Dr. James Kinyangi, the Regional Program Leader for CCAFS, presented the findings of the loss and damage study. In his preamble, James pointed out that Mozambique is unique in Eastern and Southern Africa especially when it comes to understanding climate change and climate variability. Preliminary results focus on impacts on crop production but livestock and fisheries are also recognized as key production activities. Major findings from the study reveal that flood and drought severely affected the households surveyed, with 86% of the households severely affected by flood while 84% of the households were severely affected by drought. Furthermore, despite adopting coping strategies, 48% of households reported that they still suffered the negative effects of flood, while 77% indicated that their coping strategies did not prevent adverse effects of drought.

1. Loss and Damage from the Impacts
of Flood and
Drought in Mozambique
James Kinyangi, PhD
Program Leader, CCAFS East Africa

2. Loss and Damage
• Residual impacts that will not be
addressed by adaptation
• Acute in developing nations given
their underlying vulnerability
At the COP16 (decision 1/CP.16,
paragraphs 25-29), Parties
recognizes the need to strengthen
international cooperation and
expertise in order to understand and
reduce loss and damage associated
with the adverse effects of climate
change, including impacts related to
extreme weather and slow onset
events.

3. Background
ACPC as part of its 2012 work programme under “Assessment of Risks,
Vulnerability and Impacts
• Engaged with various institutions in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia and Mozambique
• Collaborated with two case studies conducted by the United Nations University,
Kenya and The Gambia.

4. 4
To investigate loss and
damage from floods and
droughts among rural
households living near the
Limpopo, Zambezi and Save
rivers in Mozambique.
Objective
Contribute to efforts to bridge
the divide between science
and policy in
addressing the social
dimensions of climate change

5. Research Questions
Specific questions
• What are the impacts of climate change on the society?
• How does the impact of climate variability vary across HHs?
• How do HHs deal with the impact of climate variability?
• What kinds of losses and damages (costs?) are incurred as a result of
the impact of climate variability?
• What kinds of losses and damages can be expected as a result of the
impact of climate variability in the next two to three decades?
• What can be done to reduce loss and damage from climate change
and variability?
How does the impact of climate variability on society lead to loss and
damage among households (HHs) in the study area?

6. Three main zones
• South - tropical dry savannah
• North - moderately humid
climate
• Centre - prone to floods, tropical
cyclones and loss and damage
from the impact of flood and
drought
Study Area

7. • 303 households were interviewed in four districts
• Primary and secondary data was collected using both qualitative and quantitative
methods including; household survey, focus group discussions, key informant interviews
Methodology
District District
population
Province River Households
interviewed
Chibuto 191,682 Gaza Limpopo 57
Mabote 44,733 Inhambane Save 60
Caia 115,612 Sofala Zambezi 31
Mopeia 115,291 Zambezi Zambezi 155
total 467318 - - 303

8. • Main crops cultivated were maize, sorghum, rice and millet
93%
3%4%
Trends in Crop Production
(respondent %)
Decrease No change Increase
99%
1%
Main Purpose of Crop Production
(respondent %)
Consumption sell
Results

9. The impact from flood and
drought can be estimated to
affect more than 99% of rural
households, based on our
survey data.
Flooding and Drought

10. Flood and drought severely affected the households
surveyed, with 86% of the households severely
affected by flood while 84% of the households were
severely affected by drought

11. Impact Flood (%) Drought (%) Total (%)
Impacts on household
Not affected 1 0.5 0.6
Moderate 13 16 15.2
Severely affected 86 83.5 84.2
Impacts on livelihood
Crop production 100 100 100
Food prices 79 85 83
Livestock 31 37 35
Fishing 10 30 23
Houses/properties 37 1.4 12
Impacts of Flood and Drought on Household and Livelihood

12. 12
Impacts of floods and droughts

13. Household Coping Strategies
Did drought affect household? 0.5% No
99.5% Yes
Adverse effect on
• Crop production = 100%
• Food price = 85%
• Livestock = 30%
• Fishing = 30%
• House property = 1.4%
Adopted coping
strategy?
10% No
90% Yes
What did you do?
• Looked for extra income: 71%
• Other: 37%
• Sale of properties: 37%
• Rely on help from others: 33%
• Rely on help from organisations: 32%
How effective was it?
• Still severe affects: 28%
• Still moderate effects: 47%
• No more negative effect: 22%
• Situation improve: 2%

14. Did flood affect household? 1% No
99% Yes
Adverse effect on
• Crop production = 100%
• Food price = 79%
• House property = 37%
• Livestock = 31%
• Fishing = 10%
Adopted coping
strategy?
1% No
99% Yes
What did you do?
• Help from organisations: 78%
• Looked for extra income: 59%
• Other: 33%
• Rely on help from others: 27%
• Sale of properties: 27%
How effective was it?
• Still severe affects: 11%
• Still moderate effects: 37%
• No negative effect: 37%
• Situation improved: 5.6%
Household Coping Strategies

15. • Looking for extra income
• Selling assets
• Relying on help from others
• Relying on help from organizations
• Undertaking other types of coping
strategies
Despite adopting coping
strategies, 48% of households
reported that they still suffered
the negative effects of
flood, while 77% indicated that
their coping strategies did not
prevent adverse effects of
drought
Coping Strategies

16. • Strengthening existing attempts to increase adaptive capacity, such as diversification
of livelihood activities.
• The research community, policymakers, practitioners and communities need
coordinated and planned actions to address vulnerability and loss and damage at
community level
• Creating a global institutional framework to address loss and damage with adequate
mechanisms to benefit smallholder farmers in vulnerable countries
• Linking science, policy and practice
• Climate experts, policymakers and practitioners need to review risk reduction, risk
retention and risk transfer tools in the context of loss and damage based on
experiences from vulnerable countries like Mozambique.
Conclusion

17. Thank you