PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL SUMMER 2018 ED 210. COMPARATIVE EDUCATION PROFESSOR: DR. ERLINDA A. GANAPIN
KATHLENE C ULSON
PSU-MAED MATHEMATICS

PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY - GRADUATE SCHOOL SUMMER 2018 ED 210. COMPARATIVE EDUCATION PROFESSOR : DR. ERLINDA A. GANAPIN

Total Area377,915𝑘𝑚2 329,847𝑘𝑚2
Population (051518)127,223,543 31,986,227
Government Type
Parliamentary
Constitutional Monarchy
Federal Parliamentary
Constitutional Monarchy
CurrencyYen (JPY) Ringgit (MYR)
LanguagesJapanese
Bahasa Malaysia (official), English, Chinese
(Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan,
Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai

98.8 103.29102.14
84.97
63.24
42.37
Japan Malaysia
Ratio of Total Enrollment (2015)
Primary Secondary Tertiary
12.84
27.83
9.64
12.81
37.5
41
12.15
8.27
28.87
6.1
Japan Malaysia
Percentage of Ages
0-14 15-24 25-54 55-64 65 above

Late 7th – 13th Century – The maritime Srivijaya Empire controlled the
significant amount of Malay peninsula and revolutionized trade.
After the collapsed of Srivijaya, Islam began to spread through the
region and sultanates began to evolve.
1511 – Portugal conquered the Sultanate of Malacca. (Make the 1st
European power to gain access to Southeast Asian Trade route.)
17th Century – Netherlands and Spain superseded Portugal’s
stronghold.
Mid-1800’s– British colonized and controlled the region over 150
years. (They recognized the strategic position of the Malay stages and
their abundance in natural resources.)
WWII– Japanese invaded and occupied the area for over 3 years.
1957– Malaysia gained independence in Britain.
ca. 4000 BCE Jomon Culture – characterized by handmade pottery
with rope pattern design
ca. 300 BCE
Yayoi Culture - ore advanced agricultural society, using metals and
wheel-turned pottery.
Tomb Period - Great earthen grave mounds and their funerary
objects, such as clay haniwa — terra cotta figurines of people and
animals, models of buildings and boats — attest to emergence of
powerful clan rulers
552 CE– Introduction of Buddhism
645 CE– Taika Reform - Reorganization and reform based largely on
learning imported from China: Buddhism, writing system, bureaucratic
organization, legal theories
710-814 Nara period - emergence of Japanese patterns of
administration and institutions

794-1185 Heian Perion; Fujiwara– Great flowering of classical
Japanese culture in new capital of Heian-kyo (Kyoto)
1963 - Malaysia itself was formed when Singapore and the states of
Sabah and Sarawak joined the Peninsular Malaysia Federation.
1980s – Malaysia saw a period of rapid growth under the direction of
Prime Minister Mohamad. Urbanization was quick to follow as well as
the shift in economy.
1990s – they were shaken by Asian financial crisis.
2004 – A massive victory of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi lifted the
Malaysian economy.
1185-1333 Kamakura Period– Beginning of military rule, as samurai
(warriors) replaced nobles as real rulers of Japan
1333-1598 Kemmu Restoration; Ashikaga Period; Unification
1600-1867 Tokugawa (Edo) Period - Country unified under military
government which maintained 250 years of secluded peace, leading
to development of vibrant urban, "middle-class" culture with
innovations in economic organization, literature, and the arts.
1868 – 1912 Meiji Restoration - Emergence, with Western stimulus,
into modern international world, marked by dramatic alterations in
institutions, traditional social organization, and culture.
1912 - 1989 Taisho Period; Showa Period
1945 – present Contemporary Japan (Heisi Period)

$38,900.00 (USD)
$4,930,000,000,000.00 (USD)
This makes it the 4th largest economy and its
citizens the 42nd richest in the world.
United States, China, and South Korea
Motor vehicles, iron and steel products, and
semiconductors.
China, the United States, and Australia
Petroleum, liquid natural gas, and clothing.
$27,200.00 (USD)
$863,000,000,000.00 (USD)
This makes it the 28th largest economy and its
citizens the 67th richest in the world
Singapore, China, and Japan
Semiconductors, electronic equipment, and palm oil
China, Singapore, and the United States
Electronics, machinery, petroleum products, and
plastics.
GDP (Per
Capita)
GDP (PPP)
Export
Partners
Export
Commodities
Import
Partners
Import
Commodities

