Introduction: Concepts, theories, contests, challenges of the 21st Century; Major Approached to Community Practice, Development, organizing, social planning and social change Community Based Organization, Community building, Coordination , Program Design and Resource Development Issues and challenges strategies to social change

1. COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
MPA 212A
SUMMER 2019-20
Jo Balucanag Bitonio, DPA
Professor

2. I. COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
1. Introduction: Concepts, theories, contests, challenges of
the 21st Century
2. Major Approached to Community Practice,
Development, organizing, social planning and social
change
3. Community Based Organization, Community building,
Coordination , Program Design and Resource
Development
4. Issues and challenges strategies to social change

3. INTRODUCTION
There are four fundamental strategies available to neighborhood groups to address
community problems: community organizing, advocacy, service delivery or
development.
Community Organizing is a democratically-governed long-term
process by which people are brought together to act in their
common self-interest to identify community problems and solutions,
and to take action by engaging existing power structures to make
those solutions a reality (European Community Organizing
Network).

4. Community is
seen as ever-
changing
sociological
organism and
the community
organization
method as a
dynamic effort
directed
towards helping
community to
achieve its goals
Community organization
balancing the need and
resources (sage publication)
A process by which a
community identifies its
needs or objectives , orders
(ranks) these needs or
objectives , develops the
confidence and will to work
st these needs or objectives
, finds the resources
(internal/external) to deal
with these needs and
Community organization is sometimes defines
statically or descriptively. In this sense a picture
of community. A community organization is used
to identify a type of organization or institution
serving the community.

5. A process by which a community identifies
its needs or objectives , orders (ranks) these
needs or objectives , develops the confidence
and will to work st these needs or objectives ,
finds the resources (internal/external) to
deal with these needs and objectives , takes
action in respect to them and in so doing
extends and develops cooperative and
collaborative attitudes and practices in the
community (Murray Ross, 1967)
means a method, or a
consciously directed process
by which community change
is effected. The tasks of the
community workers in
community organization is to
help initiate, nourish and
develop this process.
Community organization
The method should match the
strategy and mission the group has
adopted.
Community organizing is not merely a
process that is good for its own sake. Unless
the organization wins concrete, measurable
benefits for those who participate, it will
not last long

6. Community
organization
balancing the need
and resources of the
community (sage
publication)
Its role as being
somewhere on a
spectrum which at one
end places emphasis
upon the “blueprint”
approach and at the
other upon community
participation with little
direction.

7. CONCEPTS
Community. The idea of community has been a central aspect of both
human life and social thought throughout history and concerns about the
nature and role of community have been the subject of major
philosophical debate for millennia in virtually all societies.
Communities can be underscored as either a geographic entities, or as a
group that shares special interest or identity as functional communities
community sectors or groups, including labor, peasant, urban
poor, indigenous cultural, women, youth, and other such sectors

8. • Social
• Infrastructure
• Economic
• Development
Administration
• Environment
NEDA
• Agriculture, Forestry
and Fishing
• Industry
• Services
• Trade
Economic • Health
• Education
• Gender
• Poverty
Social

9. Community development as a
complex and interdisciplinary field of
study – one that boundary is spanning
in its scope and multidimensional in its
application. It concerns not only the
realms of community, but also the
social, cultural, economic, political and
environmental aspects as well.
Evolving from the needs-based
emphasis that is more inclusive and
asset-bases.
Today practitioners of
community development are
better equipped to respond to
the challenges facing
communities and regions, Its
application are wide ranging
yet always aimed st improving
the quality of life and overall
community well being
Community Development
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=9QwhBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=P
hillips,+Rhonda,+Pittman,+Robert.+(2014)+An+Introduction+to+Community+Develop
ment.+

10. Community
development takes on
the context of
developing stronger
“communities” of
people and the social.
And psychological ties
that they share.
CD is an educational
process designed to
help adults in a
community solve their
problems by group
decision making and
group action (Long
(1975
CD – is the active voluntary
involvement in a process to improve
some identifiable aspect of
community life, normally such actions
leads in the strengthening f the
community’s pattern of human and
institutional relationships (Plock
(1975)
These definitions imply that community development is the process of teaching
people how to work together to solve common problems
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Community+Organi
zing:+People+Power+from+the+Grassroots&hl
Definitions of Community Development

11. Theories
Community practice continue to evolved, it benefited from the
development of theories that focused more intently on factors of
large community structure and community change.
Understanding the dynamics that shape community practices, social
habits and cultures is important for community practitioners who wish
to understand how to better interact with community members from
all walks of life.

