SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  22
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
IOT Marketing: making brands' physical
touch points memorable for the
consumers.
Massimo Cortinovis @cortimax
The starting point: Millennials and CMO’s
Millennials!
Millennials, also known as Generation Y or the
Net Generation, are the demographic cohort
that directly follows Generation X.
Howe and Strauss define the Millennial cohort as
consisting of individuals born between 1982 and
2004.
Millennials grew up in an electronics-filled and
increasingly online and socially-networked world.
55 percent have posted a selfie or more to social
media sites versus 20 percent of Generation X.
Millennials are generally comfortable with the
idea of a public Internet life. This comfort with
social media means they are good at self-
promotion and fostering connections through
online media.
Millennials (and younger)!
“On average, french boys
and girls aged 13-19 spend
13h30’ online every week”
Source: Ipsos 2015
Millennials (and younger)!
Millennials!
“28% of germans aged
18-29 visit YouTube several
times per week, compared
to 10% of germans aged
30-49.”
Source: Goldmedia 2015
Millennials!
Millennials!
“83% of US millennials use
social sources for information
about arts and culture.”
Source: Associated Press
Millennials!
1.A reduced long-term memory
2.Lower periods of attention
3.Faster decisions
Millennials!
IT spending by CMO’s
Source: Foundation Capital
How does the IoT fit with marketing?
"We're trying to make going to a physical
building more like going to a website"
Lath Carlson, the San Jose Tech Museum
1.Registering and profiling users
2.Authenticating them as they enter a physical space
3.Giving powerful digital experiences
4.Integrate the social experience
5.Monitoring behaviours
The 5 things you can do online but can not (easily) do off line
People must be connected to enjoy a better experience in physical spaces. Will
they want to do it?
“Privacy, in the Millennial eye, is mostly a concern of functional settings
limiting who sees their online shares.” - Source: TechTarget.com
Case Study: Disney Magic Band - connect and enjoy powerful experiences!
1. Registration and Profiling
Disney Magic Band
By authenticating a user as he enters in a physical space and makes a new
experience, it is possible to make such experience personalized and memorable.
Authentication can happen thanks to a wearable device which interacts with a
sensor.
Due to the low price of sensors and computing it is now possible to embed the
Internet widely in physical spaces.
Case Study: AC Milan Museum
2. Authentication
Rewarding experiences in the physical places need to include:
a.personalization of the experience
b.some fun
c.immediate possibility to share the experience
A powerful experience will make the user want to share it on line thus
spreading the message.
Case Study: Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian National Design Museum
Case Study: Hellmann’s recipe cart
3. New Rewarding Experiences
New Generations do not want to spectate. They want to be part of the
experience and they want to share it.
Facilitating the social experience is key to increasing the reach through
viralization
4. Social Sharing
Connected users and their actions are easy to monitor.
Monitoring is key to consistently enhance the initiatives and to measure the ROI.
5. Monitoring
5. Monitoring
@cortimax
Thank you

Contenu connexe

Dernier

DIGITAL MARKETING COURSE IN BTM -Influencer Marketing Strategy
DIGITAL MARKETING COURSE IN BTM -Influencer Marketing StrategyDIGITAL MARKETING COURSE IN BTM -Influencer Marketing Strategy
DIGITAL MARKETING COURSE IN BTM -Influencer Marketing StrategySouvikRay24
 
TOP DUBAI AGENCY OFFERS EXPERT DIGITAL MARKETING SERVICES.pdf
TOP DUBAI AGENCY OFFERS EXPERT DIGITAL MARKETING SERVICES.pdfTOP DUBAI AGENCY OFFERS EXPERT DIGITAL MARKETING SERVICES.pdf
TOP DUBAI AGENCY OFFERS EXPERT DIGITAL MARKETING SERVICES.pdfasiyahanif9977
 
Do More with Less: Navigating Customer Acquisition Challenges for Today's Ent...
Do More with Less: Navigating Customer Acquisition Challenges for Today's Ent...Do More with Less: Navigating Customer Acquisition Challenges for Today's Ent...
Do More with Less: Navigating Customer Acquisition Challenges for Today's Ent...Search Engine Journal
 
