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Lymphatic/Immune
    System
Lymphatic/Immune System:



Major Role:
The main role of the immune
system is to destroy and remove
invading microbes and viruses
from the body. The lymphatic
system also removes fat and
excess fluids from the blood.

 Major Organs:
Lymph, lymph nodes and vessels,
white blood cells, T- and B- cells.
SIRKULASI LIMFATIK
• cairan & protein yg berlebihan yg disaring
  melalui kapiler sistemikyang berada di
  ruang interstitial akan di angkut oleh
  pembuluh limfe dalam bentuk cairan
  limfe(cairan limfe)
• Untuk kemudian dikembalikan ke sirkulasi
  sistemik melalui pembuluh2 pengumpul yg
  letaknya dekat dengan vena yg
  bersangkutan
Pembuluh limfe
• Membawa cairan limfe melalui ductus
  thoracicus dan ductus lymphaticus dexter
  ke dalam sistem vena subclavia (sirkulasi
  limfe)
• Limfe : cairan jaringan yang mengandung
  faktor pembekuan darah, protein, lemak
  dan limfosit.
SISTEM LIMFOID
Limfosit terdapat di seluruh tubuh, dan
cenderung terpusat dalam jaringan limfoid
Yang termasuk Jaringan limfoid : kelenjar
limfe, limpa, timus, jaringan limfoid yg
berhubungan dengan permukaan mukosa,
& sumsum tulang
Kelenjar limfe
Paling banyak
Merupakan nodul nodul jaringan limfoid yg
diselubungi kapsul dan terdapat pada tiap
bagian tubuh
Limpa
Massa besar yg tdd limfosit & makrofag yg
dirangkai dalam aliran darah
Sinusoidnya dipenuhi oleh darah dan
diantaranya terdapat nodulus jaringan
limfoid
Timus
• Jaringan limfoid yg
  terletak dalam
  rongga dada
  anterior & bagian
  atas jantung dan
  pembuluh2 darah
  besar
Edema
• Akumulasi cairan di bagian interstisial,
  yang menyebabkan pembengkakan
  jaringan
• Penyebabnya adalah:
• hal hal yang menyebabkan keluarnya
  cairan dari pembuluh darah:
1. Peningkatan tekanan darah, permeabilitas
  kapiler
2. Katup vena yang inkompeten, penyumbatan
  pembuluh darah
3. hypoproteinemia, protein plasma berkurang shg
Edema
• Kegagalan cairan
  interstitital diangkut
  oleh pembuluh limfe,
  akibat
• Penyumbatan
  (pengangkatan)
  pembuluh limfe e.g
  elephantiasis, post
  mastektomi ec Ca
  mammae
Defence Mechanisms



   non-specific ; inflamasi
   specific
Inflammation



The body’s response to
        injury
Inflammation
         Signs and Symptoms


Anatomical:
 Redness, swelling, heat, pain, poor
 function.
Histological:
 Leukocytes accumulate in inflamed
 tissues.
Inflammation
       Degrees of severity

Acute:
 Short duration (hours, days)
 Possible neutrophil influx
Chronic:
 Long duration (weeks, months)
 Immune system recruited
 (lymphocytes)
Inflammation
        Underlying Mechanisms

Blood vessels:  changes in diameter
  and               permeability.
Leukocytes: chemotactic emigration.

Both regulated by the production and
  release of inflammatory mediators.
Inflammation
       Inflammatory Mediators


   Derived from plasma proteins:
    • e.g. products released during
      clotting.
   Derived from cells:
    • e.g. histamine, cytokines.


