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1  sur  79
Indice de
Fragmentação de
DNA espermático:
armadilhas.
Conrado Alvarenga
CONFLITOS DE INTERESSE
79 pacientes
26 elevada IFDNA
10% Normais
Até em bois se fala
sobre isso? SIM!!!!!
2018
Os homens não andam
nada bem né?
16%
Yearly decline in men’s
Sperm count in the West
SOURCE: HUMAN REPRODUCTION UPDATE
QUEDA DA FERTILIDADE
MASCULINA PELO MUNDO
The research = 26,600 men showed a "significant and continuous"
32.2% decrease in sperm concentration over 17 years
Sperm per millilitre of semen fell at about 2% a year between
1989 and 2005
In French men with an average age of 35, sperm count
reduced = 73.6 million/ml to 49.9 m/ml.
AUMENTO DO
IMC E INGESTA
DE GORDURA
SATURADA
AUMENTO DO
SEDENTARISMO
AUMENTO DOS
NÍVEIS DE
ESTRESSE
PIORA A
QUALIDADE DO
SONO
AUMENTO DOS
DISRUPTORES
ENDÓCRINOS
POLUENTES
AMBIENTAIS
HIPÓTESES PRINCIPAIS
QUEDA DA FERTILIDADE MASCULINA PELO MUNDO
QUAL A IMPORTÂNCIA DO ESTUDO DA
FRAGMENTAÇÃO DA CROMATINA ESPERMÁTICA ?
20% dos homens inférteis apresentam espermograma normal
Não é marcador de
fertilidade ou
infertilidade
Até 14% dos espg normais tem
elevados IFDNA
Ahhh, agora estou
entendendo...... O
espermograma pode
nos enganar, é isso??
Legal, e esse exame é
antigo? Pois eu não
ouvia falar muito
sobre ele.......
COMEÇO
QUAIS SÃO OS TESTES DISPONÍVEIS
TUNEL assay 1993 Comet assay1996
Sperm chomatin sperm
structure (SCSA)
1980
Sperm chomatin
dispersion test (SCD)2003
Aniline blue, toluidine blue
1995
?
2005
Halosperm may not be the definitive technique, if indeed one
exists, but its ease of use and interpretation facilitates its
potential incorporation into any basic research and clinical
laboratory in the world. This is in contrast to the more complex
SCSA. With greater access to a simple, reliable, and sensitive
sperm DNA fragmentation technique, perhaps conclusions about
the clinical validity of such assays will be made more swiftly.
2005
500
células
Normal Até 15% dos espermatozóides com DNA fragmentado
Moderado Entre 16 a 30% dos espermatozóides com DNA fragmentado
Elevada Acima de 30% dos espermatozóides com DNA fragmentado
Resultado – 12,8% (porcentagem de espermatozóides com DNA fragmentado)
Espermatozóides fragmentado / Espermatozóides analisados: 64 / 500
Metodologia – Dispersão da Cromatina Espermética (SCD Sperm Chromatin Dispertion) – HALOSPERM®
FRAGMENTAÇÃO DO DNA ESPERMÁTICO
2005/6 ---- SURGEM PRIMEIROS TRABALHOS
Tempo mais longo para estabelecer uma gestação normal,
maior número de ciclos de Fertilização in vitro e aumento do
risco de abortamento espontâneo
FRAGMENTACAO DE DNA NO SEMEM
2006
Conclusions The SCSA analysis is a precise, timely and cost-effective
diagnostic tool to help manage a couple’s infertility treatment, whereas the
Comet and Tunel assays currently lack the consistency and reliability needed
in a clinical setting.
all idiopathic couples;
men older than 40 years, even if prior fertility;
men with known exposures to toxicants;
men with above mentioned pathologies;
and all couples presenting for infertility ???
Patients presenting with the following should have a DNA fragmentation test:
2007
2009
Mean (SD), median (range) Control Subfertile men P
Mean no. of sperm analysed 7264 5212
DFI, % 8.4 (5.6), 5.0 (4–21) 22.8 (14.6), 17.0 (4–63) <0.001
Moderate DFI 6.4 (4.5), 4.0 (3–17) 16.4 (11.1), 13.0 (3–52) 0.001
High DFI 2.0 (1.3), 1.0 (1–4) 6.2 (6.1), 6.1 (0–26) 0.01
DNA FRAGMENTATION DATA FOR THE FERTILE CONTROL SUBJECTS AND SUBFERTILE MEN
2009
2012
16TRABALHOS 2.969 casais
Is there an association between high levels
of sperm DNA damage and miscarriage?
