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chap01.ppt
1. Process of Hazard Identification
and Correction
A PowerPoint Presentation keyed to Chapter 1 of
Materials for Teaching Agricultural Safety
in the College Classroom
by Carol J. Lehtola, PhD, and Charles M. Brown
Book and more presentations in this series are available on the National Ag Safety
Database, www.nasdonline.org
2. Objectives
• Define hazard
• Understand how to identify a hazard
• Identify four items necessary for an
effective safety checklist
• Understand the safety hierarchy
• Develop a Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
Process of Hazard Identification and Correction Slide 1.1
3. Purpose of the Class
...so no one will have to say at their
workplace that they didn’t know it
was dangerous for workers to
____________.
Process of Hazard Identification and Correction Slide 1.2
4. Hazard
...condition or changing set of
circumstances that presents a potential
for injury, illness, or property damage.
The potential or inherent characteristics
of an activity, condition, or
circumstance which can produce
adverse and harmful consequence.
Process of Hazard Identification and Correction Slide 1.3
5. Hazard Identification
• ...to control unwanted damage to
people, property, and the
environment
• Think “potential” harm to worker,
machine/equipment/products, and
environment
• Goal is to identify hazards as
precisely as possible.
Process of Hazard Identification and Correction Slide 1.4
6. Where to Go to Begin Hazard ID
• Injury records and investigations of
near-misses
• New jobs, processes, or products
• Seasonal tasks
• Trends in other similar businesses
• Compliance requirements (OSHA or
insurance company)
Process of Hazard Identification and Correction Slide 1.5
7. From Hazard ID to Action Plan
• Hazard identification
• Corrective measures
• Who is responsible
• Target date
Process of Hazard Identification and Correction Slide 1.6
9. Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
A written procedure that identifies
hazards or potential hazards
associated with each step of a job
and develops solutions that will
eliminate or guard against the
hazards.
Process of Hazard Identification and Correction Slide 1.8
10. Basic Steps of the JSA
• Select the job
• Break down the job into steps
• Identify potential hazards
• Develop solutions and
recommended actions
Process of Hazard Identification and Correction Slide 1.9
11. Job Safety Analysis Example:
Hitching Tractor and Wagon
Process of Hazard Identification and Correction Slide 1.10
Job Safety Analysis Type of job: Helping to hitch an implement (e.g., wagon, machine) to a tractor
Date:
Personal Protective
Equipment to Be Worn:
Work boots with steel toe shanks, gloves
Basic Job Steps Potential Hazards Recommended Action or Procedure
Check the position of the
implement wheels
Implement could roll when tongue is picked
up, causing a crushing injury
Check the wheel of the implement are blocked
Check the position of the
implement tongue
Straining the back if the tongue is heavy Use blocks to keep tongue at hitching height, squat down, and
use leg muscles to lift rather than bending over an lifting with
your back; use implement’s jack stand, if it has one; use
temporary jack if tongue is heavy and implement doesn’t have a
jack stand
Tractor driver backs to
within inches of implement
tongue
Crushed between tractor and implement if
tractor operator miscalculates while
backing; runover by rear tractor tire
Stand outside of tractor and implement until tractor driver stops
tractor; use hand signals
Helper aligns implement
tongue and pinhole with
tractor and pinhole
Crushing injury to the hands or body Keep hands in back of drawbar connection point; wear leather
gloves; tractor operator backs with low gear and low engine
speed
Insert drawbar pin; insert
safety pin or attach safety
chains
Helper can be run over by tractor
implement; suffer crushing injury to the
feet if the implement tongue slips off of the
tractor drawbar
Operator puts tractor in park or sets brakes before helper drops
in the hitch pin; helper steps from between tractor and
implement before tractor operator moves tractor; helper wears
steel-toe work boots
12. Active vs. Passive
• Passive provides automatic
protection (airbags, GFI)
• Active requires participation by
the person (seatbelt)
• Passive + Active (ROPS + seatbelt)
Process of Hazard Identification and Correction Slide 1.11
13. Risk Assessment
• Identify frequency
• Identify severity
Process of Hazard Identification and Correction Slide 1.12
14. Safety Hierarchy
• Eliminate hazard or risk during
design
• Apply safeguarding technology
• Use warning signs
• Train and instruct
• Prescribe personal protective
equipment (PPE)
Process of Hazard Identification and Correction Slide 1.13
15. Correction Strategy Examples
• Eliminate the source
• Substitute a less hazardous
equivalent
• Remove person from hazard (robots,
automation)
• Isolate the hazard (barricades)
• Dilute the hazard (ventilation)
Process of Hazard Identification and Correction Slide 1.14
16. Resources
• AEM link for making your own
signs
http://digital.aem.org/safetymanuals/
• Farm/Agricultural/Rural
Management Hazard Analysis Tool
(HAT)
http://www.agsafety.psu.edu/farmhat/
Process of Hazard Identification and Correction Slide 1.15
17. Examples of Hazards
Identify the hazards in the following
series of slides.