      Only released/act locally.
     (hormonal-like specificity)
Inflammatory
  Response               Tissue             Pathogen
                         damage

                        Chemical
                        mediators
     Increased           released       Chemotaxis
      vascular
    permeability

                                    Increased numbers of
    Fibrin mesh                       white blood cells
 isolates injury site                    at injury site

                Pathogens contained
                    & destroyed
Chemical defences

1. Complement
• group of about 20 serum proteins
• when combined with foreign substances a
  “complement cascade” is activated
• complement proteins rupture bacterial membranes

2. Interferon
• stimulate body cells to resist viral infection
• inhibits viral replication
The Immune System

•Specific: via receptor ligand interactions
• Acquired: via “education” of
lymphocytes Memory: via survival of
lymphocytes
•Systemic: via emigration of
lymphocytes.
The Immune System

Specificity is driven by receptor-ligand type
interactions.

Two main pathways:
1. Humoral pathway (involves B lymphocytes).
2. Cell mediated pathway (uses T lymphocytes)
Humoral Pathway
ANTIBODIES: proteins secreted
by activated B lymphocytes, that
bind to antigens
(immunoglobulins).

ANTIGENS: any chemical which
elicits an immune response
(usually foreign).
B-lymphocytes

Produce antibodies against foreign proteins


5 main classes
1. IgG - most abundant
2. IgM - first circulating Ig released
3. IgE - involved in inflammatory responses
4. IgA - body secretions
5. IgD - surface receptor
Antigenic Determinants

  Different
  antigenic
determinants

    Antigen
Humoral Response
Humoral Response

Consequences of immune complex
formation.

1. Neutralisation of toxic antigens.
2. Activation of leukocytes.
3. Formation of inflammatory mediators.
4. Destruction of bacteria.
Cell Mediated Response

Antigen-receptor interactions occur on the
cell surface.
Two types of interaction:
   Antigen presenting cells (APC) and Helper T
    cells.
   Cytotoxic T cells and abnormal cells.
Cell Mediated Response

             APC
Antigen                                Helper T cell
 MHCII

                 MHCII-antigen    T-cell
                 complex          receptor
                           Cytokines
                           Released
   MHC = Major-Histocompatibility-Complex molecule.
Cell Mediated Response

        Infected Cell              Cytotoxic
Virus                              T cell
 MHCI

              MHCI-antigen     T-cell
              complex          receptor
                        Infected cell
                        Killed
Cytotoxic T-cell Response
                             Cell lysis
                             initiated
Virus infected cell




                      Time
  Killer T cell
“Education” by Clonal Selection

                              ATTACK




               Memory cells
Reaksi Alergi
= Hipersensitivitas merupakan
keadaan cedera tubuh akibat
interaksi antara antigen dan antibodi
Reaksi Alergi ada 4 tipe yaitu :
1. Reaksi tipe I (anafilaktik),
diperantarai oleh antibodi IgE yang
terikat pada permukaan sel mast.
2. Reaksi tipe II (Sitotoksik),
diperantarai oleh antibodi IgG atau
IgM yg bereaksi dengan antigen
pada permukaan sel target
– ADCC (antibody dependent, cell-
 mediated cytotoxic)
3. Reaksi tipe III (Kompleks imun),
diperantarai melalui pembentukan
kompleks-kompleks antigen antibodi,
sebagian besar dengan antibodi Ig G
Reaksi tipe IV (diperantarai sel),
diperantarai oleh limfosit T yg
mengalami sensitisasi
 dematitis kontak alergi
SINDROM IMUNODEFISIENSI
Keadaan dimana jaringan limfoid
tidak dapat bereaksi secara normal
thd berbagai antigen
Primer (genetik), cth:
agammaglobulinemia terkait-X
(defisiensi sel B),
Sekunder, cth: keganasan, AIDS
AIDS
Bentuk spektrum imunologis & klinis yg
paling ekstrim dari infeksi HIV
HIV ditransmisikan melalui kontak
seksual, darah atau produk darah yg
terinfeksi, & cairan tubuh tertentu, serta
melalui perinatal
HIV menginfeksi sel molekul CD4 (limfosit
T4), monosit, makrofag, dendrit,
Langerhans dan mikroglia
Setelah virus memasuki sel RNA nya
ditranskripsi menjadi DNA. DNA yg baru
saling bergabung masuk sel target dan
membtk provirus. Provirus ini
menghasilkan protein virus baru yg
merupakan pabrik bagi virus yg baru.
Sel target normal akan membelah dan
memperbanyak diri, pd keadaan ini
provirus menyebarkan anak-anaknya
TERIMA KASIH

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Sistem limfatik farmasi

  • 2. Lymphatic/Immune System: Major Role: The main role of the immune system is to destroy and remove invading microbes and viruses from the body. The lymphatic system also removes fat and excess fluids from the blood. Major Organs: Lymph, lymph nodes and vessels, white blood cells, T- and B- cells.
  • 3. SIRKULASI LIMFATIK • cairan & protein yg berlebihan yg disaring melalui kapiler sistemikyang berada di ruang interstitial akan di angkut oleh pembuluh limfe dalam bentuk cairan limfe(cairan limfe) • Untuk kemudian dikembalikan ke sirkulasi sistemik melalui pembuluh2 pengumpul yg letaknya dekat dengan vena yg bersangkutan
  • 4. Pembuluh limfe • Membawa cairan limfe melalui ductus thoracicus dan ductus lymphaticus dexter ke dalam sistem vena subclavia (sirkulasi limfe) • Limfe : cairan jaringan yang mengandung faktor pembekuan darah, protein, lemak dan limfosit.
  • 5. SISTEM LIMFOID Limfosit terdapat di seluruh tubuh, dan cenderung terpusat dalam jaringan limfoid Yang termasuk Jaringan limfoid : kelenjar limfe, limpa, timus, jaringan limfoid yg berhubungan dengan permukaan mukosa, & sumsum tulang
  • 6. Kelenjar limfe Paling banyak Merupakan nodul nodul jaringan limfoid yg diselubungi kapsul dan terdapat pada tiap bagian tubuh
  • 7. Limpa Massa besar yg tdd limfosit & makrofag yg dirangkai dalam aliran darah Sinusoidnya dipenuhi oleh darah dan diantaranya terdapat nodulus jaringan limfoid
  • 8. Timus • Jaringan limfoid yg terletak dalam rongga dada anterior & bagian atas jantung dan pembuluh2 darah besar
  • 9. Edema • Akumulasi cairan di bagian interstisial, yang menyebabkan pembengkakan jaringan • Penyebabnya adalah: • hal hal yang menyebabkan keluarnya cairan dari pembuluh darah: 1. Peningkatan tekanan darah, permeabilitas kapiler 2. Katup vena yang inkompeten, penyumbatan pembuluh darah 3. hypoproteinemia, protein plasma berkurang shg
  • 10. Edema • Kegagalan cairan interstitital diangkut oleh pembuluh limfe, akibat • Penyumbatan (pengangkatan) pembuluh limfe e.g elephantiasis, post mastektomi ec Ca mammae
  • 11. Defence Mechanisms  non-specific ; inflamasi  specific
  • 13. Inflammation Signs and Symptoms Anatomical: Redness, swelling, heat, pain, poor function. Histological: Leukocytes accumulate in inflamed tissues.
  • 14. Inflammation Degrees of severity Acute: Short duration (hours, days) Possible neutrophil influx Chronic: Long duration (weeks, months) Immune system recruited (lymphocytes)
  • 15. Inflammation Underlying Mechanisms Blood vessels: changes in diameter and permeability. Leukocytes: chemotactic emigration. Both regulated by the production and release of inflammatory mediators.
  • 16. Inflammation Inflammatory Mediators  Derived from plasma proteins: • e.g. products released during clotting.  Derived from cells: • e.g. histamine, cytokines. Only released/act locally. (hormonal-like specificity)
  • 17. Inflammatory Response Tissue Pathogen damage Chemical mediators Increased released Chemotaxis vascular permeability Increased numbers of Fibrin mesh white blood cells isolates injury site at injury site Pathogens contained & destroyed
  • 18. Chemical defences 1. Complement • group of about 20 serum proteins • when combined with foreign substances a “complement cascade” is activated • complement proteins rupture bacterial membranes 2. Interferon • stimulate body cells to resist viral infection • inhibits viral replication