Significant increase in miscarriage in patients with
high DNA damage compared with those with
low DNA damage [risk ratio (RR) = 2.16 P < 0.00001]
Whether sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation has an effect on pregnancy and
miscarriage after in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a systematic
review and meta-analysis.
OBJECTIVE:
To examine whether sperm DNA fragmentation has an effect on pregnancy and miscarriage after IVF
and/or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
DESIGN:
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
SETTING:
University-affiliated teaching hospital.
PATIENT(S):
Infertility patient(s).
INTERVENTION(S):
2013
IncludedEligibillitySreeningIdentification Records identified through
database searching (n=401)
Studies included in quantitative
meta-analysis for miscarriage (=14)
Additional records identified
though other sources (n=0)
Records after duplicates
removed (n=400)
Records excluded (n=302)
Records screened (n=98)
Full-text articles excluded, with
reasons (=75)
Full-text articles assessed for
eligibility (n=23)
Studies included in quantitative
meta-analysis for pregnancy (n=16)
2013 Dar (20) Pro ICSI Acridine Orange 50 39 19 7 114 53 13
7 / 39 13 / 114> 2013
Então desde 2012 já se
sabia que quando estava
elevado o casal poderia ter
risco maior de aborto?
Críticas até 2018
A grande maioria dos trabalhos publicados relacionando resultados da
reprodução assistida com índice de fragmentação de DNA
1
POSSUEM
NÚMERO
PEQUENO DE
PACIENTES
2
MÉTODOS
DIFERENTES DE
ANÁLISE E SELEÇÃO
NÃO HOMOGÊNEA
DOS CASOS
Fica claro e evidente que o dano ao DNA espermático afeta sim os resultados
da FIV/ICSI, principalmente nas taxas de gravidez clínica e de aborto
A Técnica
Qual Teste Adotar em seu laboratório?
DIFICULDADE TÉCNICA E
TEMPO DE EXECUÇÃO
NECESSIDADE DE
EQUIPAMENTOS
COMPLEXOS E CAROS
SUBJETIVIDADE
DA ANÁLISE
VALIDAÇÃO E
PADRONIZAÇÃO
TUNEL O O O O O O O O O O O
SCSA O O O O O O O O O O O
COMET O O O O O O O O O O O
SCD O O O O O O O
E em quais outras
situações eu peço o
exame?
CENÁRIOS ASSOCIADOS
COM ELEVADOS IFDNA
OBESIDADE
Obesidade e Fragmentação DNA
Kort et al, J Androl; 2006
Chavarro et al, Fertil Steril, 2009
19.9
25.8
27
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
IMC 20-24 IMC 25-30 IMC > 30
DFI (%)
IMC 20-24
IMC 25-30
IMC > 30
INFECÇÕES
TABAGISMO
VARICOCELE
Varicocelectomy studies have reported significant
improvements in one or more semen parameters in
approximately 65% of men
Redução média de 14,4% nos IFDNA
Studies have shown that men who achieved a post-operative total motile
sperm count greater than 20 million and sperm DNA fragmentation
decrease after varicocelectomy were more likely to initiate a pregnancy
either spontaneously or via assisted reproductive technology (ART)
FINASTERIDA
CASE REPORT
IFDNA DURANTE USO > 30%
3 MESES SEM 21,2 %
APOS 6 MESES 16,5%
ESTUDO
PURAMENTE
ANDROLOGICO
RADIOIODO
Rdt/QT
Sperm DNA fragmentation after radioiodine
treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer
Background
Treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer usually consists of a total thyroidectomy followed by
one or several courses of radioiodine (131I). 131I is known to have deleterious effects on radiation
sensitive tissues and irradiation to the testes has been shown after its administration. We
investigated effects of such treatment on sperm DNA in a patient with differentiated thyroid
carcinoma.
Methods
The patient, a 32-year-old male with differentiated thyroid carcinoma treated by total
thyroidectomy and radioiodine therapy, performed 6 semen samples in total, 3 for sperm banking
and 3 for semen exploration, that were analysed for classic semen parameters. DNA integrity was
analysed by flow cytometry: sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) and high DNA stainability
(HDS) were analyzed by sperm chromatin structure assay, DNA fragmentation was analyzed by
terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay.
Results
Moderate oligozoospermia was observed as early as 3 months after a first dose of 131I and became
severe at 5 months. Total sperm count was reduced up to 12 months after the second dose of 131I.
Sperm DFI was increased 3.25 months after the first dose of 131I. All parameters returned to
normal values 28 months after the second 131I dose.
Radioiodine can affect not only classic
sperm parameters but also the genetic
material of spermatozoa !!!! 2016
2015/6
Ainda ha duvida e muitos
pontos a serem esclarecidos
Fertility and Sterility® Vol. 99, No. 1, January 2013 0015-0282
Hummmmm, então a
idade do homem
também eleva os
IFDNA?
E ejacular mais vezes:
pode ajudar ????
TEMPO ABSTINENCIA
QUAL A SUA ROTINA?
Pelo amor de Deus
então, me ajude a
reduzir...........
O QUE FAZER PARA REDUZIR
Can You Treat Sperm DNA Fragmentation
ASRM 2015
Reducing the amount of sperm DNA fragmentation includes such things as
"having a urologist evaluate the man to determine if a varicocele is present
and, if large, surgically repair it. Several studies have shown this not only
brings down the DFI but increases pregnancy success,” .
Keep the testes cool
Stop smoking
Eat a diet rich in antioxidants because oxidative stress is the primary culprit
for breaking DNA
Avoid some medications such as cortisone and SSRIs
Ask your doctor about supplementary vitamins and antioxidants such as
vitamins C and E, co-enzyme Q-10 and supplements containing carnitine.
Fragmentação DNA
44 pacientes – normo e oligo – SEM CONTROLE
Tratados com zinco (10mg/ml), aspartato (500mg/ml) e
coenzima q10 40mg/ml
Avaliados h/h por 6h e TUNEL ( DNA )
Melhora em todos os parâmetros – motilidade progressiva,
peroxidacao lipidica e DNA FRAGM
PROCESSAMENTO
P < 0,001 após 24hs
Tempo e Temperatura de incubação da amostra seminal
Gradiente e Swim up
TÉCNICAS DE PROCESSAMENTO SEMINAL
Swim up
Zini et al
Sakkas et al, Xue et al, Brahem et al
Spano et al, Younglai et al
Swim up e gradiente
E os casos que não
melhortam ?
NOVOS TESTES QUE PERMITAM USAR A CÉLULA AVALIADA
Espectroscopia Raman
Fertil Steril. 2015 Dec;104(6):1398-405
ICSI com sptz ejaculado
(N=91)
ICSI com sptz testicular
(N=81) >>>>>>>>>>
147 Homens inférteis com oligozoospermia ( 5 – 15
M/mL ) e alta FDE (>30%) após uso de antioxidantes
Resuma por
favor!!!!!!
Nunca deixe de solicitar quando
indicado!!!!
Busque sempre a melhora !!!!
Nunca submestime a discussão
intra laboratorial!!!!!
Reze para não ter refratário........
MENSAGENS FINAIS
Espermograma convencional limitado avaliação potencial fértil
Teste Fragmentação DNA Espermático ganha força como ferramenta que permite avaliação
cromatina nível molecular
No campo laboratorial, as seguintes medidas parecem ser úteis para minimizar a fragmentação do
DNA espermático
b. Processamento seminal pelo gradiente descontínuo coloidal de 2 camadas
c. Incubação por curto período de tempo das amostras pós-processadas (<3h) e à temperatura
ambiente
d. Utilização espermatozoides testiculares em casos extremos
e. Técnicas de seleção espermática (PICSI)
Abstinência ejaculatória reduzida (1 dia), com coletas seriadas
SAÚDE REPRODUTIVA
DO HOMEM
Urologista
Endocrinologista Biomédica
Enfermagem
Nutricionista
Ginecologista
Psicóloga
Terapeuta
Personal Trainer
Pessoal: eu adoro
muito todos voces
!!!!
