Curso de introducción a SQL utilizando MySQL y Workbench.

1. Introducción rápida a SQL
Usando MySQL y Workbench
Carlos Hernando Carasol
chernando@acm.org
5 y 9 de Mayo de 2011

2. Índice de contenidos
Introducción a las bases de datos
Introducción a MySQL
Sintaxis de SQL
Uso de MySQL Worbench

3. Advertencia
Esto no es un curso formal en teoría
Es una introducción rápida y sucia de
SQL
Basado en el temario del curso:
MySQL for Developers

4. Introducción a las bases de datos

5. Conceptos
Entidad
Atributo, una propiedad de la Entidad
Registro, una f la que representa la
i
Entidad con sus atributos
Tabla, una sucesión de registros
tabulados por sus atributos de un mismo
tipo de Entidad

6. Conceptos
Base de datos, conjunto de Tablas
Servidor, lugar dónde residen las Bases
de Datos
Bases de datos relacionales
SQL, Structured Query Language
DDL, Data Def nition Language
i
DML, Data Manipulation Language

7. Introducción a MySQL

8. Servidor MySQL
Http://www.mysql.com/
Comprado por Oracle
Disponible gratuitamente
Muy extendido

9. Estructura Cliente / Servidor
El servidor mantiene las bases de datos
El cliente realiza operaciones mediante
sentencias SQL.
La principal carga de trabajo recae en el
servidor.

10. Instalación de MySQL
Servidor
MySQL Community Server
http://www.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/
El CCFI ya ha instalado el servidor pero
no está activado

11. MySQL Workbench
Herramienta de gestión, consulta y diseño
http://wb.mysql.com/
Lo utilizaremos como apoyo

13. Sintaxis SQL

14. Tipos de sentencias
De consulta:
SHOW
DESC
SELECT
De manipulación:
CREATE
INSERT
UPDATE
ALTER

15. Obtener información de una tabla
SHOW TABLES
DESC tabla
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/describe.html

16. Query
SELECT [HAVING where_condition]
[ALL | DISTINCT | DISTINCTROW ] [ORDER BY {col_name | expr | position}
[HIGH_PRIORITY] [ASC | DESC], ...]
[STRAIGHT_JOIN]
[LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count
[SQL_SMALL_RESULT] OFFSET offset}]
[SQL_BIG_RESULT]
[SQL_BUFFER_RESULT] [PROCEDURE
[SQL_CACHE | SQL_NO_CACHE] procedure_name(argument_list)]
[SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS] [INTO OUTFILE 'file_name'
select_expr [, select_expr ...] [CHARACTER SET charset_name]
[FROM table_references
export_options
[WHERE where_condition]
| INTO DUMPFILE 'file_name'
[GROUP BY {col_name | expr | position}
| INTO var_name [, var_name]]
[ASC | DESC], ... [WITH ROLLUP]]
[FOR UPDATE | LOCK IN SHARE
MODE]]
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/select.html

17. Condicionales
expr OR expr comparison_operator: = | >= | > | <= | < |
<> | !=
| expr || expr
predicate:
| expr XOR expr
bit_expr [NOT] IN (subquery)
| expr AND expr | bit_expr [NOT] IN (expr [, expr] ...)
| expr && expr | bit_expr [NOT] BETWEEN bit_expr
AND predicate
| NOT expr | bit_expr SOUNDS LIKE bit_expr
| bit_expr [NOT] LIKE simple_expr
| ! expr [ESCAPE simple_expr]
| boolean_primary IS | bit_expr [NOT] REGEXP bit_expr
[NOT] {TRUE | FALSE | | bit_expr
UNKNOWN}
| boolean_primary
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/expressions.html

18. Funciones
AVG()
CONCAT()
COUNT()
CURRENT_DATE()
IF()
TRIM()
LOWER()
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/func-op-summary-ref.html

19. Union
Agregación de SELECT ...
tablas UNION [ALL |
Mismas columnas DISTINCT]
SELECT ...
[UNION [ALL |
DISTINCT]
SELECT ...]

20. Creación de una base de datos
CREATE DATABASE curso;

21. Fijar la base de datos
Un servidor puede alojar múltiples bases
de datos
Las operaciones SQL pueden referirse a
cualquiera de estas tablas
Para utilizar una base de datos en
concreto utilizamos
USE pruebas;

22. Destruir una base de datos
DROP DATABASE pruebas;

23. Cargar y guardar volcados
Base de datos Fichero
MySQLdump
Fichero Base de datos
Ejecutar sentencias SQL

24. Creación de una tabla
CREATE TABLE `jugador` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`nombre` varchar(45) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT
CHARSET=latin1

25. Propiedades de una tabla
Tipo de ENGINE
MyISAM
InnoDB
Charset
Latin1
UTF8

26. Tipos de datos
Numéricos
Cadenas
Binarios
Tiempo

27. Numéricos
Enteros
TINYINT
INT
BIGINT
Coma f otante
l
FLOAT
Coma f ja
i
DECIMAL
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/numeric-types.html

28. Cadenas
CHAR
VARCHAR
BLOB
ENUM
SET
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/string-types.html

29. Binarios
BINARY
VARBINARY
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/binary-varbinary.html

30. Tiempo
DATETIME
DATE
TIME
TIMESTAMP
YEAR
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/date-and-time-types.html

