2. To the students By encountering here the fundamental biological information isolated from textbooks, you will be able to rapidly determine which areas you have mastered and which areas require further effort on your part. Each chapter begins with a set of multiple-choice and fill-in-the-blank questions, with answers provided at the end of the chapter. The answers to these integrate the chapter details and so may provide the knowledge you lack. Alternatively, if you write your own essay answers and then check them against those given, you will get an idea of your mastery of the material. I hope that, by structuring and guiding your efforts, this form of active review will enable you to use your available review time with maximum efficiency.
3. 1001231151am48 浪漫邂逅BIO 致中四与中五的学生： 学习莫只为考试而死读…… 不管学习Physics, Chemistry OR Biology，若想迅速入脑、掌握，建议遵守以下4项守则： · State · Compare · Categorize · Summarize 【State】即【指出】，Eg：State the meaning（指出其意思）…… 【Compare】即【比较】，两者间比较出共同点和不同点。 【Categorize】即【分配】，将二或以上数量的知识分配归类。 【Summarize】即脑中整理所学、所见、所听……然后 Summarize 出 Mind Map 。
4. 1001261021am45 一呼一吸间， 生命点点滴滴。 Form4 Textbook Page2: The word 'Biology' comes …… hence Biology is the study of life. Form4 Textbook Page14: A cell is the basic unit of structure in living organisms that can perform all the functions of life. Form4 Textbook Page42: In orfer for cells to continue their life's processes, the …… LIFE !!! 生命… 《生物》是门大学问…宗旨是??? 学习生命！ So, state the properties or characteristics of life =)
7. REACT AND RESPOND TO STIMULI Stimulus – is anything that may cause an organism to react - Loud noises, hunger… Response - the reaction to something in the environment - Eat/hunt for food
8. Environment – All the surroundings of an organism Homeostasis – maintaining a stable internal environment Adaptation – Change in traits over time that help an organism survive better in an environment; inheritable changes.
9. REPRODUCE · Asexual – single parent produces offspring identical to parent · Sexual – 2 parents produce unique offspring having characteristics or traits of each parent
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11. METABOLISMThe Sum of All Biochemical Processes Obtain Nutrition Sun is the source of most energy Producers - Make food Consumers - Eat Decomposers – Absorb 2. Digestion – Break down of large food particles into smaller pieces
12. Respiration–Mixing food with oxygen (O2)to release energy Food + O2 H2O + Waste Energy Synthesis –Process of putting together or building up Making more cells – Growth Repair of Replace old cells Excretion – removal of wastes
13. GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT Surface to volume ratio limits how large a cell can grow GROWTH – the increase in size of an organism.
14. Growth in Unicellular Organisms In single-celled organisms growthoccurs by an increase in cell size. Cell can either stay big or divide.
15. Growth in Multicellular Organisms In multi-celled organisms growth occurs by production of new cells · Increases the total number of cells in the organism · Increases total surface to volume ratio
16. DEVELOPMENT Development – All the changes an organism undergoes as it grows and matures · Newborn puppies can’t see at birth · Human babies develop the ability to speak and walk
17. LIFE SPAN All organisms, and individual cells, have a specific life span Includes: Birth Death Stages in Human Life Cycle Birth Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Advanced Adulthood Death
18. 1001271149am28 星海茫茫… 一颗被偷窥的星… 生命的特征…… 现今的中学生，谁仍重视生命的价值? 叛逆时期， 放纵自己的肉体… 禁果成熟后偷偷堕胎… 人神共愤！ 现今的中学生…都忘了生命的本质…… Biology is the study of life. By giving us a way of thinking critically about life, biology helps us understand how to deal with nature, and with our place in it.
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21. Cell Components – The Nucleus – Cell Prime Minister and Info Storage a. Large, dense, spherical organelle b. Enclosed by double membrane (nuclear membrane) c. Has nucleoplasm, dark sphere (nucleolus) d. Chromatin (uncondensed chromosome) in nucleoplasm e. Chromosomes carry genetic information that determine cell characteristic + function f. Controls all cell activities 2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – Highway + Ribosomes – Factory Workers a. RER – Network of folded membrane forming interconnected sacs b. Physically continuous with nuclear membrane c. Has ribosomes attached to surface d. Transports Made in Ribosome Proteins™ and encloses them in vesicles when exiting e. Ribosome – Compact spherical organelles attached to RER or free in cytoplasm f. Consists of 2 sub‐units (small+large) made of RNA+Protein g. Synthesises proteins based on chromosome info
22. 3. Cell Membrane – Checkpoint a. Made of proteins + phospholipids b. Boundary – separates cell from environment c. Semi‐permeable, selective barrier d. Regulates substance movement in and out of cytoplasm 4. MitoChondria – Power Plant a. Spherical or cylindrical organelles b. Involved in cellular respiration c. Releases energy when food (eg glucose) is broken down with mitochondrion enzymes d. Energy stored in ATP (adenosine triphosphate – try saying that 10 times) 5. Golgi Apparatus ‐ Factory a. Stack of flattened membranous sacs b. Processes, packages and transports carbohydrates, proteins, phospholipids and glycoproteins c. Vesicles fuse with GA, stuff goes into GA, modified, sorted, packaged into vesicles d. Vesicles bud off and travel to other organelles or plasma membrane
23. 6. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum – Fat and Poison Center a. Continuous with nuclear membrane b. Detoxifies toxins and produces lipids such as steroids 7. Centrioles – North and South (Animal Only) a. Small cylindrical structures outside nucleus, composed of microtubules b. Form spindle fibres in animal cell division ONLY 8. Lysosomes – Stuff Smasher a. Membrane‐bound sacs with hydrolytic enzymes b. Enzymes break down complex organic molecules c. Eliminate old organelles for cell renewal d. Certain lysosomes break down food in vacuoles and digest bacteria (break down cell wall) 9. Chloroplasts – Solar Panels (Plant Only) a. Lens‐shaped, contain membranous structures with green pigment chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll traps sunlight and turns light energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis
24. 10. Vacuoles – The Refrigerator (Major in Plants/Minor in Animals) a. Fluid filled sac surrounded by tonoplast (semi‐permeable membrane) b. Fluid in vacuole is cell sap (water + dissolved substances) c. Typical plant cell has 1 large vacuole, young plant cell has many small vacuoles d. Freshwater microorganisms have contractile vacuoles + food vacuoles (Paramecium sp.) e. Contractile vacuoles regulate water balance 11. Cell Walls – Big Walls (Plant Only) a. Rigid outer layer, surrounds plant cell plasma membranes b. Composed of cellulose, tough and fibrous carbohydrate c. Permeable to all fluids, has tiny pores d. Gives shape and mechanical support for cell e. Protects cell from exploding for too much water
25. Cells grow, change shape and differentiate in multicellular organisms. Mature cells carry out different functions, like different medical specialists are experts in their field, like a cardiologist in the heart, the neurologist in the brain, etc. They undergo specialization to carry out their functions more efficiently. Organisation is in this form:
