Cloud Native: Designing Change-tolerant Software
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Delivered at Interop ITX 2017: http://info.interop.com/itx/2017/scheduler/session/cloud-native-designing-change-tolerant-software Cloud-native applications are characterized by highly distributed topologies consisting of many relatively small components (yup, usually called microservices). But the thing that sets them apart from the previous generation of apps is that they are expected to function flawlessly even while the environment they are running in is constantly changing, or even failing. All of this requires applying a new set of design patterns and practices and this session will introduce the key ones. The Twelve Factor App (12factor.net) is a high-level articulation of some of these techniques that you may well have heard of, but its descriptions are relatively dense and the industry knowledge has evolved a fair bit since its publication. Cornelia Davis will go through the best practices for cloud-native applications and clear some of the mystery that shrouds 12-factor today. At the conclusion, attendees will understand what is needed for cloud-native applications, as well as why and how to deliver on those requirements.
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Cloud Native: Designing Change-tolerant Software
- 1. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE DESIGNING CHANGE-TOLERANT SOFTWARE Cornelia Davis, Sr. Director of Technology, Pivotal
- 2. @cdavisafc TEXT A Seattle book store deploys code, on average, every second
- 3. @cdavisafc TEXT A Seattle technology company hosts applications for thousands of major corporations
- 4. @cdavisafc TEXT Major Outage on 20 September 2015 Airbnb, Nest, IMDB and many more experienced downtime … Including Netflix Outage lasted 5+ hours “brief availability blip” experienced a
- 5. @cdavisafc TEXT ME? Developer (wasn’t Ops) Web architectures for >10 years Cloud-native for 5 years Cloud Foundry for 5 years More recently Discount code 39% off!: ctwintitx
- 7. It is not that simple
- 8. Mental Model
- 9. @cdavisafc ▸ Cloud-Native App (yup, the microservices) APP APP APP APP APP
- 10. @cdavisafc ▸ Cloud-Native App (yup, the microservices) APP APP APP APP APP
- 11. @cdavisafc ▸ Cloud-Native App (yup, the microservices) ▸ Cloud-Native Services APP APP APP APP APP
- 12. @cdavisafc ▸ Cloud-Native App (yup, the microservices) ▸ Cloud-Native Services (yup, some are apps) SERVICE APP SERVICE APP SERVICE APP SERVICE APP APP
- 13. @cdavisafc ▸ Cloud-Native App (yup, the microservices) ▸ Cloud-Native Services (yup, some are apps … and other are other types of services) SERVICE APP SERVICE APP SERVICE APP SERVICE APP DATA DATA DATA APP
- 14. @cdavisafc ▸ Cloud-Native App (yup, the microservices) ▸ Cloud-Native Services (yup, some are apps … and other are other types of services) ▸ Cloud-Native Data (a distributed data fabric) SERVICE APP SERVICE APP SERVICE APP SERVICE APP DATA DATA DATA ? APP
- 15. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE SOFTWARE ▸ Cloud-Native App (yup, the microservices) ▸ Cloud-Native Services (yup, some are apps … and other are other types of services) ▸ Cloud-Native Data (a distributed data fabric) ▸ The Cloud-Native Collective (implicit and explicit connections) APP SERVICE APP SERVICE APP SERVICE APP SERVICE APP DATA DATA DATA ?