12.  to guiding the learning of leaders through the process
 to helping create the mechanism for the group to
advocate on their own behalf
 to implement that meet the needs of the community,
 Aggressive group action to block negative
developments or behaviors
(highway construction that leads to neighborhood
destruction, etc.).
designing programs with stakeholders and
 meeting with corporate or government decision makers
to hold them accountable for their actions
Strategies in Community Organizing

13. Community theories developed In 1960-
19070 influence community approach for
decades. Warren (1978) elaborated key
concepts such as horizontal and vertical
relationships, internal and external
linkages, nested systems, and interacting
systems that performs various functions
either supporting or contrasting community
life.
Theories

14. Several different theories attempt to explain community organization.
These theories help to explain why communities behave in the way they do
and they suggest how these behavior patterns might influence community
practices.
• Theories of Community
• Development theories
• Empowerment Theory is an approach that can ground numerous
practice approaches
• Self and collective efficacy theories are explored in relation to their
focus in developing mastery and building confidence in groups’
abilities and make positive community change
• Resource mobilization
• Social Capital Theory

15. Theories of
Community
Community theories developed In 1960-19070 influence
community approach for decades. Warren (1978)
elaborated key concepts such as horizontal and vertical
relationships, internal and external linkages, nested systems,
and interacting systems that performs various functions either
supporting or contrasting community life.
Development
Theories
Michael Todaro (1977) As a multi-dimensional process
involving changes in structures, attitudes, and institutions as
well as the acceleration of economic growth, the reduction
of inequality, and the eradication of absolute poverty.
Generally, groups select a development strategy
because the normal course of events is not meeting the
area needs

16. According to Ledwith (2005), "Empowerment is not an alternative solution to the
redistribution of unequally divided resources." Empowerment is more than
providing the resources for one to help themselves out of poverty, it is the act of
providing the necessary tools to shape the whole person and promote a critical
way of thinking and consciousness. (Ledwith 2005).
Empowerment
Theory
Application: This theory can be applied to development work through the action of going to a community and
waiting on the outside to be invited in. The idea of "treading lightly" is to work alongside individuals and not
possess an overarching power. Action needs to be taken through advocating for change on both an individual,
community, and policy level. Empowerment can be attained through working together and forming a collective
state of consciousness that promotes and encourages change.
Adapt: This theory could be adapted into an office business amongst the employment team. Instead of the leadership
exerting power over their "trainees," the empowerment theory could be used to promote a collective voice in the work
environment. This theory, when executed correctly and collectively, has the potential to change the face of business
centers and the ways in which people of power interact with people of lesser power at work Source: Ledwith, M.
(2005). Community Development (pp. 1-55). Portland: Policy
http://communitydevtheories.blogspot.com/2010/09/empowerment-theory.html
Sense of Power and Accomplishment

17. The systems theory of community organization is focused on community maintenance.
In this sense, maintenance refers to the establishment and reiteration of deeply
held values and social norms. For example, a close-knit community might share a
common belief in the importance of the family unit or of the need for safe schools.
Business owners who are able to pickup on these systems or "ways of being" within
the community will be better informed on marketing their products and services.
Systems theory is closely related to ecological theory, which states that the
organization most fit to meet the wants and needs of the community is the one most
likely to survive and become profitable.
Systems and Ecological Theory

18. While the idea of systems theory works to a greater or lesser extent in small or
tightly bound communities, today's complex and multicultural communities are often
more aligned with what's called conflict theory. This community organization theory
states that there is an innate competition in society between the haves and the have-
nots. Businesses are thus similarly divided into camps, some catering to the needs and
wants of more affluent customers -- think luxury brands and higher price tags --
whereas other companies are geared toward providing essential services and
products to people who are on a budget or who prefer to spend less on their
everyday needs. This sometimes blurry divide between "classes" of community
members and businesses creates a power dependency. Power dependency is a
sociological term which means that some people, and hence some businesses, will
acquire more influence as a result of their economic means or earning
Conflict Theory and Power Dependency

19. Another community organization theory called "resource mobilization"
says that members of a community are able to join together to acquire
power. This approach suggests an idea in line with Marxist theory, which
states that alliances of working-class people can form to petition for
better rights and working conditions. Businesses too, particularly smaller
ones, are potentially able to mobilize their resources. Working with
another business to share customers, for example, is one way of aligning
to increase competition against an industry's bigger or more well-known
players.
Resource Mobilization