Brighton SEO April 2024 - The Good, the Bad & the Ugly of SEO Success
Brighton SEO April 2024 - The Good, the Bad & the Ugly of SEO SuccessBrighton SEO April 2024 - The Good, the Bad & the Ugly of SEO Success
Brighton SEO April 2024 - The Good, the Bad & the Ugly of SEO SuccessVarn
 
Call Girls in Lajpat Nagar Delhi 💯Call Us 🔝8264348440🔝
Call Girls in Lajpat Nagar Delhi 💯Call Us 🔝8264348440🔝Call Girls in Lajpat Nagar Delhi 💯Call Us 🔝8264348440🔝
Call Girls in Lajpat Nagar Delhi 💯Call Us 🔝8264348440🔝soniya singh
 
pptx.marketing strategy of tanishq. pptx
pptx.marketing strategy of tanishq. pptxpptx.marketing strategy of tanishq. pptx
pptx.marketing strategy of tanishq. pptxarsathsahil
 
Uncover Insightful User Journey Secrets Using GA4 Reports
Uncover Insightful User Journey Secrets Using GA4 ReportsUncover Insightful User Journey Secrets Using GA4 Reports
Uncover Insightful User Journey Secrets Using GA4 ReportsVWO
 
How To Utilize Calculated Properties in your HubSpot Setup
How To Utilize Calculated Properties in your HubSpot SetupHow To Utilize Calculated Properties in your HubSpot Setup
How To Utilize Calculated Properties in your HubSpot Setupssuser4571da
 
BLOOM_April2024. Balmer Lawrie Online Monthly Bulletin
BLOOM_April2024. Balmer Lawrie Online Monthly BulletinBLOOM_April2024. Balmer Lawrie Online Monthly Bulletin
BLOOM_April2024. Balmer Lawrie Online Monthly BulletinBalmerLawrie
 
Forecast of Content Marketing through AI
Forecast of Content Marketing through AIForecast of Content Marketing through AI
Forecast of Content Marketing through AIRinky
 
2024 SEO Trends for Business Success (WSA)
2024 SEO Trends for Business Success (WSA)2024 SEO Trends for Business Success (WSA)
2024 SEO Trends for Business Success (WSA)Jomer Gregorio
 
CALL ON ➥8923113531 🔝Call Girls Hazratganj Lucknow best sexual service Online
CALL ON ➥8923113531 🔝Call Girls Hazratganj Lucknow best sexual service OnlineCALL ON ➥8923113531 🔝Call Girls Hazratganj Lucknow best sexual service Online
CALL ON ➥8923113531 🔝Call Girls Hazratganj Lucknow best sexual service Onlineanilsa9823
 
Digital Marketing Spotlight: Lifecycle Advertising Strategies.pdf
Digital Marketing Spotlight: Lifecycle Advertising Strategies.pdfDigital Marketing Spotlight: Lifecycle Advertising Strategies.pdf
Digital Marketing Spotlight: Lifecycle Advertising Strategies.pdfDemandbase
 
What are the 4 characteristics of CTAs that convert?
What are the 4 characteristics of CTAs that convert?What are the 4 characteristics of CTAs that convert?
What are the 4 characteristics of CTAs that convert?Juan Pineda
 
9654467111 Call Girls In Mahipalpur Women Seeking Men
9654467111 Call Girls In Mahipalpur Women Seeking Men9654467111 Call Girls In Mahipalpur Women Seeking Men
9654467111 Call Girls In Mahipalpur Women Seeking MenSapana Sha
 
Russian Call Girls Nagpur Swara 8617697112 Independent Escort Service Nagpur
Russian Call Girls Nagpur Swara 8617697112 Independent Escort Service NagpurRussian Call Girls Nagpur Swara 8617697112 Independent Escort Service Nagpur
Russian Call Girls Nagpur Swara 8617697112 Independent Escort Service NagpurCall girls in Ahmedabad High profile
 

