3. Lecture 1:

4.  Most historians agree that it is difficult
to determine the origins of chaplaincy
due to the difficulty of identifying activities
and titles that would qualify one as a bona
fide Chaplain.
 However: There is historical evidence of
ministry to people (military) outside of the
established temple, synagogue, church or
meeting places.
 There is evidence that
early Egyptian priests
offered up prayers
before the Egyptian army went off to war.

5.  Roman military commanding officers
had responsibility to provide some cultic rites
/services for their troops.
Priests of other religions were
allowed to minister to
specific groups of soldiers
within the Roman army.
Roman soldiers & Praefectus
Castrorum, senior officer

6.  Early 300 CE evidence of Chaplains:
In the Christian Roman army
 Eusebius of Caesarea reports that
Constantine had a tent designated
for worship.
 Roman legions each legion had
their own Tent of Meeting to
observe the Lord’s Day attended by priests
and deacons.
 In 330 AD: St. Martin of Tours becomes a
Roman soldier. (more on St Martin later)

7.  400 CE Bishop Theodoret of Cyrrhus:
Mentions priests with ministry
responsibilities to the military.
 In 742 AD at the Concilium
Germanicum: The spiritual
care of the individual soldier
was discussed.
Each unit and army commander
had a clergyman on their staff -
the first recorded instance of a legalized Chaplain
office in the Latin west.

8.  In the Carolingian Era, 850 AD: Specific
duties for chaplains were written by
Benedict the Levite as a way to protect
Chaplains from abuse by secular authorities.
They were prohibited from bearing arms,
shedding blood or taking life.
 By the Crusades, 1095 AD: Chaplain
duties were beginning to be specifically
defined. Celebrating mass, preaching
the Word, carrying relics to the field,
hearing confession, and ministry to
the dead and dying.

9.  In 1215 AD at the Fourth Lateran Council:
Pope Innocent III presented an updated
list of Chaplain duties.
 In 1238 Pope Gregory IX clarified
Chaplain duties in a papal bulletin.
 By the Protestant Reformation era:
Chaplains were regularly going into battle
with the armies and soldiers they served.
 Ulrich Zwingli, the great Swiss Reformer:
Served as a military Chaplain.

10.  The Connecticut Legislature in 1637:
Raised local militia of ninety men
appointing Samuel Stone as its Chaplain,
the first Chaplain in the new world.
 In 1773 John Howard, High Sherriff
of Bedfordshire paved the way for
organized prison Chaplaincy in Eng.
 The Continental Congress: First
funded Chaplains at the federal
level on July 29, 1775 - the birth-
day of the Army Chaplain Corps.

11.  On October 13, 1776: The Continental
Navy was born. In that same year congress
decided that a paid clergyman was necessary
and authorized $20.00 per month and a
share in any prize money.
 1778 the Rev. Benjamin Balch:
Was the first Navy
Chaplain and served
on the USS Boston.
U.S. Frigate Boston in the Mediterranean

12. Saint Martin of Tours
 What is the origin of the term ‘Chaplain?’
Most historians agree that it came from a
legend that is associated with Saint Martin
of Tours.
St Martin was born in Hungary about 315 AD.
As the son of an army veteran Martin was
required to entry the military at age 15.
When called on to fight the Visigoths he
refused to fight on religious grounds, was branded a
coward, and thrown into jail. He offered to enter the
battle with no arms and stand by his comrades to pro-
vide encouragement. Authorities were going to take
him up on his offer when the Visigoths sued for peace.

13. Upon entering military service Martin was
stationed at Amiens, in Gaul. As he rode
towards the town one winter day, he noticed
near the gates a poor man, thinly clad, shivering
with cold, and beg-ging alms. Martin saw that
none who passed stopped to help the miserable
fellow. He had nothing with
him but the clothes he wore,
but, drawing his sword from
its scabbard, he cut his great
woolen cloak in 2 pieces, gave
one half to the beggar, and
wrapped himself in the other.

14. The following night, the story continues,
Martin in his sleep saw Jesus Christ, surrounded
by angels, and dressed in the half of the cloak
he had given away.
A voice bade him look at
it well and say whether he
knew it. He then heard
Jesus say to the angels,
"Martin, as yet only a
catechumen, has covered
Me with his cloak.”

15. It is said when Martin woke his cloak was
restored, and the miraculous cloak was
preserved among the relic collection of the
Merovingian kings of the Franks.
 It was during these Medieval Ages, that the
Frankish Kings would carry St. Martin’s cloak
(cappa in Latin) with them whenever they
went into battle as a holy relic.
 The priest who cared for the
cloak was called a cappellanu,
and ultimately all priests who
served the military were called
cappellani. Fregio cappellani militari

16.  The French translation for the Latin word
cappellani is chapelains, from which the
English word Chaplain derives.
 Those fellowship of those who carried the
cloak or cape were called the Cappellanus.
They belonged first to the Church,
but served the King and his forces
in battle.
 From the beginning, the Chaplains
were members of one institution (Church
/faith group) serving another (King/State).