- 16. @cdavisafc AGENDA (THE REST OF IT) ▸ Cloud-Native App ▸ Cloud-Native Services ▸ Cloud-Native Data The Cloud-Native Collective
- 17. CLOUD-NATIVE APP
- 18. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE APP SCALE HORIZONTALLY APP APP APP APP APP
- 19. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP SCALE HORIZONTALLY APP APP APP APP APP
- 20. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE APP APPAPP APPAPPAPPAPPAPP APPAPPAPPAPPAPP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP SCALE HORIZONTALLY APP APP APP APP APP
- 21. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE APP APPAPP APPAPPAPPAPPAPP APPAPPAPPAPPAPP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP APP SCALE HORIZONTALLY ▸ Need an abstraction to treat set of instances as one logical unit ▸ Load Balancing - DNS? Something else? ▸ Dynamic!!! ▸ IP Addresses of instances always changing APP APP APP APP APP ROUTER ROUTER
- 23. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE APP STATELESSNESS ROUTER APP (INSTANCE 1) ValidTokens: [UserToken] /login token=UserToken token=UserToken APP (INSTANCE 2) ValidTokens: []
- 24. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE APP STATELESSNESS ROUTER APP (INSTANCE 1) ValidTokens: [UserToken] /login token=UserToken token=UserToken APP (INSTANCE 2) Unauthorized ValidTokens: [] token=UserToken
- 25. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE APP STATELESSNESS ▸ Do NOT use sticky sessions! ▸ Eventually (and sooner than you think!) the instance you are sticky to will disappear ▸ Do make your instances completely stateless ROUTER APP (INSTANCE 1) ValidTokens: [UserToken] /login token=UserToken token=UserToken APP (INSTANCE 2) Unauthorized ValidTokens: [] token=UserToken
- 26. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE APP STATELESSNESS ▸ Do NOT use sticky sessions! ▸ Eventually (and sooner than you think!) the instance you are sticky to will disappear ▸ Do make your instances completely stateless ▸ Externalize state ROUTER APP (INSTANCE 1) ValidTokens: [UserToken] token=UserToken token=UserToken APP (INSTANCE 2) token=UserToken STATE STORE
- 27. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE APP APP CONFIGURATION ▸ Property Files are the abstraction used to externalize configuration ▸ They do not hold actual values! ▸ Values coming from the environment are supplied via environment variables ▸ Other configuration is controlled just like source code and injected RUNTIME CONTEXT WHERE CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS ARE DEFINED IN ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES PROPERTY FILE(S) DEFINE THE CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS AND DEFAULT VALUES hostIp= ${CF_INSTANCE_IP} specialization= ${SPECIALIZATION: Science} APP CODE THAT REFERENCES THE CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS DEFINED IN THE PROPERTY FILE public class HelloController { @Value("${hostIp}") private String hostIp; @Value("${specialization}") private String specialization; ... } SYSTEM PROPERTIES PROVIDED BY THE RUNTIME ENVIRONMENT, VIA ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES CF_INSTANCE_IP=10.10.148.29
- 28. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE APP APP CONFIGURATION ▸ Other configuration is controlled just like source code and injected RUNTIME CONTEXT WHERE CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS ARE DEFINED IN ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES PROPERTY FILE(S) DEFINE THE CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS AND DEFAULT VALUES hostIp= ${CF_INSTANCE_IP} specialization= ${SPECIALIZATION: Science} APP CODE THAT REFERENCES THE CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS DEFINED IN THE PROPERTY FILE public class HelloController { @Value("${hostIp}") private String hostIp; @Value("${specialization}") private String specialization; ... } SYSTEM PROPERTIES PROVIDED BY THE RUNTIME ENVIRONMENT, VIA ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES CF_INSTANCE_IP=10.10.148.29 APP PROPERTIES STORED AND VERSIONED IN A REPOSITORY SUCH AS GIT specialization =Sports CONFIG SERVER ROLE IS TO INJECT MANAGED APP PROPERTIES INTO THE APP
- 29. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE APP APPLICATION LIFECYCLE ▸ Application lifecycle events have rippling effects through the collective INVOICE APP ordersvcIP =10.24.1.35 ORDER SERVICE APP 10.24.1.3510.24.63.116
- 30. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE APP APPLICATION LIFECYCLE ▸ Application lifecycle events have rippling effects through the collective ▸ The application must broadcast lifecycle change events ▸ (Note: I strongly recommend you use a framework to help you with this!) ▸ And an app must be able to absorb that configuration at the right time (run time?) INVOICE APP ordersvcIP =10.24.1.35 ORDER SERVICE APP Some “magic” happens 10.24.63.116 Here I am! IP Address: 10.24.63.116 Version: 3.4.239 … I’ll adapt to these changes! Orders Service new IP: 10.24.63.116