Dernier (20)

BUY GMAIL ACCOUNTS PVA USA IP INDIAN IP GMAIL
BUY GMAIL ACCOUNTS PVA USA IP INDIAN IP GMAILBUY GMAIL ACCOUNTS PVA USA IP INDIAN IP GMAIL
BUY GMAIL ACCOUNTS PVA USA IP INDIAN IP GMAIL
 
DIGITAL MARKETING COURSE IN BTM -Influencer Marketing Strategy
DIGITAL MARKETING COURSE IN BTM -Influencer Marketing StrategyDIGITAL MARKETING COURSE IN BTM -Influencer Marketing Strategy
DIGITAL MARKETING COURSE IN BTM -Influencer Marketing Strategy
 
TOP DUBAI AGENCY OFFERS EXPERT DIGITAL MARKETING SERVICES.pdf
TOP DUBAI AGENCY OFFERS EXPERT DIGITAL MARKETING SERVICES.pdfTOP DUBAI AGENCY OFFERS EXPERT DIGITAL MARKETING SERVICES.pdf
TOP DUBAI AGENCY OFFERS EXPERT DIGITAL MARKETING SERVICES.pdf
 
Do More with Less: Navigating Customer Acquisition Challenges for Today's Ent...
Do More with Less: Navigating Customer Acquisition Challenges for Today's Ent...Do More with Less: Navigating Customer Acquisition Challenges for Today's Ent...
Do More with Less: Navigating Customer Acquisition Challenges for Today's Ent...
 
Brighton SEO April 2024 - The Good, the Bad & the Ugly of SEO Success
Brighton SEO April 2024 - The Good, the Bad & the Ugly of SEO SuccessBrighton SEO April 2024 - The Good, the Bad & the Ugly of SEO Success
Brighton SEO April 2024 - The Good, the Bad & the Ugly of SEO Success
 
SEO Master Class - Steve Wiideman, Wiideman Consulting Group
SEO Master Class - Steve Wiideman, Wiideman Consulting GroupSEO Master Class - Steve Wiideman, Wiideman Consulting Group
SEO Master Class - Steve Wiideman, Wiideman Consulting Group
 
Call Girls in Lajpat Nagar Delhi 💯Call Us 🔝8264348440🔝
Call Girls in Lajpat Nagar Delhi 💯Call Us 🔝8264348440🔝Call Girls in Lajpat Nagar Delhi 💯Call Us 🔝8264348440🔝
Call Girls in Lajpat Nagar Delhi 💯Call Us 🔝8264348440🔝
 
pptx.marketing strategy of tanishq. pptx
pptx.marketing strategy of tanishq. pptxpptx.marketing strategy of tanishq. pptx
pptx.marketing strategy of tanishq. pptx
 
Uncover Insightful User Journey Secrets Using GA4 Reports
Uncover Insightful User Journey Secrets Using GA4 ReportsUncover Insightful User Journey Secrets Using GA4 Reports
Uncover Insightful User Journey Secrets Using GA4 Reports
 
Creator Influencer Strategy Master Class - Corinne Rose Guirgis
Creator Influencer Strategy Master Class - Corinne Rose GuirgisCreator Influencer Strategy Master Class - Corinne Rose Guirgis
Creator Influencer Strategy Master Class - Corinne Rose Guirgis
 
How To Utilize Calculated Properties in your HubSpot Setup
How To Utilize Calculated Properties in your HubSpot SetupHow To Utilize Calculated Properties in your HubSpot Setup
How To Utilize Calculated Properties in your HubSpot Setup
 
BLOOM_April2024. Balmer Lawrie Online Monthly Bulletin
BLOOM_April2024. Balmer Lawrie Online Monthly BulletinBLOOM_April2024. Balmer Lawrie Online Monthly Bulletin
BLOOM_April2024. Balmer Lawrie Online Monthly Bulletin
 