Valeu – fiquem
acordados ai!!!!

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Curso de imersão em medicina reprodutiva Arte Academy - Aula no Arte Academy primeira edição, ministrada no Tivolli em SP,

  • 1. Indice de Fragmentação de DNA espermático: armadilhas. Conrado Alvarenga
  • 2.
  • 4. 79 pacientes 26 elevada IFDNA 10% Normais
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. Até em bois se fala sobre isso? SIM!!!!!
  • 9.
  • 10. Os homens não andam nada bem né?
  • 11. 16% Yearly decline in men’s Sperm count in the West SOURCE: HUMAN REPRODUCTION UPDATE
  • 12. QUEDA DA FERTILIDADE MASCULINA PELO MUNDO The research = 26,600 men showed a "significant and continuous" 32.2% decrease in sperm concentration over 17 years Sperm per millilitre of semen fell at about 2% a year between 1989 and 2005 In French men with an average age of 35, sperm count reduced = 73.6 million/ml to 49.9 m/ml.
  • 13. AUMENTO DO IMC E INGESTA DE GORDURA SATURADA AUMENTO DO SEDENTARISMO AUMENTO DOS NÍVEIS DE ESTRESSE PIORA A QUALIDADE DO SONO AUMENTO DOS DISRUPTORES ENDÓCRINOS POLUENTES AMBIENTAIS HIPÓTESES PRINCIPAIS QUEDA DA FERTILIDADE MASCULINA PELO MUNDO
  • 14. QUAL A IMPORTÂNCIA DO ESTUDO DA FRAGMENTAÇÃO DA CROMATINA ESPERMÁTICA ? 20% dos homens inférteis apresentam espermograma normal
  • 15. Não é marcador de fertilidade ou infertilidade Até 14% dos espg normais tem elevados IFDNA
  • 16. Ahhh, agora estou entendendo...... O espermograma pode nos enganar, é isso??
  • 17. Legal, e esse exame é antigo? Pois eu não ouvia falar muito sobre ele.......
  • 19. QUAIS SÃO OS TESTES DISPONÍVEIS TUNEL assay 1993 Comet assay1996 Sperm chomatin sperm structure (SCSA) 1980 Sperm chomatin dispersion test (SCD)2003 Aniline blue, toluidine blue 1995 ?
  • 20. 2005
  • 21. Halosperm may not be the definitive technique, if indeed one exists, but its ease of use and interpretation facilitates its potential incorporation into any basic research and clinical laboratory in the world. This is in contrast to the more complex SCSA. With greater access to a simple, reliable, and sensitive sperm DNA fragmentation technique, perhaps conclusions about the clinical validity of such assays will be made more swiftly. 2005
  • 22. 500 células Normal Até 15% dos espermatozóides com DNA fragmentado Moderado Entre 16 a 30% dos espermatozóides com DNA fragmentado Elevada Acima de 30% dos espermatozóides com DNA fragmentado Resultado – 12,8% (porcentagem de espermatozóides com DNA fragmentado) Espermatozóides fragmentado / Espermatozóides analisados: 64 / 500 Metodologia – Dispersão da Cromatina Espermética (SCD Sperm Chromatin Dispertion) – HALOSPERM® FRAGMENTAÇÃO DO DNA ESPERMÁTICO
  • 23. 2005/6 ---- SURGEM PRIMEIROS TRABALHOS Tempo mais longo para estabelecer uma gestação normal, maior número de ciclos de Fertilização in vitro e aumento do risco de abortamento espontâneo FRAGMENTACAO DE DNA NO SEMEM
  • 24. 2006
  • 25. Conclusions The SCSA analysis is a precise, timely and cost-effective diagnostic tool to help manage a couple’s infertility treatment, whereas the Comet and Tunel assays currently lack the consistency and reliability needed in a clinical setting. all idiopathic couples; men older than 40 years, even if prior fertility; men with known exposures to toxicants; men with above mentioned pathologies; and all couples presenting for infertility ??? Patients presenting with the following should have a DNA fragmentation test: 2007
  • 26. 2009
  • 27. Mean (SD), median (range) Control Subfertile men P Mean no. of sperm analysed 7264 5212 DFI, % 8.4 (5.6), 5.0 (4–21) 22.8 (14.6), 17.0 (4–63) <0.001 Moderate DFI 6.4 (4.5), 4.0 (3–17) 16.4 (11.1), 13.0 (3–52) 0.001 High DFI 2.0 (1.3), 1.0 (1–4) 6.2 (6.1), 6.1 (0–26) 0.01 DNA FRAGMENTATION DATA FOR THE FERTILE CONTROL SUBJECTS AND SUBFERTILE MEN 2009
  • 28. 2012
  • 29. 16TRABALHOS 2.969 casais Is there an association between high levels of sperm DNA damage and miscarriage? Significant increase in miscarriage in patients with high DNA damage compared with those with low DNA damage [risk ratio (RR) = 2.16 P < 0.00001]
  • 30. Whether sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation has an effect on pregnancy and miscarriage after in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether sperm DNA fragmentation has an effect on pregnancy and miscarriage after IVF and/or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING: University-affiliated teaching hospital. PATIENT(S): Infertility patient(s). INTERVENTION(S): 2013
  • 31. IncludedEligibillitySreeningIdentification Records identified through database searching (n=401) Studies included in quantitative meta-analysis for miscarriage (=14) Additional records identified though other sources (n=0) Records after duplicates removed (n=400) Records excluded (n=302) Records screened (n=98) Full-text articles excluded, with reasons (=75) Full-text articles assessed for eligibility (n=23) Studies included in quantitative meta-analysis for pregnancy (n=16)
  • 32. 2013 Dar (20) Pro ICSI Acridine Orange 50 39 19 7 114 53 13 7 / 39 13 / 114> 2013
  • 33. Então desde 2012 já se sabia que quando estava elevado o casal poderia ter risco maior de aborto?
  • 34. Críticas até 2018 A grande maioria dos trabalhos publicados relacionando resultados da reprodução assistida com índice de fragmentação de DNA 1 POSSUEM NÚMERO PEQUENO DE PACIENTES 2 MÉTODOS DIFERENTES DE ANÁLISE E SELEÇÃO NÃO HOMOGÊNEA DOS CASOS Fica claro e evidente que o dano ao DNA espermático afeta sim os resultados da FIV/ICSI, principalmente nas taxas de gravidez clínica e de aborto
  • 36. Qual Teste Adotar em seu laboratório? DIFICULDADE TÉCNICA E TEMPO DE EXECUÇÃO NECESSIDADE DE EQUIPAMENTOS COMPLEXOS E CAROS SUBJETIVIDADE DA ANÁLISE VALIDAÇÃO E PADRONIZAÇÃO TUNEL O O O O O O O O O O O SCSA O O O O O O O O O O O COMET O O O O O O O O O O O SCD O O O O O O O
  • 37. E em quais outras situações eu peço o exame?
  • 40. Obesidade e Fragmentação DNA Kort et al, J Androl; 2006 Chavarro et al, Fertil Steril, 2009 19.9 25.8 27 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 IMC 20-24 IMC 25-30 IMC > 30 DFI (%) IMC 20-24 IMC 25-30 IMC > 30
  • 44. Varicocelectomy studies have reported significant improvements in one or more semen parameters in approximately 65% of men
  • 45. Redução média de 14,4% nos IFDNA Studies have shown that men who achieved a post-operative total motile sperm count greater than 20 million and sperm DNA fragmentation decrease after varicocelectomy were more likely to initiate a pregnancy either spontaneously or via assisted reproductive technology (ART)
  • 47. CASE REPORT IFDNA DURANTE USO > 30% 3 MESES SEM 21,2 % APOS 6 MESES 16,5% ESTUDO PURAMENTE ANDROLOGICO
  • 49. Sperm DNA fragmentation after radioiodine treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer Background Treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer usually consists of a total thyroidectomy followed by one or several courses of radioiodine (131I). 131I is known to have deleterious effects on radiation sensitive tissues and irradiation to the testes has been shown after its administration. We investigated effects of such treatment on sperm DNA in a patient with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Methods The patient, a 32-year-old male with differentiated thyroid carcinoma treated by total thyroidectomy and radioiodine therapy, performed 6 semen samples in total, 3 for sperm banking and 3 for semen exploration, that were analysed for classic semen parameters. DNA integrity was analysed by flow cytometry: sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) and high DNA stainability (HDS) were analyzed by sperm chromatin structure assay, DNA fragmentation was analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. Results Moderate oligozoospermia was observed as early as 3 months after a first dose of 131I and became severe at 5 months. Total sperm count was reduced up to 12 months after the second dose of 131I. Sperm DFI was increased 3.25 months after the first dose of 131I. All parameters returned to normal values 28 months after the second 131I dose.
