Scaffolding by UWM

USA (v. 2008) 2
Topics of DiscussionTopics of Discussion
• AwarenessAwareness
• Types of ScaffoldingTypes of Scaffolding
• Scaffolding BasicsScaffolding Basics
• Erecting ScaffoldsErecting Scaffolds
• Inspection ofInspection of
ScaffoldsScaffolds
• Do’s and Don’tsDo’s and Don’ts
Photo of Engelmann Gym scaffold (under construction, fall 2005)Photo of Engelmann Gym scaffold (under construction, fall 2005)

USA (v. 2008) 3
Anatomy of a FallAnatomy of a Fall
• Source:Source: Anatomy of a Fall diagram from AssociatedAnatomy of a Fall diagram from Associated
General Contractors of Wisconsin, 6General Contractors of Wisconsin, 6thth
Annual State RiskAnnual State Risk
Mgmt. Conference, Madison, 1998Mgmt. Conference, Madison, 1998

USA (v. 2008) 4
Scaffolding Accident/Injury StatisticsScaffolding Accident/Injury Statistics
• An estimated 2.3An estimated 2.3
million constructionmillion construction
workers, or 65% of theworkers, or 65% of the
construction industry,construction industry,
work on scaffoldswork on scaffolds
frequently.frequently.
• Protecting theseProtecting these
workers from scaffold-workers from scaffold-
related accidentsrelated accidents
would prevent 4,500would prevent 4,500
injuries and 50 deathsinjuries and 50 deaths
per year.per year.
2004 DOL Statistics

USA (v. 2008) 5
Fatalities in Construction (OSHA)Fatalities in Construction (OSHA)
Fall Protection (3 methods):
•Fall Prevention (e.g.,
guardrail system)
•Work Positioning, secures
you to a location, thus
preventing a fall
•Fall Arrest Systems,
consisting of a full body
harness, lanyard, and
anchorage

USA (v. 2008) 7
ScaffoldingScaffolding
– with wood poles andwith wood poles and
over 60 feet in heightover 60 feet in height
– frame scaffolds overframe scaffolds over
125 feet in height125 feet in height
– outrigger scaffolds plusoutrigger scaffolds plus
scaffold erectionsscaffold erections
– when intended loadswhen intended loads
exceed tube andexceed tube and
coupler scaffoldcoupler scaffold
standard ratingsstandard ratings
• A registered professional engineer must design andA registered professional engineer must design and
certify scaffolds:certify scaffolds:

USA (v. 2008) 8
Types of ScaffoldsTypes of Scaffolds

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Supported ScaffoldsSupported Scaffolds
• Ladder Jack
• Pump Jack
• Frame or
Fabricated
• Tube and
Coupler
• Mobile
• Specialty
• Pole

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Manually PropelledManually Propelled
Mobile ScaffoldsMobile Scaffolds

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Suspended ScaffoldsSuspended Scaffolds
• Two-PointTwo-Point
• Single-PointSingle-Point
AdjustableAdjustable
• CatenaryCatenary
• Multi-pointMulti-point
AdjustableAdjustable
• Interior HungInterior Hung
• Needle BeamNeedle Beam
• Multi-LevelMulti-Level
• Float (ship)Float (ship)

USA (v. 2008) 12
Boatswain’s ChairBoatswain’s Chair
Seat slings must:
• Pass through four corner
holes in the seat,
• Cross on the underside of
the seat,
• Be rigged to prevent
slippage which could
cause the chair to be out-
of-level, and
• Be at least 5/8” diameter
fiber, synthetic, or other
first-grade manila rope of
equivalent criteria
(strength, slip resistance,
durability, etc.).

USA (v. 2008) 13
Specialty ScaffoldsSpecialty Scaffolds
• Plasterers‘
• Decorators', and other large-
area scaffolds;
• Bricklayers' square scaffolds;
• Horse scaffolds
• Outrigger scaffolds
• Step, platform, and trestle
ladder scaffolds
• Form and carpenter's bracket
scaffolds
• Window jack scaffolds;
• Crawling boards and chicken
ladders
• Roof bracket scaffolds.
Specialty Scaffolds are designed for a narrow and very specific
range of applications. Specialty Scaffolds Include:

USA (v. 2008) 14
Outrigger ScaffoldsOutrigger Scaffolds
Outrigger beams must
be:
Secured in place to
prevent movement,
and
Securely braced at
the fulcrum point to
prevent tipping.

USA (v. 2008) 15
Tube and CoupleTube and Couple
ScaffoldsScaffolds
• KlotscheKlotsche
natatorium HVACnatatorium HVAC
renovationrenovation
(Summer 2004)(Summer 2004)

USA (v. 2008) 16
Tube and Coupler ScaffoldsTube and Coupler Scaffolds
Light DutyLight Duty
• Not to exceed 25 pounds per
square foot
• 10 foot longitudinal post spacing
• 6 foot traverse post space
• 1 work level
– 8 additional planked levels
– 125 feet maximum height
• 2 work levels
• 3 work levels
Medium DutyMedium Duty
• Not to exceed 50 pounds per square
foot
• 8 foot longitudinal post spacing
• 6 foot traverse post space
• 1 work level
• 2 work levels
Heavy DutyHeavy Duty
• Not to exceed 75 pounds per square
foot
• 6’ 6” foot longitudinal post spacing
• 6 foot traverse post spacing
• 1 work level

USA (v. 2008) 17
BasicsBasics
• TrainingTraining — Employers must— Employers must
train each employee whotrain each employee who
works on a scaffold on theworks on a scaffold on the
procedures to control orprocedures to control or
minimize the hazards.minimize the hazards.
• InspectionsInspections — Before each— Before each
work shift and after anywork shift and after any
occurrence that could affectoccurrence that could affect
the structural integrity, athe structural integrity, a
competent person mustcompetent person must
inspect the scaffold andinspect the scaffold and
scaffold components forscaffold components for
visible defectsvisible defects..

USA (v. 2008) 18
BasicsBasics
• Fall protection (e.g.Fall protection (e.g.
guardrails) required at aguardrails) required at a
10 foot height above a10 foot height above a
lower level.lower level. [[
1926.451(g)(1)1926.451(g)(1)]]
• When erecting andWhen erecting and
dismantling supporteddismantling supported
scaffolds, a competentscaffolds, a competent
person must determineperson must determine
the feasibility of providingthe feasibility of providing
a safe means of accessa safe means of access
and fall protection forand fall protection for
these operationsthese operations
NOTE: guardrails recommended at
work platform heights greater than
4 feet

USA (v. 2008) 19
Personal Safety TipsPersonal Safety Tips

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Personal Safety TipsPersonal Safety Tips

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Inspect Prior to UseInspect Prior to Use
• All equipmentAll equipment
must bemust be
inspected to seeinspected to see
that it is in goodthat it is in good
condition andcondition and
serviceable.serviceable.
• Damaged orDamaged or
deteriorateddeteriorated
equipment mustequipment must
not be usednot be used

USA (v. 2008) 22
Erecting ScaffoldingErecting Scaffolding
• Erect plumb,Erect plumb,
square andsquare and
rigid with allrigid with all
bracebrace
connectionsconnections
securelysecurely
fastenedfastened

USA (v. 2008) 23
Tubular Welded-frame ScaffoldsTubular Welded-frame Scaffolds
• Be sure scaffold stays plumb and level as erection progressesBe sure scaffold stays plumb and level as erection progresses
• For mobile scaffolds, use a horizontal diagonal brace, forFor mobile scaffolds, use a horizontal diagonal brace, for
stability, at the base and every 21 feet in height.stability, at the base and every 21 feet in height.

USA (v. 2008) 24
• Cross membersCross members
must be lockedmust be locked
together with cottertogether with cotter
pins or equivalentpins or equivalent
• Safway scaffoldsSafway scaffolds
have “G” lockshave “G” locks
which open withwhich open with
slight pressure andslight pressure and
lock automaticallylock automatically
after guardrail slipsafter guardrail slips
into placeinto place
Tubular Welded-Frame ScaffoldsTubular Welded-Frame Scaffolds

USA (v. 2008) 25
• Each plank on a continuous run scaffold mustEach plank on a continuous run scaffold must
extend over its supports by at least 6” and overlapextend over its supports by at least 6” and overlap
each other by at least 12”each other by at least 12”
OverlapOverlap