Process of Hazard Identification and Correction Slide 1.16
Notes de l'éditeur
In this class, we will show what happens when things “go wrong” and how to prevent such incidents from occurring. A manager has no excuse for not realizing the hazards in their particular workplace. For example, in a company that had grain bins, a worker was killed in a bin when the grain was flowing. The company managers said that they did not realize that flowing grain posed a hazard. With all the OSHA information readily available, it is pretty easy to find the hazards associated with grain.
In this class, we will show what happens when things “go wrong” and how to prevent such incidents from occurring. A manager has no excuse for not realizing the hazards in their particular workplace. For example, in a company that had grain bins, a worker was killed in a bin when the grain was flowing. The company managers said that they did not realize that flowing grain posed a hazard. With all the OSHA information readily available, it is pretty easy to find the hazards associated with grain.
Definition of hazard from the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE)
This slide explains the purpose and the need for hazard identification.
During the process of identifying hazards, we need to remember to think in terms of something being of “potential” harm to workers, machine/equipment/products, and/or the environment.
The goal of hazard identification is to identify hazards as precisely as possible.
Four items essential for a safety checklist to become an effective action plan:
– Identify the hazard
– Identify the corrective measure
– Identify someone who is responsible for seeing that it gets done (whether doing it themselves or assigning someone else to do it)
– Identify a target date. (For example, if there was not an April 15 deadline, no one would get their taxes done!).
There can be other things on a checklist, including estimated cost, where to obtain the materials to fix the problem, etc., but the four things noted are absolutely necessary and much more effective than a mere yes-or-no type of checklist.
The In My Back Yard (IMBY) checklist is an example of a checklist that will become an action plan. This checklist is part of the IMBY program (which includes lesson plans) which can be found in the National Ag Safety Database (http://nasdonline.org/31/d001598/quot-imby-quot-toolkit.html).
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
Definition: a written procedure that identifies hazards or potential hazards associated with each step of a job and develops solutions that will eliminate or guard against the hazards.
A JSA improves job procedures and helps managers and employees understand jobs/tasks better. By having a JSA in writing, everyone is provided with the same information.
Four Basic Steps of the JSA:
1. Select the job
A job: a sequence of separate steps or activities that together accomplish a goal
A job step: a single and separate activity that clearly advances a work assignment and is a logical portion of that assignment
Job steps can’t be too broadly defined (farming, building a facility, mining iron ore) nor too narrowly defined (flipping a light switch, pushing a button, tightening a screw): 4–6 steps is ideal; 7–9 is workable; 10–12 begins stretching the process.
2. Break down the job
Each step should accomplish some major task.
Each step tells “what is done,” not “how it is done.”
Watch an experienced worker perform the job (consider videotaping); repeat as often as necessary.
Number each successive step.
Begin each step with an action word.
Break job into all steps before considering hazards or solutions.
3. Identify potential hazards
Include both obvious and potential hazards.
List both how the injury could occur and what the injury might be.
Examine each step to find and identify hazards actions or conditions that could lead to injury. (Ask yourself the question, “How can a person possibly get hurt by doing this step or this job”?)
Hazard inspection forms are good reminders of possible hazards Critical: be sure to include hazards that have negligible consequences as well as those that have a low probability of occurring.
4. Develop solutions and recommended actions
For each step decide what is necessary to eliminate, control or minimize hazards.
Be specific. Say exactly what needs to be done. Avoid general statements like “be careful.”
Give a recommended action for each hazard. Repeat as often as necessary.
Include PPE for each step.
Solutions/recommendations may include finding a new way to do the job or changing the physical conditions.
Solution examples
– A multi-use tool
– Hazard identification
– Training and education
– Injury investigations
– Work observation
Passive strategies that provide automatic protection against injury are more effective than active strategies that require participation by those being protected.
Examples:
Passive: Airbags
GFCI and fuses
Safety start switches
Automatic sprinkler systems
Active: Seatbelts
Manually operated shut-off switches
Passive + Active: ROPS and seatbelt (passive + active)
When determining a priority process for hazard corrections, one must consider frequency and severity. Is it something that does not have a high level of severity but occurs frequently and may account for a large amount of “lost work hours”? Or is it something that may occur only once but if it does, someone is going to be killed? There is really no one single “good” answer for determining priority levels of where to start making corrections. Sometimes, starting with the easiest and least expensive may get people motivated to work through their to-do list and on to tackling the more difficult and more expensive fixes.
The best place to eliminate a hazard is during the design phase. When designing a product or process, potential hazards need to be identified. Are there ways they can be designed out? At this point, one also needs to consider the potential risks for how the product (or process) can be misused. The product or process, however, must still be able to perform the function for which it is designed. The intake area of a harvesting machine, for example, still has to be able to pull in the crop.
If the hazard cannot be eliminated, then safeguarding technology is applied. This can be the installation of guards and shields to cover hazardous areas. Ideally, guards should be an integral part of the equipment — that is, the equipment cannot operate if the guards are not in place. Past philosophies have been that if these are made very difficult to take off, then they won’t be taken off. However, if maintenance or repair has to be done and they are removed, they are more likely to be kept off rather than put back on.
If guarding cannot be applied (example: intake area of combine), then, warning signs are applied. These are used to show people the potential dangers of that particular area. However, warning signs have downsides: (1) they are overused so people tend not to see them anymore and (2) the lack of a sign implies that that particular area poses no danger.
Training and instruction of how to use the equipment or process safely is the next step in the hierarchy.
The Association of Equipment Manufacturers (AEM) has developed a free online database of pictorial graphics that can be used to customize safety posters.
The Farm/Agricultural/Rural Management Hazard Analysis Tool (HAT) includes forms and pictures for actually scoring and ranking agriculturally related hazards.
Use this section of the PowerPoint presentation to show slides of various hazards. Include both obvious and more subtle hazards, and guide the students to identify and understand the hazard.
Possible hazards to present:
Trip hazard
Pedestrians or bicyclists can easily trip... and fall into traffic
No railing on staircase
Damaged steps as well as no railing
Open, as well as improperly installed, electrical box
A trip hazard and can damage the electrical cord
Uneven surface — slip, trip, and fall hazard
Electrical cord mess — electrical and fire hazards
Trip over cord or damage cord
Anyone can take off in the golf cart, and it is parked in a no parking zone.
Spills on floor can lead to slips and falls.
Flammable items by a cabinet that the sign says to keep flammables away from.
Bicyclist and traffic
Road hazard — can lead to a bicyclist “wiping out” or someone tripping and falling
Canister blocking fire escape door
Trash as well as blocking access to the door
Improper lamp shade — can overheat and catch on fire
Improper storage of canisters
