1. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Today Social computing & interactivity
2. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Before we start
3. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Application of sociological understanding to the design of interactive systems. Where the Action is, Paul Dourish
4. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Terms we often come across, Social interaction Social computing Groupware Social software Computer supported cooperative works (CSCW)
5. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Design of software and associated environment to help people involved in a common task achieve their goals.
6. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Interactivity The key issue of interactivity in these applications is to design the environment, situation such that participants can interact among each other. The design should provide the necessary information and access to facilitate this.
8. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Interactivity Environment – Bodies Movie
9. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Interactivity Environment – Rafael Lozano-Hemmer again
10. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Interactivity Environment – Rafael Lozano-Hemmer again
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12. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing We turn to the animal world in order to study ours.
13. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Communication involves the exchange of cues , whether it is sight, sound, smell or touch.
14. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Cue refers to a general set of things we can perceive that indicate some other hidden state or intention. Cue is any feature of the world, animate or inanimate, that can be used … as a guide to future action (Maynard Smith and Harper 2003)
15. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing If the cue is intended to provide the information, it is called a signal .
16. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing In our interaction with others, we often rely on the exchange of signals to assess the qualities of others. In our everyday life, those qualities are often not accessible to us. We have to make use of the perceivable signals to judge.
17. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Signals have different degrees of reliability.
18. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Reliable signal reflects well its quality represented. Is unreliable signal bad?
19. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing A signal is reliable if it is beneficial to produce truthfully and too costly to produce falsely. We may have to know the cost to produce a signal.
20. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Honest vs. deceptive (intention) Honest – intended to display a quality and it does exist. Deceptive – intended to display a quality that does not exist. Reliable signal is honest. Unreliable signal can be honest or deceptive, e.g. wedding ring.
21. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Signal exchange has intention. It must be beneficial to senders otherwise, they will stop sending. For receivers, they will learn to ignore them if the signals are not beneficial to them. Honest signal benefits both sender and receiver. Deceptive signal often harms the receiver. Deceptive signal sometimes harms the honest sender who sends the same signal but being ignored by receiver.
22. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Handicap signals (costly signals) Signals which are costly to produce in terms of the quality being signaled and thus prohibit others with less resources to signal it. E.g. eating a very expensive meal to show off wealth.
23. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Index signals The quality itself is required to produce the signal. E.g. turn on the projector without using the remote control.
24. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Conventional signals The relation/association between the signal and quality is by convention only. E.g. reading Deleuze in a Starbuck. Easy to be deceptive.
25. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing What to do with interactivity? Interactive products are often designed to serve the mutual interaction among users. Can the signal exchange still be meaningful in the virtual environment?
26. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Communication e.g. instant messaging Image from http://www.icq.com/
27. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Instant messaging In ICQ, MSN or other similar software, can you list some communicative features which are present in real world but not in the software environment.
28. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Transaction e.g. E-commerce site with communities Image from http://www.ebay.com/
29. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Transaction Go to Amazon or eBay and buy something. You can just stop at the moment before paying. Write down all the steps you go through. Pay attention to the peripheral information in each step.
30. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Transaction Recall a similar shopping experience in a real store. Identify all those information and interaction you have in the real store but not in the online shops.
31. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Collaboration e.g. End user publishing, wiki Image from wikiwikiweb
32. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing Collaboration Think about the advantages and disadvantages of using Wikipedia.
33. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Social computing There are other commercial groupware software in use for many years. For example, Lotus Notes, Novell Groupwise, etc. Image from http://www.ibm.com/ Image from http://www.novell.com/
34. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Groupware What is inside a groupware? Image from http://www.wikipedia.org/
35. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Groupware A number of groupware applications are replaced by Intranet. Image from http://www.cityu.edu.hk/
36. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Groupware Or the networked applications provider Image from http://www.google.com/
37. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Groupware The key feature is that multiple users can work on one single document, either at the same time or at different time.
38. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Virtual Community If we go beyond the functional aspects of the software, users may form a community around the tasks available to perform with the software.
39. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Virtual Community A term and a book by Howard Rheingold. Image from http://www..wikipedia.org/
40. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Virtual Community – The WELL The early virtual communities, Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link, WELL It is a dial-up bulletin board system for forum discussion in the beginning. It can also be accessed as website at http://www.well.com/ .
41. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Virtual Community – CompuServe CompuServe was a service provider giving network access to customers. It also provides emails, forum posting, and early world wide web functions. At the same time, it also maintains information content with different topic areas.
42. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Communication The major function of the virtual community is to provide a platform for communication across time and space. Same time Different time Same space conversation notice board Different space phone mail
43. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Comparison Here is a comparison of the general convention we have between oral and written communication. Can you figure out which one is which communication method? When conventions collide: the tensions of instant messaging attributed, Amy Voida, Wendy C. Newstetter, Elizabeth D. Mynatt.
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47. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Real Life (RL) Describe the scenario when you enter an unfamiliar room with strangers.
48. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Virtual Life Describe the scenario when you enter an unfamiliar online chat room with strangers.
49. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Real Person List out the characteristics of one of your classmates, like: personality, social status, taste, belief, etc. And state how you obtain the information.
50. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Real Person Can you obtain similar information in the room of strangers mentioned in previous slide?
51. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Virtual Person Can you obtain similar information in the chat room of strangers mentioned in previous slide?
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53. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Connectivity Affiliation or link to various social groupings Proximity link to various individuals
54. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Connectivity Six degrees of separation
58. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Examples Familiar Strangers Image from http://berkeley.intel-research.net/paulos/research/familiarstranger/
59. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Examples Degree Confluence Image from http://www.confluence.org
60. SM2701 Theories of Interactivity – Class 09 Examples Digger disappearance act