USA (v. 2008) 26
• Guardrails and toeboards must be put on all open sidesGuardrails and toeboards must be put on all open sides
and ends of scaffolds 10’ or higherand ends of scaffolds 10’ or higher
• Screening required when materials are stacked higher thanScreening required when materials are stacked higher than
toeboardtoeboard
Guardrails and ToeboardsGuardrails and Toeboards

USA (v. 2008) 27
• Side and endSide and end
brackets arebrackets are
designed to supportdesigned to support
people ONLY.people ONLY.
• Brackets are not toBrackets are not to
be used on rollingbe used on rolling
towerstowers
• Brackets introduceBrackets introduce
overturning and/oroverturning and/or
uplift forces.uplift forces.
Side and End BracketsSide and End Brackets

USA (v. 2008) 28
• Do not storeDo not store
materials on side ormaterials on side or
end bracketend bracket
platformsplatforms
• Only store materialsOnly store materials
on scaffolds whichon scaffolds which
are for immediateare for immediate
useuse
• Do not overloadDo not overload
platforms withplatforms with
materials.materials.
Side and End BracketsSide and End Brackets

USA (v. 2008) 29
ClimbingClimbing
• Do not climb onDo not climb on
cross memberscross members
or railingsor railings
• Access laddersAccess ladders
must be used;must be used;
attachableattachable
ladders mustladders must
extend 3 feetextend 3 feet
above platformabove platform

USA (v. 2008) 30
Climb SafelyClimb Safely
• Face the rungsFace the rungs
• Use both handsUse both hands
• Do not carryDo not carry
materials whilematerials while
you climbyou climb
• Keep one handKeep one hand
firmly on frame orfirmly on frame or
ladder at all timesladder at all times
• Rungs and shoesRungs and shoes
should be clean toshould be clean to
avoid slippingavoid slipping

USA (v. 2008) 31
• Height not to exceed 4* timesHeight not to exceed 4* times
the minimum base dimensionthe minimum base dimension
• (Example, if base is 6’ x 10’, the
maximum height is 24’)
• Planks must extend the fullPlanks must extend the full
length of the scaffoldlength of the scaffold
• Do not ride on a mobile rollingDo not ride on a mobile rolling
tower scaffold while it is beingtower scaffold while it is being
moved.moved.
• Guardrails and toeboardsGuardrails and toeboards
required on all sides whenrequired on all sides when
over 10 feetover 10 feet
* In California and some other states, height
must not exceed 3 times.

USA (v. 2008) 32
• All tools or other objects whichAll tools or other objects which
could fall from the scaffoldcould fall from the scaffold
must be removed or securedmust be removed or secured
before moving the scaffoldbefore moving the scaffold
• At each new location, theAt each new location, the
scaffold shall be put on firmscaffold shall be put on firm
ground and kept plumbground and kept plumb
• Manual force used to move theManual force used to move the
scaffold must be applied asscaffold must be applied as
close to the base as possible,close to the base as possible,
but not more than 5 feet abovebut not more than 5 feet above
the supporting surface.the supporting surface.

USA (v. 2008) 33
• The load rating of theThe load rating of the
casters will limit the size,casters will limit the size,
configuration, and loadconfiguration, and load
capacity of the rollingcapacity of the rolling
tower. Casters must betower. Casters must be
rated 4 times therated 4 times the
maximum rated load ofmaximum rated load of
the scaffoldthe scaffold
• Caster and wheel stemCaster and wheel stem
shall be pinned, boltedshall be pinned, bolted
or otherwise secured inor otherwise secured in
scaffold legs orscaffold legs or
adjustment screws.adjustment screws.
Manually Propelled Mobile ScaffoldsManually Propelled Mobile Scaffolds

USA (v. 2008) 34
Manually Propelled Mobile ScaffoldsManually Propelled Mobile Scaffolds
• Lock allLock all
casterscasters
beforebefore
getting on agetting on a
rolling tower.rolling tower.
• Casters shallCasters shall
remainremain
locked whilelocked while
in usein use

USA (v. 2008) 35
Upright Narrow ScaffoldUpright Narrow Scaffold
• Per instructions of the
UpRight Narrow
Scaffold, the platform
height must not exceed
3 times the smaller
base dimension unless
scaffold is tied to the
structure