  • 19. The Immune System •Specific: via receptor ligand interactions • Acquired: via “education” of lymphocytes Memory: via survival of lymphocytes •Systemic: via emigration of lymphocytes.
  • 20. The Immune System Specificity is driven by receptor-ligand type interactions. Two main pathways: 1. Humoral pathway (involves B lymphocytes). 2. Cell mediated pathway (uses T lymphocytes)
  • 21. Humoral Pathway ANTIBODIES: proteins secreted by activated B lymphocytes, that bind to antigens (immunoglobulins). ANTIGENS: any chemical which elicits an immune response (usually foreign).
  • 22. B-lymphocytes Produce antibodies against foreign proteins 5 main classes 1. IgG - most abundant 2. IgM - first circulating Ig released 3. IgE - involved in inflammatory responses 4. IgA - body secretions 5. IgD - surface receptor
  • 23. Antigenic Determinants Different antigenic determinants Antigen
  • 25. Humoral Response Consequences of immune complex formation. 1. Neutralisation of toxic antigens. 2. Activation of leukocytes. 3. Formation of inflammatory mediators. 4. Destruction of bacteria.
  • 26. Cell Mediated Response Antigen-receptor interactions occur on the cell surface. Two types of interaction:  Antigen presenting cells (APC) and Helper T cells.  Cytotoxic T cells and abnormal cells.
  • 27. Cell Mediated Response APC Antigen Helper T cell MHCII MHCII-antigen T-cell complex receptor Cytokines Released MHC = Major-Histocompatibility-Complex molecule.
  • 28. Cell Mediated Response Infected Cell Cytotoxic Virus T cell MHCI MHCI-antigen T-cell complex receptor Infected cell Killed
  • 29. Cytotoxic T-cell Response Cell lysis initiated Virus infected cell Time Killer T cell
  • 30. “Education” by Clonal Selection ATTACK Memory cells
  • 31. Reaksi Alergi = Hipersensitivitas merupakan keadaan cedera tubuh akibat interaksi antara antigen dan antibodi Reaksi Alergi ada 4 tipe yaitu : 1. Reaksi tipe I (anafilaktik), diperantarai oleh antibodi IgE yang terikat pada permukaan sel mast.
  • 32. 2. Reaksi tipe II (Sitotoksik), diperantarai oleh antibodi IgG atau IgM yg bereaksi dengan antigen pada permukaan sel target – ADCC (antibody dependent, cell- mediated cytotoxic)
  • 33. 3. Reaksi tipe III (Kompleks imun), diperantarai melalui pembentukan kompleks-kompleks antigen antibodi, sebagian besar dengan antibodi Ig G Reaksi tipe IV (diperantarai sel), diperantarai oleh limfosit T yg mengalami sensitisasi  dematitis kontak alergi
  • 34. SINDROM IMUNODEFISIENSI Keadaan dimana jaringan limfoid tidak dapat bereaksi secara normal thd berbagai antigen Primer (genetik), cth: agammaglobulinemia terkait-X (defisiensi sel B), Sekunder, cth: keganasan, AIDS
  • 35. AIDS Bentuk spektrum imunologis & klinis yg paling ekstrim dari infeksi HIV HIV ditransmisikan melalui kontak seksual, darah atau produk darah yg terinfeksi, & cairan tubuh tertentu, serta melalui perinatal HIV menginfeksi sel molekul CD4 (limfosit T4), monosit, makrofag, dendrit, Langerhans dan mikroglia
  • 36. Setelah virus memasuki sel RNA nya ditranskripsi menjadi DNA. DNA yg baru saling bergabung masuk sel target dan membtk provirus. Provirus ini menghasilkan protein virus baru yg merupakan pabrik bagi virus yg baru. Sel target normal akan membelah dan memperbanyak diri, pd keadaan ini provirus menyebarkan anak-anaknya