  • 50.
  • 51. Radioiodine can affect not only classic sperm parameters but also the genetic material of spermatozoa !!!! 2016
  • 53. Ainda ha duvida e muitos pontos a serem esclarecidos Fertility and Sterility® Vol. 99, No. 1, January 2013 0015-0282
  • 54. Hummmmm, então a idade do homem também eleva os IFDNA?
  • 55. E ejacular mais vezes: pode ajudar ????
  • 57.
  • 58.
  • 59. QUAL A SUA ROTINA?
  • 60. Pelo amor de Deus então, me ajude a reduzir...........
  • 61. O QUE FAZER PARA REDUZIR
  • 62. Can You Treat Sperm DNA Fragmentation ASRM 2015 Reducing the amount of sperm DNA fragmentation includes such things as "having a urologist evaluate the man to determine if a varicocele is present and, if large, surgically repair it. Several studies have shown this not only brings down the DFI but increases pregnancy success,” . Keep the testes cool Stop smoking Eat a diet rich in antioxidants because oxidative stress is the primary culprit for breaking DNA Avoid some medications such as cortisone and SSRIs Ask your doctor about supplementary vitamins and antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, co-enzyme Q-10 and supplements containing carnitine. Fragmentação DNA
  • 63. 44 pacientes – normo e oligo – SEM CONTROLE Tratados com zinco (10mg/ml), aspartato (500mg/ml) e coenzima q10 40mg/ml Avaliados h/h por 6h e TUNEL ( DNA ) Melhora em todos os parâmetros – motilidade progressiva, peroxidacao lipidica e DNA FRAGM
  • 64.
  • 66. P < 0,001 após 24hs Tempo e Temperatura de incubação da amostra seminal
  • 67. Gradiente e Swim up TÉCNICAS DE PROCESSAMENTO SEMINAL Swim up Zini et al Sakkas et al, Xue et al, Brahem et al Spano et al, Younglai et al Swim up e gradiente
  • 68. E os casos que não melhortam ?
  • 69. NOVOS TESTES QUE PERMITAM USAR A CÉLULA AVALIADA Espectroscopia Raman
  • 70.
  • 71.
  • 72. Fertil Steril. 2015 Dec;104(6):1398-405 ICSI com sptz ejaculado (N=91) ICSI com sptz testicular (N=81) >>>>>>>>>> 147 Homens inférteis com oligozoospermia ( 5 – 15 M/mL ) e alta FDE (>30%) após uso de antioxidantes
  • 73.
  • 74.
  • 76. Nunca deixe de solicitar quando indicado!!!! Busque sempre a melhora !!!! Nunca submestime a discussão intra laboratorial!!!!! Reze para não ter refratário........
  • 77. MENSAGENS FINAIS Espermograma convencional limitado avaliação potencial fértil Teste Fragmentação DNA Espermático ganha força como ferramenta que permite avaliação cromatina nível molecular No campo laboratorial, as seguintes medidas parecem ser úteis para minimizar a fragmentação do DNA espermático b. Processamento seminal pelo gradiente descontínuo coloidal de 2 camadas c. Incubação por curto período de tempo das amostras pós-processadas (<3h) e à temperatura ambiente d. Utilização espermatozoides testiculares em casos extremos e. Técnicas de seleção espermática (PICSI) Abstinência ejaculatória reduzida (1 dia), com coletas seriadas
  • 78. SAÚDE REPRODUTIVA DO HOMEM Urologista Endocrinologista Biomédica Enfermagem Nutricionista Ginecologista Psicóloga Terapeuta Personal Trainer
  • 79. Pessoal: eu adoro muito todos voces !!!! Valeu – fiquem acordados ai!!!!