history of contemporary architecture - 13.-The-Bauhaus-School.ppt

The Bauhaus School
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz 1

The Bauhaus School: German Expressionism (1919 – 1932) (Groupious):
– Is a school of thought about “the evolution of an idea” that was
establishes after World War I.
– The Americans tried to control Germany by giving them money, but their
attempts failed and the German industry started to emerge again.
– So this school started in Germany to reform in applied arts and
education as a revolutionary school that calls for social equity.
– It is about merging and fusion of Engineers, architects, arts, and
material (potential compositions of the material) and industry.
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
The Bauhaus School

The Bauhaus School: German Expressionism (1919 – 1932) (Groupious):
– Bauhaus means House of Building or Building School.
– It represents a new cultural change, therefore it was rejected by the
Nazis (Hitler Period), and was forced to close at the end.
– Their education was through many workshops.
– Its main design principle is about simplicity, Dynamism, and Asymmetry.
– Bauhaus Chairs merged industry, art and architecture, but are hand
made.
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The Bauhaus School

WHY ?
• Philosophically, the school was built on the idea that design did not
merely reflect society, it could actually help to improve it.
• Establish an institution that would help: Rebuild the country Form a new
social order. Bauhaus called for a new rational social housing for the
workers.
• Bauhaus architects rejected "bourgeois“ details such as cornices and
decorative details. They wanted to use principles of Classical
architecture in their most pure form: without ornamentation of any kind.
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The Bauhaus School

FEATURES OF BAUHUS BUILDINGS:
– Flat roofs.
– Smooth facades.
– Cubic shapes.
– Common colors used are white, gray, beige, or black.
– Floor plans are open and furniture is functional.
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The Bauhaus School

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The Bauhaus School
Bauhaus Style = International Style
- Absence of ornamentation.
- Harmony between function and design.
- Arts & Crafts + Technology (machines)
- Simplified forms
- Mass production/ Standardized Design
- Functionality

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Expressionism
• Express feeling and
imagination rather than
represent external reality.
• Sharp forms.
• Romantic silhouettes.
• Rich play of reflecting
glass.
The Bauhaus School
Gropius, Monument to the March Dead, design Rich
play of 1919 and executed in 1920

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Shining steel
was discovered as a material for
furniture :
-Could be mass produced.
-To achieve a style of design that
was both functional and aesthetic.
The Bauhaus School

Three different architect-directors:
Existed in 3German cities:
- Weimar (1919-1925)
- Dessau (1925-1932)
- Berlin (1932-1933)
Walter Gropius
(1919-1927)
Hannes Meyer
(1927-1930)
Ludwig Mies van der
Rohe(1930-1933)
The Bauhaus School

Video
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Walter Gropius (1883-1969)

The Bauhaus School
Walter Gropius
 Head of the Graduate School of Design at Harvard
University.
 The founder of the Bauhaus design school.
Important examples of his work:
 Fagus Factory (1911-25) in Alfeld on the Leine
 Model factory for the Deutscher Werkbund Exhibition
at Cologne in 1914
 Bauhaus School building (1925) at Dessau
 Graduate Center (1950) at Harvard University
 Pan Am Building (1963) in New York
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GROPIUS

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Fagus Factory
Graduate Center
Model factory for the Deutscher Werkbund Exhibition
Pan Am Building

• 1921 Sommerfeld house
Berlin , Germany designed for Adolf
Sommerfeld
Bauhaus - Walter Gropius

– Examples:(1919 – 1932):
• Bauhaus Building (Walter Gropius) 1926:
 It was a school of thought, learning through a lot of workshops
 New composition of asymmetrical structures.
 Aesthetics through the composition of the building.
 A lot of bridges
 First building to have letterings as ornamentations on the building
façade.
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The Bauhaus School

This building, especially the School’s bright color scheme, brings together sharp visual
dissections, block colors and geometric shapes. The building became icon of
Modernism, its decoration-free, clean style, a modern approach and a special, fully
built-in the architectural solution, use of color.
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Modernism and the Heroic Period of Architecture – Heroic Period Breaking Away
The Bauhaus School

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The Bauhaus School building, Walter Gropius, (1926)
Dessau, Germany
The Bauhaus School

Bauhaus Building (Walter Gropius) 1926:
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The Bauhaus School
Directors office at the Bahaus, located at Weimar, 1923.
Transforming the industrial ideal into
architecture

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The Bauhaus School

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The Bauhaus School

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The Bauhaus School
• Functionality emphasis separating
different sections by using rectangular
volumes of different size, linked by
corridor.
• Flat roofs, smooth facades, and cubic
shapes.
• Colors are white, gray, beige, or black.

