Still needs a little editing....

1. Reading Quiz 1
Sarah Miller
EdTech 503
Spring 2012

2. Table of Contents
• Title • Visual Metaphor: Empiricism
• Table of Contents • Explanation: Empiricism
• Visual Metaphor: History of ID • Visual Metaphor: Behaviorism
Explanation: History of ID • Explanation: Behaviorism
• Visual Metaphor: Definition of ID • Visual Metaphor: Information Processing
• Explanation: Definition of ID Theory
• Visual Metaphor: Systematic • Explanation: Information Processing
• Explanation: Systematic Theory
• Visual Metaphor: Guiding Models • Visual Metaphor: ID & Educational
• Explanation: Guiding Models Technology
• Visual Metaphor: Constructivism • Explanation: ID & Educational Technology
• Explanation: Constructivism • Works Cited

3. Visual Metaphor: History of ID

4. Explanation: History of ID
• Instructional design began during World War II when psychologists
developed tests to help screen soldiers before enrolling them in training
programs. After the war, some psychologists continued to work on solving
instructional problems.
• Behavioral objectives were introduced. When Sputnik was launched by the
Soviet Union, the United States decided to beef up their science and math
programs, in order to compete. They did this without surveying the
learners, however, and learned this was a bad idea.
• I used Lucy as my metaphor because psychologists had a heavy hand in the
history of instructional design.
• Source: http://goo.gl/sllkr

5. Visual Metaphor: Definition of ID

6. Explanation: Definition of ID
• Instructional design is a process through which curriculum is created and
technology is incorporated into that curriculum, usually in order to meet
specific learning goals for a particular set of learners.
• I don’t know if this was the best visual metaphor for instructional design, but
I chose to use a picture of a drafter. These people take information from the
engineers (AKA SME’s) and put them to paper *or computer screen+ so that
project managers can work on getting the structure built. Instructional
design is still a big concept for me and I think a better metaphor would have
been a collage of some kind that included a psychologist, this drafter, the
brick layer, and others.
• Source: http://goo.gl/uhPgN

7. Visual Metaphor: Systematic

8. Explanation: Systematic
• Systematic means to have steps or a set of guidelines to follow. Typically
when you are following a set of steps, you also implement a “rinse and
repeat” mentality whereby if your outcome isn’t quite what you were
envisioning, you return to step one and go through the process again. ID
implements a systematic approach both for consistency and because not
every learner is the same. This approach allows us to pinpoint the step or
steps where adjustments might be needed, in order to accommodate more
learners.
• Hopefully the train on a circular track is a good representation of a
cyclic, systematic process. It might have been improved with the addition of
stations along the track.
• Source: http://goo.gl/wZTei

9. Visual Metaphor: Guiding Models

10. Explanation: Guiding Models
• An instructional designer might use a model like ADDIE as a map or plan of
how to get from point A to point B in the design process. They are useful for
maintaining consistency in one’s design, and for different designers to work
together.
• I chose the blueprint because it is a plan. One could argue that a model is
another word for a generic plan. For instance, ADDIE is a box that a lot of
instructional design endeavors fit inside. The same is true with this
blueprint. Two houses might be built next door to one another and form the
same plan, but have characters all their own.

11. Visual Metaphor: Constructivism

12. Explanation: Constructivism
• The basis for Constructivism is that knowledge is built upon. For
instance, you need to have basic math instruction and beginning algebra
instruction before you can learn about geometry. Each subject builds on the
previous one.
• I like Social Constructivism, where one learns from one’s peers. I think there
is a lot of merit in that perspective.
• I chose a brick layer because Constructivism says that knowledge is built. By
the time this bricklayer is done, he will have built a chimney. By the time we
are done stacking up the sensory input we pick up along the way, we will
have cohesive knowledge about something.
• Source: http://goo.gl/lyPGK

13. Visual Metaphor: Empiricism

14. Explanation: Empiricism
• Knowledge is gained through experience. Essentially, I need to experience
abstract concepts firsthand, in order to understand them.
• While I was searching Google for an image, I saw a little picture that stated
“Brain is not clay.” I believe that through mulling things over, we can
interpret abstractness. Empiricism states that all knowledge must come from
external sources.
• The lump of clay represents the brain, pre-knowledge, as described in
Empiricism. As knowledge is gained through experience (either molding,
throwing, flattening), the clay will start to take shape.
• Source: http://goo.gl/BG1vy

15. Visual Metaphor: Behaviorism

16. Explanation: Behaviorism
• Behaviorism is based on what can be observed.
• Because instructional objectives often result in an observable
behavior, Behaviorism is often credited with the origination of instructional
objectives. In fact, Herbert Spencer thought to apply concrete objectives to
instruction before Behaviorism was the norm.
• I thought a mime might be a good metaphor for Behaviorism, but I don’t
know if they would demonstrate knowledge necessarily. In the game of
Charades, though, one demonstrates that one has knowedge of a subject
through behavior.
• The image of the famous mime Marcel Marceau was still the closest image to
what I was looking for, while searching for Charades.
• Source: http://goo.gl/hzGDp

17. Visual Metaphor: Information
Processing Theory

18. Explanation: Information
Processing Theory
• Information Processing Theory centers around the processes in the brain and
how they take in information from the senses and turn it into something else.
• The Sensory Register and Selective Perception theory in particular focuses on
selective perception, where only certain input receives further consideration
for processing. It seems to imply that the input selected is usually
information we encounter often.
• I chose a pasta extruder to illustrate information entering the brain and
knowledge being created from that information.
• A slightly better visual metaphore might have been a bread maker.
Ingredients go into the maker, they are changed in the machine and
combeined to make something new: a delicious loaf of bread.
• Source: http://goo.gl/inf3j

19. Visual Metaphor: ID &
Educational Technology

20. Explanation: ID and
Educational Technology
• I view Instructional Design as the master plan: how you the trainer or
teacher are going to build your instruction to meet particular objectives that
you or another entity has set forth. Educational Technology enhances or
“fortifies” that instruction.
• At some point, I don’t think we will need to explain how Instructional
Design and Educational Technology fit together. When students are not in
school, they get a lot of their information from technology, so it makes sense
that they should gain some of their knowledge in school through the use of
technology.
• I started thinking about technology as an embellishment and that did not
seem quite right because I think technology strengthens instruction; it does
not just make it pretty. I finally came up with fortified and thought of cereal,
which is made better with the addition of nutrients and vitamins.
• Source: http://goo.gl/5p5o1

21. Works Cited
1. Reiser, R. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part II:
A History of Instructional Design. Educational Technology Research and
Development, 49 (2), 57-67.
2. Smith, P.L., & Ragan, T.J. (2004). Instructional Design (3rd ed.). Wiley.