- 32. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE SERVICE LET’S TALK ABOUT AUTONOMY A major benefit of cloud-native architectures is independent: ▸ Application Scaling ▸ Team Scaling ▸ Development Cycles ▸ Experimentation ▸ Resilience
- 33. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE SERVICE VERSIONED SERVICES ▸ Use Semantic Versioning ▸ major.minor.patch ▸ Use Blue/Green deploys ▸ Deployments needn’t be replacements ▸ Powerful lever in making deployments a non-event SERVICE APP SERVICE APP APP SERVICE APP APP … AND PARALLEL DEPLOYS
- 34. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE SERVICE VERSIONED SERVICES ▸ Use Semantic Versioning ▸ major.minor.patch ▸ Use Blue/Green deploys ▸ Deployments needn’t be replacements ▸ Powerful lever in making deployments a non-event SERVICE APP SERVICE APP APP SERVICE APP APP … AND PARALLEL DEPLOYS SERVICE APP 1.0.0 2.0.0
- 35. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE SERVICE SERVICE DISCOVERY ▸ Let’s dig into the “magic” (it’s not really magic) INVOICE APP orderSvcCoords... ORDER SERVICE APP 10.24.63.116 Here I am! IP Address: 10.24.63.116 Version: 3.4.239 … I’ll adapt to these changes! Orders Service new IP: 10.24.63.116 Some “magic” happens
- 36. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE SERVICE SERVICE DISCOVERY ▸ Dynamic Router maintains routing table ▸ Messaging pattern to decouple service from router ▸ Must handle lost broadcast messages ▸ Request pass through router INVOICE APP orderSvcCoords =orderSvc.example.com ORDER SERVICE APP 10.24.63.116 Here I am! IP Address: 10.24.63.116 Version: 3.4.239 … ROUTER OrderService: 10.24.63.116, … CustomerService: 10.24.3.1, …
- 37. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE SERVICE SERVICE DISCOVERY ▸ Dynamic Router maintains routing table ▸ Messaging pattern to decouple service from router ▸ Must handle lost broadcast messages ▸ Request pass through router INVOICE APP orderSvcCoords =10.24.1.13 ORDER SERVICE APP 10.24.63.116 Here I am! IP Address: 10.24.63.116 Version: 3.4.239 … SERVICE DISCOVERY SERVER OrderService: 10.24.63.116, … CustomerService: 10.24.3.1, … ORDER SERVICE APP 10.24.1.13 I’ll adapt to these changes! Orders Service new IP: 10.24.63.116
- 38. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE SERVICE SERVICE DISCOVERY ▸ Dynamic Router maintains routing table ▸ Messaging pattern to decouple service from router ▸ Must handle lost broadcast messages ▸ Request pass through router INVOICE APP orderSvcCoords =10.24.63.116 ORDER SERVICE APP 10.24.63.116 Here I am! IP Address: 10.24.63.116 Version: 3.4.239 … SERVICE DISCOVERY SERVER OrderService: 10.24.63.116, … CustomerService: 10.24.3.1, … ORDER SERVICE APP 10.24.1.13 I’ll adapt to these changes! Orders Service new IP: 10.24.63.116
- 41. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE SERVICE DISTRIBUTED TRACING ▸ App must look for and leave breadcrumbs ▸ Use a framework to help you do this!!! ▸ Tools can then read and correlate logs SERVICE APP SERVICE APP APP SERVICE APP SERVICE APP SERVICE APP
- 43. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE DATA WE ARE LOOSELY COUPLED!
- 45. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE DATA THIS IS NOT CLOUD-NATIVE DATA
- 46. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE DATA DATA APIS (SERVICES) ▸ Microservices do not access data layer directly ▸ Except for those that implement the data API ▸ A surface area to: ▸ Implement access control ▸ Implement throttling ▸ Perform logging ▸ Other policies…
- 47. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE DATA VERSIONED DATA APIS (SERVICES) ▸ We are already familiar with versioned microservices… V1 V2
- 48. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE DATA VERSIONED DATA APIS (SERVICES) ▸ We are already familiar with versioned microservices… … and V1 V2 PARALLEL DEPLOYS
- 49. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE DATA ANTI-PATTERN: DATA APIS THAT JUST PROXY
- 50. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE DATA EVERY MICROSERVICE NEEDS A CACHE
- 51. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE DATA “Caching at Netflix: The Hidden Microservice” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rzdxgx3RC0Q
- 52. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE DATA DATABASE PER MICROSERVICES
- 53. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE DATA DATABASE PER MICROSERVICES ▸ Supports Polyglot persistence ▸ Independent availability, backup/restore, access patterns, etc.
- 54. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE DATA EVENT LOG AS A SYSTEM OF RECORD Unified Log Source of Record
- 55. @cdavisafc CLOUD-NATIVE ▸ Cloud-native Apps ▸ Scale out ▸ Statelessness ▸ Externalize configuration ▸ Implications from changes in the application lifecycle ▸ Services ▸ Versioned services (autonomy) ▸ Service Discovery ▸ Distributed tracing ▸ Data ▸ Breaking the Data monolith ▸ Data APIs ▸ Caching ▸ Polyglot Persistence ▸ Event sourcing
- 56. THANK YOU Discount code 39% off!: ctwintitx