The presentation is prepared accordance to the syllabus of Basic BSc nursing given by INC. For the better knowledge please refer the books given in the references section of ppt.

1. INTELLIGENCE
Mr. Sushil Sudarshan Humane
MSN, RN

2. Meaning
• Intelligence is the individuals
ability to solve the problems
during living.
• The word intelligence came from
Latin word ‘Intelligere’ i.e. ‘to
understand’.
• Intelligence is individual specific
and can vary with the individual.

3. Definition
• Thorndike: intelligence is the ability to
give response that are true
• Piaget: intelligence is a biological
adaptation consisting of process of
assimilation and accommodation.
• Wechsler: intelligence is the aggregate or
global capacity of the individual to think
rationally, to act purposefully and to deal
effectively with the environment.

4. Nature of
intelligence
• It is an innate mental ability which grows and is
influenced by the environment
• It shows the capacity to adopt to new or changed
situations quickly and correctly.
• It is the ability to carry on higher mental processes
such as reasoning, criticism, rational and
judgement
• It shows the capacity to observe the relationship
and absurdities.
• It implies the capacity to learn and solve difficult
tasks and problems.

5. Types of intelligence
According to Sternberg’s Triarchic theory
of human intelligence(1995), it is of three
types
1. analytical intelligence
2. Creative intelligence
3. Practical intelligence

6. Types of intelligence
Analytical intelligence
• It is academic problem solving
skills
• It based on combined operation
of execution, performance and
knowledge.

7. Types of intelligence
Creative intelligence
• It involves insight, synthesis
and the ability to react to
novel situations and stimuli.
• Thinking creatively and
effectively to adjust to new
environment to solve the
problem.

8. Types of intelligence
Practical intelligence
• It operates in real world
• Help to adopt and shape the
environment
• Influenced by mental skill, attitude and
emotional factors

9. Other types of
intelligence
Gardner in 1983 propose eight type of
intelligence
• Linguistic intelligence
• Logical-mathematical intelligence
• Spatial intelligence
• Musical intelligence
• Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
• Intrapersonal intelligence
• Interpersonal intelligence
• Naturalistic intelligence

10. Theories of intelligence
There are two main theories of intelligence
1. factors theories of intelligence
• Spearman’s two factor theory or G factor
theory
• Multiple factor theories of intelligence
• 2. Process oriented theories of intelligence.
•

11. Spearman’s two factor theory or G factor
theory
• Two factor theory was developed by Charles Spearman( father of factor analysis) in
1927
• Intellectual abilities were comprised of two factors
• G: general ability or common ability which is universal. Greater G in an individual
leads to greater success in life.
• S: other group of specific ability acquired from the environment. It varies with the
task in an individual. The abilities can be indicated by S1, S2, S3 etc.
• Total intelligence of the person is the sum of general factor and specific abilities(A=
G+S1+S2+S3+….)

12. Multifactorial theories
• L. L. Thurstone (1936) found that the general intelligence can be broken down
into primary abilities.
• Thurstone state that there are 7 different primary abilities in an individual.
• Thurstone, assembled a battery of tests to measure abilities known as primary
mental ability (PMA) test.

13. Thurstone’s seven abilities
Abilities Description
Verbal comprehension Ability to grasp meaning of words
Word fluency Speed in used of words
Number Perform calculations accurately
Spatial ability Ability to perceive distance and recognize shapes
Memory Recall a list of words, numbers and other material
Perceptual spud Grasp of visual details
Reasoning Ability to logical thinking

14. Multifactorial theories
J. P. Guilford (1967)
• Expanded the concept of multiple components in intelligence
• It is an alternative to spearman two factor theory and reject the notion of a
general intelligence factor.
• He describe the 3 basic categories of mental abilities.
• Operations (acts of thinking)
• Content (terms of word, symbols, etc.)
• Product (the ideas we develop, along these categories)

15. Process oriented theory
• The process oriented theory focus on the process rather than the
component parts of the intelligence
• The theory is more concern regarding the cognitive process( pattern of
thinking people used when they reason and solve problem) and problems
solving skill.
• Process oriented theories given by jean Piaget and Brunner

16. Stage theory of cognitive development
Jean Piaget (1970)
• Swiss psychologist propose four main stages
of intellectual development each of which
developed on previous one.
• Piaget’s view, involves an interplay of
biological maturation and interaction with
environment.
• he viewed intellectual development as an
evolution of cognitive process.
• He focuses on Schemas, Assimilation and
Accommodation

17. Stage of development of thinking
Age Development stages Description
0-2 yrs. Sensorimotor stage
incorporation with reflex pattern, understanding the
environmental means and relationships, object consistency.
2-7 yrs. Preoperational stage
Unsystematic reasoning, internal representation and languages
development egocentrism, animism and faulty reasoning about
cause and effect relationship.
7-12 yrs. Concrete operational Systematic reasoning, logical and reversible but limited
12 yrs.
Onwards
Formal operational stage
Logic, reasoning from hypothetical proposition evaluating
hypothesis, reality present.