USA (v. 2008) 36
Upright Narrow Scaffold: read the labelsUpright Narrow Scaffold: read the labels

USA (v. 2008) 37
Upright Narrow ScaffoldUpright Narrow Scaffold

USA (v. 2008) 38
Inspect Job SiteInspect Job Site
• Inspect job site toInspect job site to
determine grounddetermine ground
conditions, strengthconditions, strength
of supportingof supporting
structure, proximitystructure, proximity
to electric lines &to electric lines &
overheadoverhead
obstructionsobstructions
• Compensate forCompensate for
uneven ground byuneven ground by
using screw jacks &using screw jacks &
base platesbase plates
• Do not use unstable objects suchDo not use unstable objects such
as blocks, loose bricks andas blocks, loose bricks and
similarsimilar objectsobjects

USA (v. 2008) 39
Ties, Guys, BracingTies, Guys, Bracing
• Scaffolds must beScaffolds must be
secured to thesecured to the
structure when thestructure when the
height exceeds 4 timesheight exceeds 4 times
the minimum basethe minimum base
widthwidth
– every 30 horizontal feetevery 30 horizontal feet
– every 20 feet or lessevery 20 feet or less
(for scaffolds less than(for scaffolds less than
3 feet wide) or 263 feet wide) or 26
vertical feet or less (forvertical feet or less (for
>3 feet wide)>3 feet wide)
– Outriggers, if used,Outriggers, if used,
must be installed onmust be installed on
both sidesboth sides

USA (v. 2008) 40
ClearancesClearances
• Any work where theAny work where the
tube could come intotube could come into
contact with the linecontact with the line
would need to be 6would need to be 6
meters plus themeters plus the
““Danger Zone”Danger Zone”
distance relative todistance relative to
the voltage andthe voltage and
nature of insulation innature of insulation in
order that theorder that the
scaffold tube cannotscaffold tube cannot
enter the “enter the “DangerDanger
Zone”Zone”

USA (v. 2008) 41
ClearancesClearances
Minimum Clearances From Electrical Lines
Insulated Lines
Less than 300 volts 3 feet
300 volts to 50 kv 10 feet
More than 50 kv 10 feet plus 4” for each
additional kv
Uninsulated Lines
Up to 50 kv 10 feet
More than 50 kv 10 feet plus 4” for each
additional kv

USA (v. 2008) 42
Peronsal Protective EquipmentPeronsal Protective Equipment
• What types of PPE should you use whenWhat types of PPE should you use when
working on or near a scaffold?working on or near a scaffold?
1.1.
2.2.
3.3.

USA (v. 2008) 43
What’s Wrong in This Picture?What’s Wrong in This Picture?

USA (v. 2008) 44

USA (v. 2008) 45
• The concrete blocks are
stacked six high, there
are no base plates on
some legs, scaffold legs
are bearing on unstable
objects, and there is
improper/inadequate
bracing.
What’s Wrong in ThisWhat’s Wrong in This
Picture?Picture?
Photo & Text -- OSHA

USA (v. 2008) 46
• This is a shore, or lean-to
scaffold, and it is not
permitted to be used per
OSHA or ANSI.
• In this photo, workers
have a shore scaffold on
top of another shore
scaffold.
• Access is unsafe both
from above and below.
• The only thing holding
this scaffold up is the
DUMPSTER!
What’s Wrong in ThisWhat’s Wrong in This
Picture?Picture?
Photo & Text -- OSHA

USA (v. 2008) 47

USA (v. 2008) 48

USA (v. 2008) 49
• The planks are not
cleated or
otherwise secured
against
displacement,
• There are no
guardrails, and
• There is greater
than a 14-inch gap
between the
building and the
scaffold platform.

USA (v. 2008) 50
• Where laddersWhere ladders
end, plasterersend, plasterers
clamber ontoclamber onto
bundles of sticksbundles of sticks
that stud thethat stud the
Great Mosque.Great Mosque.
These serve asThese serve as
scaffolding --ascaffolding --a
grid ofgrid of
permanentpermanent
perches.perches.
• Photograph by SarahPhotograph by Sarah
Leen, NationalLeen, National
Geographic, June 2001Geographic, June 2001

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