20. Constructivist theory is the use of informal knowledge to build a business's
brand reputation and influence within the community. As a small-business
owner, this building entails getting involved directly in the inner workings
of the community in which your business operates. Sponsor a local sports
team, donate some of your profits to a local charity or become the patron
for a school event to market your business within the community while at
the same time gaining some valuable information on how community
members think, feel and respond to the products and services you offer.
Constructivist Theory

21. Community developers inherently know the quality of social
relationships is essential for solidarity building and successful
community initiatives. Friendship, trust, and the willingness to
share resources are integral to collection action. Social scientist
view these relationship as a form of capital. Social capital is
that set of resources intrinsic to social relations and includes
trust, norms and networks. It is often correlated with confidence
in public institutions, civic engagement, self reliant economic
development, and overall community well being and happiness
Social Capital Theory

22. Concerns and Related Theories
Phillips, Rhonda, Pittman, Robert. (2014

23. Community Development Chain
Phillips, Rhonda, Pittman, Robert. (2014

24. Community and Economic Development Chain
Sometimes, it takes a negative
event to shock a community into
action. Corollary, many
communities realize that change
is inevitable and choose to be
prepared by practicing good
community and economic
development.
In today’s changing global
economy, maintaining the status
quo is rarely an option – either
a community moves itself
forward or by default moves
backward. Achieving a
desirable quality of life and
community well-being requires
informed actions.
Phillips, Rhonda, Pittman, Robert. (2014

25. Civil Society has shifted, it now represent a nongovernmental and non
business sphere of society that is home to intermediary organizations ,
associations promoting citizens involvement, social actions groups, non profit
social service sector, arts institutions, and other vehicles that embody
community practice concerns (Figueira-McDonough, 2001; Friedmann, 1992).
CIVIL SOCIETY

26. It is essential for community
practitioners to understand
the context of local issues
and problems
Method Strategies Resources Benefits Sustainability
In the new global environment, community
practitioners should also reexamine their
conceptions of power, development, empowerment
into their work to increase the livelihood of
generating and using the power to effect social
justice oriented changes.

27. People are motivated by their self interest
Community organizing is a dynamic process
Learn to deal with conflict and confrontation
Take into account the fundamental
definition of an issue. Immediate, specific
and realizable
The Principles of
Community Organizing
https://comm-org.wisc.edu/papers97/beckwith.htm

28. Immediate – NOW
- the benefit folks would get from victory
or, the harm they would suffer from inaction
Specific refers to both the problem and its solution-
Realizable - aspect of 'cutting an issue' is calculation
FWFWFLFH
This stands for Fight, Win, Fight, Win, Fight, Lose, Fight
Harder. Any group that can pick its issues - and this is
sometimes impossible needs to take this process seriously.
https://comm-org.wisc.edu/papers97/beckwith.htm

29. Rules of Community
Organizing
1. Nobody's going to come to the meeting unless
they've got a reason to come to the meeting.
2. Nobody's going to come to a meeting unless
they know about it.
3. If an organization doesn't grow, it will die.
4. Anyone can be a leader.
5. The most important victory is the group itself.
6. Sometimes winning is losing.
7. Sometimes winning is winning.
8. If you're not fighting for what you want, you
don't want enough.
9. Celebrate!
10. Have fun!
https://comm-org.wisc.edu/papers97/beckwith.htm

30. CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY
In the 21st century, community practitioners around the world face
extremely complex and serious challenges. Some of these entangled
issues, are the persistence of poverty, others, such as the economic,
demographic, and social consequences of globalization have become
more pressing and intertwined in recent decades due to the
transformation of the market economy.
Community practitioners must now confront the combined effects of
escalating poverty and inequality in the context of persistent
economic stagnation and calls for cutbacks in social welfare program

31. Another challenges includes the needs of displaced persons
More recently the issues on COVID19, the ongoing financial crisis has
wreaked havoc with the lives of many previously middle class families,
eroded long established social safety nets and placed the poor at even
greater risk
The failure to develop effective policy responses to this crisis threatens the
stability and legitimacy of economic and political institutions

32. The effects of the worldwide financial crisis and recession
jeopardize the existence of a fragile social institutions and
governments. The intersections of social, economic, political
and environmental issues offer challenges for community for
community practice from the grassroots levels to the highest
circles of international policy development

33. Your thoughts and
insights Future thinking
of building the
community