17.  While the Chaplains were the keepers of
the cape, the place where the cape was
housed when not carried into battle was
the chapel.
 Chapels were therefore
not ever churches. They
were temporary structure
built by the King (not the
Church) for his purposes.
They were entrusted to
the Chaplains, but never
belonged to them.

18. Illustrations:
Artistic Theme Design & Illustration Selection: Jenny Tansil, Distance Learning & Media Development Columbia
International University, 2011.
Format Elements :
Course title, lecture & text slides:
• Photos in collage & hand, Microsoft Power Point, Clip Art/ Revised, J. Tansil
Bible Picture Gallery, Membership Images www.instonebrewer.com/bpg2009
• Egyptian priests wearing linen dresses & leopard skins (slide 4)
• Roman soldiers, from the Arch of Constantine & Praefectus castrorum , a senior professional officer who oversaw
general organisation & training (Slide 5)
• A Roman legionary. (slide 7)
Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain http://commons.wikimedia.org
• Detail: Emperor Constantine with a model of the city, (slide 6) Mosaics in the Hagia Sophia, ca. 1000. The work of art
depicted in this image and the reproduction thereof are in the public domain worldwide. The reproduction is part of
a collection of reproductions compiled by The Yorck Project. The compilation copyright is held by Zenodot
Verlagsgesellschaft mbH and licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
• Byzantine icon of Saint George (slide 8) taken by Ricardo André Frantz, 2005, in the Byzantine and Christian Museum
in Athens. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
• Innocent III marble bas-relief, (slide 9) Sculpted by Joseph Kiselewski,1950. One of 23 reliefs of great historical
lawgivers in U.S. House of Rep. Public domain work of the U.S. federal government.
• Canonization of St Francis by pope Gregory IX. (slide 9) photo by Wolfgang Sauber, July 2010, Sacro Monte Chapel 20.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free.
• Martin Luther by Lucas Cranach the Elder, painted in 1529, scan by Carol Gerten-Jackson & Portrait of Ulrich Zwingli by
Hans Asper. Retouched picture,s which means that it has been digitally altered from its original version. the
copyright holder of this work, release this work into the public domain. This applies worldwide.
• Statue of John Howard, prison reformer (slide 10) sculpto: Alfred Gilbert (1854 - 1934) Bedford, England. Photo by
Simon Speed (Simonxag), the copyright holder of this work, who releases this work into the public domain. This
applies worldwide.
• Rev Jacob Duche offers 1st prayer for Continental Congress, 1774, in Phil., PA. Artist:Tompkins Harrison Matteson,
1848. From official brochure, Office of the Chaplain of the US House of Rep. This work is in the public domain in the
US because it is a work of the US Federal Govt. under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code.
• U.S. Frigate Boston (slide 11) Creator:Jean-Jérôme Baugean, circa 1802. This file is a work of a sailor or employee of
the U.S. Navy, taken or made during the course of the person's official duties. As a work of the U.S. federal govt.,
the image is in the public domain.

19. Illustrations:
Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain http://commons.wikimedia.org
• W. Hartberg Hauptplatz hl. St. Martin (slide 12) photo: DerGraueWolf and released under the Creative Commons
Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
• Sankt Martini und der Bettler (slide 13) photo by Raimond Spekking. Bildhauer: Arno Breker. Gerling-Viertel Köln,
Gereonshof. Relief . This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
• St. Martin, Bishop of Tours sharing a cloak with a beggar. (slide 14) ca 1531. www.flickr.com/photos/shadowgate.
St. Martin was one of France's most beloved Saints. Gulbenkian Museum; Inv. No.53. This file is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.
• Fregio cappellani militari, esercito italiano (slide 15 ) This works is created by the Italian Army; from
http://www.esercito.difesa.it. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic license.
Attribution: http://www.esercito.difesa.it/
Bible Picture Gallery, Membership Images www.instonebrewer.com/bpg2009
• Portion: The Wonderful Healer (slide 14), by C.F. Vos/ Revised, J.Tansil
• Roman soldier with sling drawing (slide 17)/Revised, J.Tansil
Microsoft Power Point, Clip Art
• Cross & crown photo collage (slide 16)

20. General: We try to use 28 point text (in the same text box) when at all possible, so
some slides have been continued on the next slide. If there is only 1 point, I
don’t use bullets. Capitalization: Only 1st word in a sentence or bullet point,
and pronouns refering to God. Also the Word, Gospel, etc. Unless a specific
title, chaplain is not usually capitlaized, but since this is the subject of the
course, I think it can be capitalized. The use of “ “ is changed to ‘ ‘ to set off
wording, but is not always needed. It’s good & helpful to vary slide titles.
The ‘Week’ slide really seems uneccesary. I put it at the end in case you want to
add it back in right after the first slide. If so, the slide numbers in Illustrations
page would all need to be updated.
Slide 8: Deleted which was the first recorded instance… to shorten
Slide 10: Deleted This was from the birthday…
Slide 13: Shortened origination to origin. This seems better as a narrative than
bullet points.
Slide 16: Shortened sentence to (cappa in Latin)
DELETE THIS SLIDE