Based on PISA Result 2015
Mathematics
- Japan (5th)
Science
- Japan (2nd)
Reading
- Japan (8th)
Mathematics
- Malaysia (45th, didn’t meet the OECD average)
Science
Reading

Government Support
Education (GDP)
- 4.97% (2015)
Education and Sciences (GDP)
- 5.5% (2018)
Major Expenditure Item FY2018 Budget
Education 5,364.6 billion yen
Major Expenditure Item FY2018 Budget
Malaysian Education 61.6 billion ringgit
Student and Teacher Ratio
1:16 (2015) 1:12 (2015)
Starting Age of Formal Education
6 years old

JAPAN MALAYSIA
1. having students acquire wide-ranging knowledge and culture,
fostering the value of seeking the truth, and cultivating a rich
sensibility and sense of morality as well as building the health of the
body;
1. To provide a loyal and United Malaysian nation;
2. developing individuals' abilities, cultivating creativity, and fostering
a spirit of autonomy and independence by respecting the value of
the individual, as well as emphasizing the relationship between one's
career and one's everyday life and fostering the value of respect for
hard work;
2. To produce faithful, well-mannered, knowledgeable, competent,
and prosperous individuals;
3. fostering the values of respect for justice, responsibility, equality
between men and women, and mutual respect and cooperation, as
well as the value of actively participating in building our society and
contributing to its development, in the public spirit;
3. To produce the nation’s human resource for development needs;
and
4. fostering the values of respecting life, caring about nature, and
desiring to contribute to the preservation of the environment; and
4. To provide educational opportunities for all Malaysians.
5. fostering the value of respect for tradition and culture and love of
the country and regions that have nurtured us, as well as the value of
respect for other countries and the desire to contribute to world
peace and the development of the international community.

Primary (Shogakko) – Ages 6 – 12 (6 years)
Lower Secondary (Chugakko) – Ages 12 – 15 (3 years)
High School Entrance Examination
Senior Secondary (Kotogakko)
Ages 15-18 (3 years)
College of Technology
(5 years)
Specialized Upper
Secondary (3 years)
University Entrance Examinations
University
Associate’s Degrees
(2 years)
Bachelor’s Degrees
(4 years)
Master’s Degrees
(2 years)
Doctoral Degrees
(3-4 years)
Specialized
Higher
Education
( Medical,
Veterinary,
Dentistry,
Pharmaceutical )
6 years
MD, DVM, DMD,
etc.
Community
College
Vocational School
(2 years)
Certificate or
License
Associate’s Degrees
Chinese Primary
Education
(6 years)
Malay Junior Secondary Education
(3 years)
Senior Secondary
Education
(2 years)
Senior Secondary Ed.
(Unified Examination
Certificate)
3 years
Diploma
2-3 years
Community
Colleges
Tamil Primary
Education
(6 years)
Malay Primary
Education
(6 years)
Chinese Junior Secondary Education
(Unified Examination Certificate)
3 years
Senior Vocational
Education
(2 years)
Sixth Form
Colleges
1.5 years
Matriculation
Colleges
1 years
Diploma
2-3 years
Polytechnics/
MARA
Bachelor
(Foreign Universities)
3 years
Bachelor
(University Education)
3-4 years
Master
1-2 years
Doctorate
2-3 years

Grade Scale
Grade
Description
Division US Grade
A
70.00 -
100.00
First Class
Honours
A
B
60.00 -
69.99
Second
Class
Honours
Upper
Division
A- / B+
B-
50.00 -
59.99
Second
Class
Honours
Lower
Division
B
C
40.00 -
49.99
Third Class
Honours
B- / C+
Pass B- / C+
F 0.00 - 39.99 Fail F
Grade Scale
Grade
Description
US Grade
S 90.00 - 100.00
秀
(Exemplary)
A+
A+ 90.00 - 100.00
秀 • Shū
(Exemplary)
A+
A 80.00 - 89.99
優 • Yū (Very
Good)
A
B 70.00 - 79.99
良 • Ryō
(Good)
B
C 60.00 - 69.99
可 • Ka
(Satisfactory)
C
F 0.00 - 59.99
不可 • Fuka
(Fail)
F
P パス (Pass) P