18. Brunner’s theory of concept formation
• Jerome Brunner(1973) contrary to Piaget’s
biological approach theory.
• He believe that intellectual development does
not follow any set patterns of stages but it is
influenced by the environmental factors such
as rewards and punishment for the particular
intellectual skills
• The usual course of intellectual development
moves through three stages, enactive, ionic,
and symbolic
• This stages are not necessarily age related
adult also use all these stages in acquiring
knowledge.

19. Assessment of intelligence
• Assessment of intelligence is
done by the various scales,
processes and purposes. Some
of the test are given below:
• Standford-Binet intelligence
scale
• Wechsler’s test
• Uzgiris Hunt test
• Bhatia’s Battery test

20. Stanford-Binet scale
• In 1905, Alfred Binet introduced the concept of the mental age(MA).
• He also introduced the concept of Intellectual Quotient (IQ)
• 𝐼Q =
𝑀𝐴 ×100
𝐶𝐴
where MA-Mental Age, CA-Chronological Age
• The test is developed by Binet and Simon to identify the mentally retarded
children.
• The test gives increasingly difficult question for each age group.

21. Wechsler adult intelligence test
• WAIS is most widely used intelligence test in clinical practice today.
• It is designed by David Wechsler in 1939.
• Latest version of test is WAIS-III, designed for persons 16-89 yrs. of age.
• It contains 11 subtests made up of six verbal subtests and five performance
subtests, which yield verbal IQ.

22. Factors Influencing
Intelligence
• There is broad classification of factors that influence the
intelligence
• Biological factors
• Environmental factors
• Ethical factors

23. Factors Influencing
Intelligence
Biological factors
• IQ is a product of interaction between
multiple genes
• The amount of grey matter present in
brain
• Biological uplift
• Gender: equivalent in most of the
aspects.

24. Factors Influencing
Intelligence
Environmental factors:
• Family:
• family environment
• Adopted child have more similar IQ than Stanger
• Twins and full siblings also carry similar IQ suggested by
Studies
• Nature vs nurture: nature has more impact on IQ than nurture
• Culture: it also play role in intelligence.
• Poverty: more years children spend in poverty, the lower their
IQs tend to be.

25. Factors Influencing
Intelligence
Ethical issues:
• Transhumanist theory: possibilities and consequences of
developing the techniques to enhance the human abilities
and aptitude
• Eugenics: improving the genetic code of human to improve
the intelligence.
• Neuroethics: deals with the enhancing the abilities of the
brain

26. Importance of
studying intelligence
in nursing
• Knowledge about intelligence and its
measurement is useful in understanding
the nurse herself/himself, colleagues and
patient
• Nurse’s guidance to the patient would be
according to the patient’s intellectual level
• Knowledge about intelligence helps the
nurse in diagnosing the mental subnormal
or very superior intelligent patient
• It helps in maintaining empathy but avoid
emotional attachment.

27. Importance of studying
intelligence in nursing
• With a higher level of emotional intelligence, nurses are
better able to adapt and understand the needs of their
patients.
• They can also better cope with stress emotionally and
improve their social skills.
• Knowledge about abnormalities in new born and
development of their intelligence helps the nurse in
providing suitable care.
• In disease related to psychiatric disorders, epilepsy,
assessment of intelligence is of great importance in their
management.

28. References
• Anthikad, J. (2014). Psychology for graduate
nurses: (general and educational psychology)
(5th ). Jaypee Brothers.
• Anand, N. K., & Goel, S. (2009). Psychology for
nurses. A.I.T.B.S. Publishers.
• Shreevani, R. (2016). Psychology for nurses.
Jaypee Brothers.
• Basawanthappa, B. T. (2010). Psychology for
nurses. Jaypee Brothers.