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1. NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system is the part of an animal's body that
coordinates its voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits
signals to and from different parts of its body. Nervous
tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million
years ago. In vertebrate species it consists of two main parts,
the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous
system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The
PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of
the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to every other
part of the body. Nerves that transmit signals from the brain
are called motor or efferent nerves, while those nerves that
transmit information from the body to the CNS are
called sensory or afferent.

2. PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

3. BRAIN

4. The brain is an organ that serves as the center
of the nervous system in all vertebrate and
most invertebrate animals. Only a few
invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea
squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or
localised nerve nets are present instead. The
brain is located in the head, usually close to the
primary sensory organs for
such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste,
and smell. The brain is the most complex organ
in a vertebrate's body.dy.

5. PARTS OF THE BRAN
Cerebrum
The cerebrum is the largest portion of the
brain, and contains tools which are
responsible for most of the brain's function. It
is divided into four sections: the temporal
lobe, the occipital lobe, parietal lobe and
frontal lobe. The cerebrum is divided into a
right and left hemisphere which are
connected by axons that relay messages
from one to the other. This matter is made
of nerve cells which carry signals between
the organ and the nerve cells which run
through the body.

6. Frontal Lobe: The frontal lobe is one of four
lobes in the cerebral hemisphere. This lobe
controls a several elements including creative
thought, problem solving, intellect, judgment,
behavior, attention, abstract thinking, physical
reactions, muscle movements, coordinated
movements, smell and personality.
Parietal Lobe:Located in the cerebral
hemisphere, this lobe focuses on
comprehension. Visual functions, language,
reading, internal stimuli, tactile sensation and
sensory comprehension will be monitored here.

7. Sensory Cortex- The sensory cortex, located in the front
portion of the parietal lobe, receives information relayed
from the spinal cord regarding the position of various
body parts and how they are moving. This middle area
of the brain can also be used to relay information from
the sense of touch, including pain or pressure which is
affecting different portions of the body.
Motor Cortex- This helps the brain monitor and
control movement throughout the body. It is located
in the top, middle portion of the brain.
Temporal Lobe: The temporal lobe controls visual and
auditory memories. It includes areas that help manage
some speech and hearing capabilities, behavioral
elements, and language. It is located in the cerebral
hemisphere.

8. Wernicke's Area- This portion of the temporal
lobe is formed around the auditory cortex. While
scientists have a limited understanding of the
function of this area, it is known that it helps the
body formulate or understand speech.
Occipital Lobe: The optical lobe is located in the
cerebral hemisphere in the back of the head. It
helps to control vision.
Broca's Area- This area of the brain controls the
facial neurons as well as the understanding of
speech and language. It is located in the
triangular and opercular section of the inferior
frontal gyrus.

9. Cerebellum
This is commonly referred to as "the little brain,"
and is considered to be older than the cerebrum
on the evolutionary scale. The cerebellum controls
essential body functions such as balance, posture
and coordination, allowing humans to move
properly and maintain their structure.
Limbic System
The limbic system contains glands which help
relay emotions. Many hormonal responses that the
body generates are initiated in this area. The limbic
system includes the amygdala, hippocampus,
hypothalamus and thalamus.

10. Amygdala:The amygdala helps the body
responds to emotions, memories and fear. It is a
large portion of the telencephalon, located within
the temporal lobe which can be seen from the
surface of the brain. This visible bulge is known as
the uncus.
Hippocampus: This portion of the brain is used for
learning memory, specifically converting
temporary memories into permanent memories
which can be stored within the brain. The
hippocampus also helps people analyze and
remember spatial relationships, allowing for
accurate movements. This portion of the brain is
located in the cerebral hemisphere.

11. Hypothalamus:The hypothalamus
region of the brain controls mood,
thirst, hunger and temperature. It
also contains glands which control
the hormonal processes throughout
the body.
Thalamus:The Thalamus is located in
the center of the brain. It helps to
control the attention span, sensing
pain and monitors input that moves
in and out of the brain to keep track
of the sensations the body is feeling.

12. Brain Stem
All basic life functions originate in the brain
stem, including heartbeat, blood pressure and
breathing. In humans, this area contains the
medulla, midbrain and pons. This is commonly
referred to as the simplest part of the brain, as
most creatures on the evolutionary scale have
some form of brain creation that resembles the
brain stem. The brain stem consists of midbrain,
pons and medulla.

13. Midbrain:The midbrain, also known as
the mesencephalon is made up of the
tegmentum and tectum. These parts of
the brain help regulate body
movement, vision and hearing. The
anterior portion of the midbrain
contains the cerebral peduncle which
contains the axons that transfer
messages from the cerebral cortex
down the brain stem, which allows
voluntary motor function to take place.

14. Pons: This portion of the metencephalon
is located in the hindbrain, and links to the
cerebellum to help with posture and
movement. It interprets information that is
used in sensory analysis or motor control.
The pons also creates the level of
consciousness necessary for sleep.
Medulla: The medulla or medulla
oblongata is an essential portion of the
brain stem which maintains vital body
functions such as the heart rate and
breathing.

15. SPNAL CORD

16. The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular
bundle of nervous tissue and support
cells that extends from the medulla
oblongata in the brainstem to
the lumbar region of the vertebral column.
The brain and spinal cord together make
up the central nervous system (CNS). The
spinal cord begins at the occipital
bone and extends down to the space
between the first and second lumbar
vertebrae; it does not extend the entire
length of the vertebral column.

17. PARTS OF SPINAL CORD
Cervical Spine — The cervical spine (or neck) is the
uppermost part of the spine. There are seven vertebrae
within the cervical spine, numbered C1 to C7 from top to
bottom. The first two vertebrae of the cervical spine are
specialized to allow for neck movement. C1 (also called
the atlas like atlas holding the world) sits between the skull
and the rest of the spine. C2 (also called the axis) has a
bony projection (odontoid process) that fits within a hole
in the atlas to allow rotation of the neck. The first spinal
curve is located at the cervical spine. It bends slightly
inward, resembling a "C." This inward curve is called a
lordotic curve.
Thoracic spine — There are 12 vertebrae (T1 to T12) in the
chest section, called the thoracic spine. The ribs attach to
the spine on the thoracic vertebrae. The curve of the
thoracic spine bends outward like a backward "C" and is
called a kyphotic curve.

18. Lumbar spine — The lumbar spine (or lower
back) usually consists of five vertebrae
numbered L1 to L5. (Some people have six
lumbar vertebrae.) The lumbar spine, which
connects the thoracic spine and the pelvis,
bears the bulk of the body's weight and are the
largest vertebrae. The curve of the lumbar spine
also bends inward (lordotic curve).