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The Bauhaus School
Balconies
Bauhaus, Dassua, 1925-6

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The Bauhaus School
Bauhaus, Dassua, 1925-6

Video
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From small building to skyscrapers…

• Walter Gropius entered into a competition of skyscrapers in the U.S.A.,
where all other entries had a revivalism style, but he came out with
asymmetrical dynamic design.
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Adolf Loss,
1922
Walter Gropius
and Adolf Meyer,
1922
The Bauhaus School

Walter Gropius shown with his design
with Adolf Meyer
competition design for the Chicago
tribune tower , 1922
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The Bauhaus School

The Bauhaus
Chicago Tribune newspaper, 1922
- Office building.
- Design through international
competition held in 1922 by the
Chicago Tribune newspaper.
- Important competition to frame the
development of skyscraper
architecture in the 1920s.
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Chicago Tribune newspaper, 1922
Adolf loos entry

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The Bauhaus School

The Bauhaus Gropius House in Lincoln,
Massachusetts
• Architect Walter Gropius used
Bauhaus ideas when he built his
monochrome home in Lincoln,
Massachusetts.
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The Bauhaus School
Gropius’s Total Theatre
Project

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Video

Mies Van De Rohe

Mies Van De Rohe:
– De Rohe worked with Deutcher Werkbund and Peter Behrens, and in
the Bauhaus (he was the director of the Bauhaus before he migrated to
the U.S.A.).
– He wanted to optimize the production: Well serviced and well packaged
architecture.
– He was not interested in the city scale.
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Mies Van De Rohe

Mies Van De Rohe:
– He expressed:
• The Free Plans.
• Asymmetry.
• The relationship with the outside.
• Equality.
• Invisibility that reduces form to Silence.
• Glazing.
• Functionality.
• Honesty to structure and form.
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Mies Van De Rohe

First Entry for the Friendrichstrasse
Skyscraper Competition, Berlin, 1921.
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Mies Van De Rohe

Project for a Glass Skyscraper, 1922.
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Mies Van De Rohe

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Project for a Concrete Office Building, 1922-3.
Mies Van De Rohe

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Project for a Brick Villa, 1923.
Mies Van De Rohe

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Monument to Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg,
Berlin, 1926.
Mies Van De Rohe

The International Style, The Individual Talent, and the
Myth of Functionalism.
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Apartment House, Weissenhofsiedlung,
Stuttgart, 1927.

Mies Van De Rohe
Barcelona Pavilion, 1928-9.
• German Pavilion in Barcelona in a
world exposition
• He used Pilotis: 8 free standing
columns.
• He tried to unlimit the
architecture by structure: the
building is free to expand.
• Integration with the outside.
• Cantilevers and louvers.
• Horizontal spatial space.
• Interplay between horizontal and
vertical planes.
• Free plan.
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Mies Van De Rohe
Barcelona Pavilion, 1928-9.

Mies Van De Rohe
Tugendhat House, Brno, 1928-30
Nature and Machine
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Glazing slots with winter gardens
Living and Dining Area
Mies Van De Rohe
Tugendhat House, Brno, 1928-30
Nature and Machine

Immigration and Consolidation
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Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, 1939-56,
Montage of Assemblage, 1941.
Library and the
Administration Building,
Exterior Detail, 1944

Mies Van De Rohe
Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology, 1950-6.
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Mies Van De Rohe
Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology, 1950-6.
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Mies Van De Rohe
Farnsworth House, Plano, Illinois, 1945-51.
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Modernism and the Heroic Period of Architecture –
Heroic Period Breaking Away
• Tower in the U.S.A.:
• Steel Cage construction made out of steel, which bothered him
because he wanted to reduce form to Silence, but the fire
codes in the U.S.A. at that time requested him to cover it by
concrete. But he placed another steel from the outside.
• Clarity, efficiency, white rooms, and material (Iron, glass, and
concrete)
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Mies Van De Rohe
Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago, 1948-51.
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Mies Van De Rohe
Seagram Building, New York, 1954-8.
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Mies Van De Rohe
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Mies Van De Rohe
Neue National Galarie, Berlin, 1960
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Mies Van De Rohe

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Mies Van De Rohe

Thank you 
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