Reducing methane emission from ruminants
• Improving productivity (by nutrition, reproduction,genetics)-less
animals required to produce the same amount
• Nutritional management: High grain diet, no over matured
forage, more legumes, low feeding frequency, grinding or pelleting
of forage, use of preserved forage (silage)
• Manipulation of rumen fermentation ( which favours propionic
acid formation & discourage acetic acid formation):
– addition of fats to increase energy density of diet thereby lowering
intake of fibrous feed
– Use of propionate precursors (pyruvate, oxaloacetate, malate,
fumarate, succinate)
– Defaunation (removal of rumen ciliate protozoa, the site for
attachment of Methanogens, from rumen)
– Stimulation of acetogens to rechannelise the substrates for
alternative products like aetate other than methane
– Ionophores like monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin will inhibit growth of
Methanogens
– Adding methane oxidizers from gut of young pig to rumen fluid in vitro
– Immunizations against Methanogens (Methanobrevibacter,
Methanosarcina, Methanomicrobium)

Improved Risk Management :
•Early warming system for rainfall, drought, flood,
cyclones
•Contingency plans
•Agrl. credit/marketing for small and marginal farmers
•Crop insurance
•Optimum size of crop area/live stock
•Responsive and dedicated Agrl.Extension service by
Knowledgeable scientists
•Synchronous delivery of credit, input and technology
delivery system
(Contd….)

Integration of on farm & non farm activities :
•Cooperative farms / Group farming
•Contract farming
•Value addition / advisory services
•Packaging
•Food processing
•Marketing
•Community participation in food and
forage banks
•Agro-business / Agro service centers

• Inter cropping/mixed cropping
• Changing varieties / crops / planting time: matching crop
phenology with weather/water availability
• Diversifying income sources including livestock
• Agro forestry
• Resource conservation
• Early planting and sowing,
• Shorter rotations,
• Alternate crops/cropping systems,
• Wider spacing,
• Altering fertilizer management strategies,
• Altering timing and rate of irrigation application in
drought prone areas
• Use of shelter belts
Changes in agronomic practices
Traditional management practices
Adaptation options to climatic change

To mitigate the problems arising out of climate change
various adaptation measures should be done by
• Continuous monitoring of climate change
• Impact assessment of climate change
• Developing adaptation and remedial strategies.
Adaptation measures Adjustment time (years)
Variety adoption 3-14
Dams and irrigation 50-100
Variety development 8-15
Tillage systems 10-12
Opening new lands 3-10
Irrigation equipment 20-25
Fertilizer adoption 10

• food security,
• balance and qualitative food,
• high productivity,
• enhanced income,
• employment generation,
• poverty alleviation,
• social upliftment,
• effective recycling of resources,
• sustained soil health,
• reduced risk factor,
• minimized environmental risks
• provide livelihood to poor farm sector the year round.
• food security,
• balance and qualitative food,
• high productivity,
• enhanced income,
• employment generation,
• poverty alleviation,
• social upliftment,
• effective recycling of resources,
• sustained soil health,
• reduced risk factor,
• minimized environmental risks
• provide livelihood to poor farm sector the year round.
A farming system approach may ensure

RICE-BASED FARMING SYSTEM
Benefit
•The system becomes a micro watershed
• Better crop stand at initial
stage
• Enrichment of soil organic
matter
• Waste recycling
• Bio-control of rice pests
• Reduced investment risk
• Year round employment
• Higher farm income
• Nutritional security
Cash flow
Annual turn over Rs.84,440
Annual variable cost Rs.28,090
Annual investment Rs.32,170
Profit over investment Rs.52,270
Profit over investment 162%

Mitigation measures
• Improved land management :
– (mulching, minimum/zero tillage, FYM, intensive cropping, legumes,
green manuring, crop residues manag., Conservation agriculture)
• Restoration of waste and degraded lands:
– (waterlogged low lands, horticulture and agroforestry in cultivable
uplands and saline coastal areas.)
• Improved composting including vermi-composting
• Improved fertilizer N management:
• INM, SSNM, Real Time N management [LCC (3,4,5), SPAD
(32- 37.5), NDVI (Green Seeker)]
• Efficient agricultural machinery :
– (reduced use of fossil fuels. use of alternative energy like biogas and
wind energy)
• In the forestry front,
– (afforestation, identification and propagation of plants for bio-diesel
production)