31. Tipos de datos (de nuevo)
BIT[(length)] | CHAR[(length)]
| TINYINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] [CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| SMALLINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | VARCHAR(length)
| MEDIUMINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] [CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| INT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | BINARY[(length)]
| INTEGER[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | VARBINARY(length)
| BIGINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | TINYBLOB
| REAL[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | BLOB
| DOUBLE[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | MEDIUMBLOB
| FLOAT[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | LONGBLOB
| DECIMAL[(length[,decimals])] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | TINYTEXT [BINARY]
| NUMERIC[(length[,decimals])] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] [CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| DATE | TEXT [BINARY]
| TIME [CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| TIMESTAMP | MEDIUMTEXT [BINARY]
| DATETIME [CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| YEAR | LONGTEXT [BINARY]
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| ENUM(value1,value2,value3,...)
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| SET(value1,value2,value3,...)
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| spatial_type

32. NULL y valores de fábrica
NULL | NOT NULL
DEFAULT 'valor'

33. Alterar una tabla
ALTER TABLE jugador ADD COLUMN
universo VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL AFTER
nombre;
ALTER TABLE jugador DROP COLUMN
universo;
ALTER TABLE jugador ADD KEY universo;
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/alter-table.html

34. Eliminar una tabla
DROP TABLE jugador;

35. Foreign Keys
En tiempo de creación:
REFERENCES tbl_name
(index_col_name,...)
[MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL |
MATCH SIMPLE]
[ON DELETE reference_option]
[ON UPDATE reference_option]
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/innodb-foreign-key-constraints.html

36. Foreign Keys
Una vez creada la tabla:
ALTER TABLE jugador ADD FOREIGN KEY
index_name (index_col_name)
reference_def nition
i

37. CASCADE
ON UPDATE
ON DELETE

38. INSERT
INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED |
HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]
[INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)]
{VALUES | VALUE} ({expr |
DEFAULT},...),(...),...
[ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
col_name=expr
[, col_name=expr] ... ]

39. DELETE
DELETE [LOW_PRIORITY] [QUICK]
[IGNORE] FROM tbl_name
[WHERE where_condition]
[ORDER BY ...]
[LIMIT row_count]

40. UPDATE
UPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]
table_reference
SET col_name1={expr1|DEFAULT} [,
col_name2={expr2|DEFAULT}] ...
[WHERE where_condition]
[ORDER BY ...]
[LIMIT row_count]

41. REPLACE
REPLACE [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED]
[INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)]
{VALUES | VALUE} ({expr |
DEFAULT},...),(...),...

42. INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY
INSERT INTO table (a,b,c) VALUES (1,2,3)
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE c=c+1;

43. TRUNCATE
TRUNCATE [TABLE] tbl_name

44. Transacciones
START TRANSACTION [WITH
CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT] | BEGIN
[WORK]
COMMIT [WORK] [AND [NO] CHAIN]
[[NO] RELEASE]
ROLLBACK [WORK] [AND [NO] CHAIN]
[[NO] RELEASE]
SET autocommit = {0 | 1}

45. LOCK
LOCK TABLES
tbl_name [[AS] alias] lock_type
[, tbl_name [[AS] alias] lock_type] ...
lock_type:
READ [LOCAL]
| [LOW_PRIORITY] WRITE
UNLOCK TABLES

46. Consultas a múltiples tablas
JOIN
Subquery

47. JOIN
SELECT t1.name, t2.salary
FROM employee t1 INNER JOIN info t2
ON t1.name = t2.name
SELECT t1.name, t2.salay
FROM employee t1, info t2 WHERE
t1.name = t2.name

48. Tipos de JOIN
table_reference [INNER | CROSS] JOIN
table_factor [join_condition]
| table_reference STRAIGHT_JOIN
table_factor
| table_reference STRAIGHT_JOIN
table_factor ON conditional_expr
| table_reference {LEFT|RIGHT} [OUTER]
JOIN table_reference join_condition
| table_reference NATURAL [{LEFT|RIGHT}
[OUTER]] JOIN table_factor

49. Subqueries
SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE column1 =
(SELECT column1 FROM t2);

50. Vistas
CREATE
[OR REPLACE]
[ALGORITHM = {UNDEFINED | MERGE |
TEMPTABLE}]
[DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER }]
[SQL SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }]
VIEW view_name [(column_list)]
AS select_statement
[WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION]

51. Procedimientos
CREATE
[DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER }]
PROCEDURE sp_name
([proc_parameter[,...]])
[characteristic ...] routine_body

52. Triggers
CREATE
[DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER }]
TRIGGER trigger_name trigger_time
trigger_event
ON tbl_name FOR EACH ROW
trigger_body

53. Caso práctico

54. Ejercicio
Crear las tablas del siguiente diagrama
Crear las vistas asociadas (SELECT)
Insertar una Notif cación al insertar una
i
nueva tarea (TRIGGER)
Crear un procedimiento “tarea_notif cada”
i
(STORED PROCEDURE) que elimine la
notif cación y ponga la tarea en el estado
i
“progreso”

55. Diseño orientativo