Primary Education Secondary Education
Japan 1.17 19.947
Malaysia 12.773 11.253
Source: https://data.worldbank.org (2015)

Country
Qualifications (Minimum years of Study)/
Years in School + Years in Teacher Training
Teacher’s Standards
In Service
Training
Teacher’s Salary and
Other Benefits
Preschool Primary Secondary
Entrance
Examination/
Test
Probationary
Period
Licensure
Renewal/
Sustaining
Pay/Salary
Increase
Evaluation
and
Rewards
Japan 12 + 1 12 + 4 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Malaysia 12 + 3 or 4 No Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Source: Information collected by UNESCO Bangkok staff

1） To cultivate, in all children, the foundations for independence within society by the time they complete compulsory
education.
a） To improve the quality of public education and establish trust
b） To make society-wide efforts to raise children
http://www.mext.go.jp/en/policy/education/lawandplan/title01/detail01/sdetail01/1373813.htm
2） To develop human resources capable of supporting and developing our society and leading the international society
a） To guarantee the quality of education at high schools and universities
b） To develop human resources who are capable of contributing to the creation of “intelligence.” To this end,
world-class education and research centers need to be formed intensively and internationalization of universities need to be
promoted.
JAPAN Vision ２０２０
• Utilize the spirit of the Olympic Charter in school education.
• Project to promote culture appreciation
• Establish pop culture centers
• Create a barrier-free society nationwide
• Promote foreign student exchanges
• Promote volunteer hands-on experiences and etc.
http://www.mext.go.jp/en/news/topics/detail/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2014/03/27/1345958.pdf

Efficiency
Unity
Equity
Quality
Access
100% enrolment across all levels
From preschool to upper secondary by 2020
Top third of countries in international
Assessments such as PISA and TIMSS in 15 years
50% reduction i9n achievement gaps
(urban-rural, socio-economic and gender) by 2020
An education system that gives children shared values
And experiences by embracing diversity
A system which maximizes student outcomes within
Current budget

PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL SUMMER 2018 ED 210. COMPARATIVE EDUCATION PROFESSOR : DR. ERLINDA A. GANAPIN

• http://www.mext.go.jp/en/policy/education/lawandplan/title01/detail01/sdetail01/1373813.htm
• http://www.mext.go.jp/en/news/topics/detail/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2014/03/27/1345958.pdf
• https://data.worldbank.org
• http://ncee.org/what-we-do/center-on-international-education-benchmarking/top-performing-countries/japan-
overview/japan-system-and-school-organization/
• http://www.mext.go.jp/en/news/topics/detail/1372654.htm
• https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/my2.htm#page
• https://www.graphicmaps.com/malaysia/capital
• https://www.graphicmaps.com/malaysia/languages
• https://www.graphicmaps.com/malaysia#economy
• https://www.classbase.com/countries/Malaysia/Education-System
• https://www.classbase.com/Countries/Japan/Grading-System
• http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/higher-education-in-asia-expanding-out-expanding-up-2014-
en.pdf
• https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Malaysia/Student_teacher_ratio_primary_school/
• https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Malaysia/Education_spending/

PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY - GRADUATE SCHOOL SUMMER 2018 ED 210. COMPARATIVE EDUCATION TEACHER: DR. ERLINDA A. GANAPIN
• https://www.graphicmaps.com/japan/languages
• https://www.graphicmaps.com/japan#economy
• https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2126.html
• http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/timelines/japan_timeline.htm
• http://www.businessinsider.com/pisa-worldwide-ranking-of-math-science-reading-skills-2016-12
• https://www.classbase.com/countries/Japan/Education-System
• http://www.dpme.gov.za/publications/Reports%20and%20Other%20Information%20Products/Report%20SE%20Asia%
20study%20tour%20compressed%2012%2001%2025.pdf
• https://www.moe.gov.my/images/dasar-kpm/articlefile_file_003108.pdf
• https://www.classbase.com/Countries/Japan/Grading-System
• http://www.mext.go.jp/en/policy/education/lawandplan/title01/detail01/1373798.htm
• http://www.mext.go.jp/en/policy/education/lawandplan/title01/detail01/1373797.htm

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