MITIGATION OF GHG EMISSION FROM INDIAN
AGRICULTURE
Improved water and fertilizer management in low land
areas
Crop Diversification
Improved management of live stock population
Increase in soil carbon through organic manures, residue
management and minimum tillage
Use of nitrification inhibitors such as neem coated urea to
reduce emission of N2O
Fertilizer placement practices
Improvement in Energy use efficiency in agriculture
Increase the area under bio fuel, agro forestry in relation to
food production
Demands

Improved agricultural practices for carbon sequestration

Alternate Land Use System (ALUS)
Advantages of tree farming
• Trees…
• trap moisture from deeper layer
• fulfill diverse needs
• utilises off season rainfall
• reduce soil erosion
• provide round the year employment
• give higher yields & returns

Hoeing and weeding in mango + G.nut
System Intercrop NR (Rs/ha)
Mango based Ginger
Cowpea
28,000
5,050
Guava based Cowpea
Frenchbean
6,250
5,950
Litchi based Cowpea
Ricebean
5,818
3,425

Agri-silvi system with arrowroot in 8 year old Acacia mangium

Horti-silvi-pastoral
(Guava + sissoo + stylo)
A.mangium+ Guinea
Tree component Fodder crops
1. Acacia mangium 1. Guinea
2. Albizia lebbek 2. Hybrid napier
3. Dalbergia Sissoo 3. Thin napier
4. Gemlina arborea 4. Stylo
5. Leucaena leucocephala

Energy plantation with Acacia mangium
Fast growing Moderately fast
growing
Bamboo
1. Acacia auriculiformis 1. Acacia nilotica 1 Bambusa
bambos
2. Acacia mangium 2. Albizia lebbek 2 B. nutans
3. Cassia siamea 3. Dalbergia Sissoo 3. B. vulgaris
4. Casuarina equisetifolia 4. Gemlina arborea
5. Eucalyptus hybrid 5. Simarouba glauca
6. Leucaena leucocephala 6. Tectona grandis

Relative soil chemical quality index (RSCQI) in ALUSRelative soil chemical quality index (RSCQI) in ALUS
SystemSystem 0-15 cm0-15 cm 15-30 cm15-30 cm
Silvi-agriculture 0.95 1.00
Silvi-pasture 1.00 0.71
Silviculture 0.95 0.73
Agri-horticulture 0.56 0.64
Pasture 0.43 0.40
Agriculture 0.23 0.27

Methane oxidation by different forest soils
• Disturbed forest soils - 0.5-2.9 kg CH4/ha/yr
• Undisturbed tropical forest - 4.6 kg CH4/ha/yr
• Subtropical woodlands - 0.5-5.5 kg CH4/ha/yr
• Oxidation in aerobic soil by Methanotrophs destruct 15% of CH4 emission
• Temperate soils are sink for CH4 by 20 Tg/yr
• Oxic soils consume 40- 60 Tg CH4/yr
• Conversion of forest & grasslands to crop lands reduces CH4 consumption
by the former ecosystems by 1.5-7.0 Tg/yr

SystemSystem 0-150-15
cmcm
15-3015-30
cmcm
Silvi-agriculture 0.95 1.00
Silvi-pasture 1.00 0.71
Silviculture 0.95 0.73
Agri-horticulture 0.56 0.64
Pasture 0.43 0.40
Agriculture 0.23 0.27
Land use 0-15
cm
15-30
cm
Sole cropping 0.42 0.37
Agroforestry 0.71 0.73
Agro-horticulture 0.73 0.74
Agro- silviculture 0.38 0.56
RSCQI in ALUS SOC (%) after 6 yr
Soil quality in Alternate Land Use Systems

Acacia mangium in farmer’s
field

Effects from land management practices on carbon
sequestration potential
Technological options
Sequestration potential
(tonnes C/ha/year)
Conservation tillage 0.10 - 0.20
Mulch farming (4 - 6 Mg/ha/year) 0.05 - 0.10
Compost (20 Mg/ha/year) 0.10 - 0.20
Integrated nutrient management 0.10 - 0.20
Restoration of eroded soils 0.10 - 0.20
Restoration of salt-effected soils 0.05 - 0.10
Agricultural intensification 0.10 - 0.20
Water conservation and management 0.10 - 0.30
Afforestation 0.05 - 0.10
Grassland and pastures 0.05 - 0.10

Gene Bank Seed Bank Water Bank
Grain
/Fodder
Bank
Conservation - Cultivation –
Consumption - Commerce
Community Food Security System
Pathway to achieving the UN Millennium
Development Goal of Eradicating hunger
and poverty
MSSRF 2008

India’s national Action Plan on Climate Change
June 2008, ( 8 core National Missions)
• National Solar Mission
• National Mission for Enhanced Energy
efficiency
• National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
• National Water Mission
• National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan
Ecosystem
• National Mission for Green India
• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
• National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for
Climate change

Durban climate change roadmap-
December 2011
• Guide countries towards a legal deal to cut
Carbon in 2015
• Carbon will have to peak by 2020 & then start
to come down to limit temp. rise to 2o
C
• Set up a Green Climate Fund to help poor
countries to c0pe with climate change
• US, China & India signed up to a legal treaty
to cut carbon
• Signal for investing in green technology

CONCLUSION
• It is the bitter truth that ‘what we achieved in the
name of development only by the cost of climate
change which threaten survival of human race in
future’.
• Dr. M. S. Swaminathan said ‘Our present Indian
agriculture is vulnerable to climate change and
climatic hazards due to dependence on less no.
of crops. Therefore we have to go for crop &
enterprise diversification.
• More research should be done regarding climate
change and its impacts.

Concerns
 Insufficient information on how climate trends
will affect the suitability of specific crops and
cropping practices in specific areas.
 Insufficient information on how climate trends
will affect the incidence and evolution of
diseases and pests in specific areas.
 Lack of appropriate crop varieties and
agronomic practices for more variable and more
risky agriculture.
 Continuing growth and demand for food.
 Declining natural resource base, in which soil
fertility is increasingly depleted and water is
becoming scarce.

Scenario-1: Early onset and sudden stoppage of monsoon
(There is more likelihood of mortality of sprouts/seedlings and difficulties in sowing)
Uplands
• When there is more than 50% mortality resow the crop up to July after receipt of
sufficient rain water
• Sowing of low water requiring nonpaddy crops like ragi (Bhairabi, Dibyasinha, Godavari),
Greengram (K-851,Sujata, PDM-54),Blackgram (T-9, Pant U-19, Pant U-30,Sarala), Cowpea
(SEB-2, Pusa Barsati,Utkal Manika), Sesame (Uma, Usha, Nirmala, Prachi),Ricebean
(RBL-6, BRB-1), Castor (Jyoti, Kranti, Harita) is preferred to paddy
• If mortality is less than 50% the crop may be gap filled
• Cultivate vegetables-cowpea, guar, radish, runner bean,okra, cauliflower, Brinjal, tomato
where ever possible
• Niger (Deomali, Alasi-1) and horsegram (urmi ) to be sown in August.
• Spray the crop with potassium silicate (10%) or Cycocel (10 ppm) to overcome drought
effect
• In row sown crops complete hoeing, weeding followed by ridging to the base of the crop
rows at 20 DAS for in-situ moisture conservation
DROUGHT MANAGEMENT

Scenario-1: Early onset and sudden stoppage of monsoon (cont.)
Medium and low land
•If rice plant population is less than 50%, resow the crop.
•Early medium duration varieties may be selected.
•Sprouted seeds may be direct seeded or
•fresh seedlings of early varieties may be raised for transplanting.
•If rice plant population is more than 50%,carry out weeding and adjust
the plant population by khelua and clonal propagation. Raise
community nursery of rice for transplanting at a reliable water source
to save time for further delay.
•Sow the seeds at 3-5 cm depth by punji method (10-15 seeds at one
point), cover it with a mixture of FYM:SSP (10:1) to avoid seedling
mortality due to moisture stress in low land
•In saline soils use green leaf manure/ FYM, sow sprouted seeds gap fill
the crop by clonal propagation

Scenario-2: Late onset, uplands not covered till mid July
• Sow drought tolerant nonpaddy crop like ragi, greengram, blackgram,
cowpea, guar, sesame, castor in place of upland rice
• Maize and cowpea may be grown in the Ist
week of August to meet the
fodder crisis
• Niger (Deomali, Alasi-I) and horsegram (urmi) are to be sown in August
• Grow sweet potato vars. Like Gouri, shankar, Samrat, Shreenandini,
Shreebhadra, Shreeratna, in ridges and allow the furrows to conserve
rainfall
• Grow vegetables like tomato, cauliflower, radish, brinjal, runner bean, in
the inland hilly districts and cowpea, guar, lady’s finger and chilli in the
coastal plains
• Apply full P,K and 20%N as basal along with well decomposed organic
manure for early seedling vigour
• Harvesting excess runoff for its recycling as lifesaving irrigation

