1. Blue edged slides taken from slide shows by: Kim Foglia http://www.explorebiology.com Chapter 23- Evolution of populations Chapter 24- Origin of species

2. 2007-2008 Populations evolve Individuals are selected

3. REZNICK & ENGLER- (1980’s) Guppy experiments Changes in populations happened within 11 years Age and size at sexual maturity change depending on predators IMAGE FROM Campbell and Reece AP BIOLOGY

6. Changes in populations 2005-2006 Insecticide resistance Pesticide molecule Insect cell membrane Target site Resistant target site Target site Decreased number of target sites

10. 5 Agents of evolutionary change Mutation Gene Flow Genetic Drift Selection Non-random mating

23. POLYGENIC traits are controlled by two or more genes. A bell shaped curve is typical of polygenic traits Graph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing ©2006

25. Beak size varies in a population Birds with bigger beaks can feed more easily on harder, thicker shelled seeds. A food shortage causes small and medium size seeds to run low. Birds with bigger beaks would be selected for and increase in numbers in population. EXAMPLE OF DIRECTIONAL SELECTION http://www.animalbehavior.org/ABS/Stars/ONI/Podos_-_finch_graphic.jpg

27. Key Percentage of Population Brightness of Feather Color Selection against both extremes keep curve narrow and in same place. Section 16-2 Low mortality, high fitness High mortality, low fitness Stabilizing Selection Male birds use their plumage to attract mates. Male birds with less brilliant and showy plumage are less likely to attract a mate Male birds with showy plumage are more likely to attract a mate. Male birds with showier, brightly colored plumage also attract predators, and are less likely to live long enough to find a mate. The most fit is male bird in the middle-- showy, but not too showy . STABILIZING SELECTION Graph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing©2006

28. Human babies born with low birth weight are less likely to survive. Babies born too large have difficulty being born. Average size babies are selected for. EXAMPLE OF STABILIZING SELECTION

30. A bird population lives in area where climate change causes medium size seeds become scarce while large and small seeds are still plentiful. Birds with bigger or smaller beaks would have greater fitness and the population may split into TWO GROUPS. One that eats small seeds and one that eats large seeds. EXAMPLE OF DISRUPTIVE SELECTION http://www.animalbehavior.org/ABS/Stars/ONI/Podos_-_finch_graphic.jpg

33. In the wild lions and tigers don’t interbreed but in zoos… can get hybrids LIGER - Male lion X female tiger TIGON- Male tiger X female lion Largest cat in world . . . but male ligers are sterile http://www.readthesmiths.com/articles/Images/Humor/Liger.jpg http://laweekly.blogs.com/joshuah_bearman/images/tigon.jpg

39. Blue Footed Booby dance

46. Hybrid

50. (DIVERGENT EVOLUTION)

54. CURRENT DEBATE NOT over whether evolution happens … overwhelming evidence here! BUT . . .Does speciation happen gradually OR rapidly in response to environmental change? GRADUALISM Change happens slowly “ Baby steps” over long Periods of time CHARLES DARWIN CHARLES LYELL

55. PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM Niles Eldredge- Curator American Museum of Natural History Rate of speciation is NOT CONSTANT Rapid change when 1 st split from parent population Unchanging for long periods Stephen Jay Gould (1941-2002) Paleontologist/evolutionary biologist TIME