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1. Titel van deze presentatie
Subtitel van de presentatie
Titel van deze presentatie
Subtitel van de presentatie
Drugs bought online/offline
@Netherlands
dr. Peggy van der Pol
Drug Monitoring & Policy

2. 2
Conflict of interest
I have no
conflict of
interest to
declare

3. <nr>
Aims
Online  Perception better quality, lower prices
Compare online with offline purchased drugs:
1. purity
2. adulteration
3. price

4. 4
Few studies on quality/price
• Purity dark net market
products higher
self-reports, perceived purity
• Most samples contained
advertised ingredient
& high purity
N=213
Europe, US, China, Canada, Argentina, Australia

5. 5
Drug Information & Monitoring System

6. 6
Drug Information & Monitoring System

7. gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and
liquid chromatography with diode array detection (LC-DAD)
7
Methods
• N=32,663 drug consumer samples 2013-2016
• of which 928 were bought ‘online’
• Lab analysed
• Chemical purity of powders (or dosage per tablet “☻”)
• Adulteration
• only advertised drug
• advertised + other
• no advertised drug
• Price per gram, blotter or ☻

8. 8
% samples bought online
Controlled:
ecstasy 1%
MDMA 2%,
amphetamine1%
cocaine 1%
LSD 5%,2C-B 6%
NPS:
4-FA 32%
5/6-APB 48%
methoxetamine54%
26%
15%
59%
Web shops
Cryptomarkets
Unspecified

9. 9
Purity
• No large differences online vs. offline
• Small but statistically significant
online offline
- Ecstasy☻131 mg 121 mg p=.05
- MDMA 45% 61% p=.02
- 4-FA 59% 52% p=.001
- 2C-B ☻ 21 mg 10 mg p=.05

10. 10
Adulteration
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
on
offline
on
offline
on
offline
on
offline
on
offline
on
offline
on
offline
on
offline
on
offline
on
offline
on
offline
Ecstasy
tabletsᴵᴵ
X2=2.3
p=.3
MDMA
powders
X2=1.6
p=.5
Amphetamine
powders
X2=0.2
p=.9
Cocaine
powders
X2=2.3
p=.3
LSD
X2=3.1
p=.2
2C-B
powders
X2=0.4
p=.8
4-FA
powders
X2=8.3
p.02
5/6-APB
powders
X2=5.0
p=.08
MXE
powders
X2=0.5
p=.8
2C-B
tablets
X2=6,7
p=.04
4-FA
tablets
X2=5,9
p=.05
composition
per
substance
(%)
Only advertised drug (%) Advertised drug+other (%) No advertised drug (%)
XTC☻MDMA Amph Coke LSD 2C-B 4-FA* ABP MXE 2C-B*☻4-FA *☻

11. 11
Price
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
online (€) offline (€)
+10%
+22%
*
+17%
+23%
+23%
+16% n.s.
€

12. 12
Conclusions
• Online purchase ↑, particularly NPS
• Purity & adulteration online≈offline most substances
• Price mostly online ↑ than offline
• Confirms nor refutes good reputation online drug quality
(NL)
• % unadulterated samples NPS ↑ than controlled drugs
(except☻)

13. 13
Discussion
• Online drug markets likely ↑ given its advantages
• NL street ↓prices ↑quality than other countries
• Online willing to pay extra for similar quality
? law enforcement interventions vs.
? potential interference monitoring & harm reduction
? (potential) health gains of controlling NPS vs.
? potential side-effect of creating more adulterated
market

14. Titel van deze presentatie
Subtitel van de presentatie
Titel van deze presentatie
Subtitel van de presentatie
Drugs bought online/offline
@Netherlands
dr. Peggy van der Pol, ppol@trimbos.nl

15. 15

16. 16
86 83
56
66
33
21
11
5
53
48
23
18
73
66
73
52
83
75
4
4
12
9
56
66
75
82
3
1
38 47
6
4
4
6
9
10
10 14
33
25
12 13 14 13
44
51
38 35
22
30
23
42
9
15
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
online
197
offline
18363
online
43
offline
1907
online
43
offline
3475
online
28
offline
4158
online
34
offline
693
online
13
offline
83
online
344
offline
480
online
52
offline
53
online
23
offline
20
Ecstasy II
tablets
p=.3
MDMA
powders
p=.4
Amphetamine
powders
p=.2
Cocaine
powders
p=.3
LSD
p=.2
2C-B
powders
p=.8
4-FA
powders
p.02
5/6-APB
powders
p=.08
MXE
powders
p=.8
Only advertised drug (%) Advertised drug+other (%) No advertised drug (%)
n=

17. N Purity in %II
online offlineI
online
mean (sd)
offlineI
mean (sd)
Ecstasy tablets (‘purity’=dose in mg)II+III
197 18363 131mg (61)II
121mg (66)
4-FA tablets (‘purity’=dose in mg) II
10 273 69 mg 30 mg
2C-B tablets (‘purity’=dose in mg) II
20 409 21 mg 10 mg
MDMA powders 43 1907 45% (38) 61% (44)
Amphetamine powders 43 3475 39% (26) 41% (25)
Cocaine powders 28 4158 56% (29) 53% (27)
LSD (‘purity’=dose in μg)II
34 693 35μg (36) II
33μg (46) II
2C-B powders 13 83 44% (37) 42% (35)
4-FA powders 344 480 59% (32) 52% (35)
5/6-APB powders 52 53 n.a. n.a.
Methoxetamine powders 23 20 n.a. n.a.
ISSDP 2017, Aarhus, DK
I. Offline = samples not online or from unspecified source. II. Purity represents the mean percentage of pure
substance. The maximum chemical purity of powders is never 100% (analysed to the base component of the
substance), but varies between substances: MDMA 84%, amphetamine 73%, cocaine 89%, 2C-B 88%, 4-FA
81%. For tablets purity is defined as the percentage of pure substance, but as the mean dosage in mg per tablet.
Similarly, LSD ‘purity’ is the dosage in μg per blotter. Type of adulterants in online and offline samples were
found to be similar. III Dose of ecstasy tablets from cryptomarkets (N=39) was analysed separately and
compared with the offline samples: mean dose = 149 mg (p=.01). CI= confidence interval. Degrees of freedom t
test was N-2.