B. Mid season drought (1st
Aug to 15st
Sept)
Scenario-3: Non-paddy crops in uplands affected• Complete hoeing and weeding in non-paddy
crop field to provide dust mulch
• Weeding groundnut 45 DAS disturbs the
pegging process. So prune the weeds with
sickle
• Apply post emergence spray of Quizalofop
ethyl 5% EC @ 0.05 kg/ha in 500 l water to
control grassy weeds in groundnut/jute
• Spray 2% KCl + 0.1ppm boron to blackgram
to overcome drought situation
• Foliar application of 2% Urea at preflowering
and flowering stage of greengram is helpful
in mitigating drought

Scenario-3: Non-paddy crops in uplands affected (cont.)
• Spray 1% urea in brinjal, take up spray against mealy bugs and mite
which are more prevalent in dry weather
• Top dress the crop after receipt of rain
• Remove the borer affected tillers/late formed tillers/dried leaves in
sugarcane and follow wrapping and propping in chains. Stripe the
lower 4-5 leaves
• Spray Planofix 10 ppm at 45 DAS and 20 ppm 10 days later to prevent
boll shading in cotton
• Spray 2% urea in late planted jute to encourage growth
• Top-dress N to ginger and turmeric @ 60 and 30 kg/ha respectively
after receipt of rainfall followed by mulching
• Practice mulching with organics to extend period of moisture
availability
• Thin out to the extent of 25% and use removed plants as cattle feed
• Close the drainage holes and check the seepage loss in direct sown
medium land rice regularly

Scenario-4: Beushaning of rice delayed
• Do not practice beushaning in rice, if the crop is
more than 45 days old
• Weed out the field without waiting for rainfall
• Go for gap filling using seedling of same age or
clonal tillers to have a uniform distribution of plant
• Strengthen the field bunds and clog the holes to
check seepage loss
• Withhold N fertilizer application up to receipt of
rainfall

Scenario-5: Transplanting of rice delayed/seedlings overaged
(Generally in this case rice seedlings are overaged)
• Seedlings up to 45 and 60-70 days old can be transplanted in case of
medium land and late duration rice vars., respectively without much
reduction in yield
• Remove the weeds and follow plant protection measures against blast
in nursery
• Pulverize the main rice field in dry conditions, if it is not ploughed
earlier to save time in final puddling
• Use tractor/power tiller/tractor mounted rotavator for speedy land
preparation/puddling
• Follow closer spacing using 5-7 seedlings per hill
• Apply 50% recommended N at the time of transplanting
• Apply life saving irrigation to maintain the nursery seedlings in good
health
• Don't top dress nitrogen in nursery

Scenario-6: Beushaned/transplanted rice
affected at early vegetative stage
• Provide protective irrigation
• Remove the weeds and follow plant protection
measures
• Withhold N fertilizer application up to receipt of
rainfall
• Apply K fertilizers wherever soil moisture allows
or wait up to receipt of rainfall
• Strengthen the field bunds and clog the holes to
check seepage loss

C. Late season drought (16th
Sept to 31st
Oct)
Scenario-7: Medium and lowland rice affected at vegetative/ reproductive
stage
It occurs as a result of early cessation of monsoon rains. The
management practices are :
•Provide protective irrigation
•Provide irrigation at critical stages
•Crops like cowpea,maize, green gram may be harvested for fodder
purpose to avoid their failure as grain crop
•When soil becomes hard it is difficult to dig up groundnut from the field,
sprinkle water from WHS
•Under situation of complete failure of Kharif crop dismantle it. Dibble the
pre- rabi crop
•The ideal pre-rabi crops for residual moisture are horsegram, castor,
niger, black gram and sesame in uplands and well drained medium lands

Pre-flood planning
• Suitable variety (Local, improved)
• Sufficient seed stock for resowing after early flood
• Varieties for late planting (CR 1014, 1018, Jagannath,
Mahsuri, Padmini, IR 36, Lalat, Konark)
• Long duration var in loland (Sarala, Durga,
Varshadhan, Upahar)
• Direct seeding
• Dry nursery
• Contingency nursery
• Double transplanting/clonal tillers

Flash flood (Short duration)
Strategies Action plan
July flood • Seed bank
• Community nursery
• Private nursery
• Sprouted seeding (rice)
• Short duration var./crops
August & Sept. flood
(Partial damage)
• Older seedlings
• Seedlings of short duration var.
• P- fertilisation
• Water spray
• Submergence tolerant rice-
Swarna sub-1, OR 1105
• Clonal propagation
• Catch crops/ Pest Control
August & Sept. flood
(Complete damage)
• Pre rabi crops
• Ragi, Blackgram, Groundnut, Mustard,
Cucurbits, Barley

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