Forecast of Content Marketing through AI
Forecast of Content Marketing through AIForecast of Content Marketing through AI
Forecast of Content Marketing through AI
 
2024 SEO Trends for Business Success (WSA)
2024 SEO Trends for Business Success (WSA)2024 SEO Trends for Business Success (WSA)
2024 SEO Trends for Business Success (WSA)
 
Turn Digital Reputation Threats into Offense Tactics - Daniel Lemin
Turn Digital Reputation Threats into Offense Tactics - Daniel LeminTurn Digital Reputation Threats into Offense Tactics - Daniel Lemin
Turn Digital Reputation Threats into Offense Tactics - Daniel Lemin
 
CALL ON ➥8923113531 🔝Call Girls Hazratganj Lucknow best sexual service Online
CALL ON ➥8923113531 🔝Call Girls Hazratganj Lucknow best sexual service OnlineCALL ON ➥8923113531 🔝Call Girls Hazratganj Lucknow best sexual service Online
CALL ON ➥8923113531 🔝Call Girls Hazratganj Lucknow best sexual service Online
 
Digital Marketing Spotlight: Lifecycle Advertising Strategies.pdf
Digital Marketing Spotlight: Lifecycle Advertising Strategies.pdfDigital Marketing Spotlight: Lifecycle Advertising Strategies.pdf
Digital Marketing Spotlight: Lifecycle Advertising Strategies.pdf
 
What are the 4 characteristics of CTAs that convert?
What are the 4 characteristics of CTAs that convert?What are the 4 characteristics of CTAs that convert?
What are the 4 characteristics of CTAs that convert?
 
9654467111 Call Girls In Mahipalpur Women Seeking Men
9654467111 Call Girls In Mahipalpur Women Seeking Men9654467111 Call Girls In Mahipalpur Women Seeking Men
9654467111 Call Girls In Mahipalpur Women Seeking Men
 
Russian Call Girls Nagpur Swara 8617697112 Independent Escort Service Nagpur
Russian Call Girls Nagpur Swara 8617697112 Independent Escort Service NagpurRussian Call Girls Nagpur Swara 8617697112 Independent Escort Service Nagpur
Russian Call Girls Nagpur Swara 8617697112 Independent Escort Service Nagpur
 

En vedette

PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
 
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsKurio // The Social Media Age(ncy)
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Tessa Mero
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...RachelPearson36
 
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
 
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at WorkGetSmarter
 
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
 
Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
Barbie - Brand Strategy PresentationBarbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
Barbie - Brand Strategy PresentationErica Santiago
 

En vedette (20)

PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
 
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
 
How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations
 
Introduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data ScienceIntroduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data Science
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project management
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
 
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
 
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
 
ChatGPT webinar slides
ChatGPT webinar slidesChatGPT webinar slides
ChatGPT webinar slides
 
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike RoutesMore than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
 
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
 
Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
Barbie - Brand Strategy PresentationBarbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
 

Disruptive week iot 04-28-2015

  • 1. IOT Marketing: making brands' physical touch points memorable for the consumers. Massimo Cortinovis @cortimax
  • 2. The starting point: Millennials and CMO’s
  • 3. Millennials! Millennials, also known as Generation Y or the Net Generation, are the demographic cohort that directly follows Generation X. Howe and Strauss define the Millennial cohort as consisting of individuals born between 1982 and 2004. Millennials grew up in an electronics-filled and increasingly online and socially-networked world. 55 percent have posted a selfie or more to social media sites versus 20 percent of Generation X. Millennials are generally comfortable with the idea of a public Internet life. This comfort with social media means they are good at self- promotion and fostering connections through online media.
  • 4. Millennials (and younger)! “On average, french boys and girls aged 13-19 spend 13h30’ online every week” Source: Ipsos 2015
  • 6. Millennials! “28% of germans aged 18-29 visit YouTube several times per week, compared to 10% of germans aged 30-49.” Source: Goldmedia 2015
  • 8. Millennials! “83% of US millennials use social sources for information about arts and culture.” Source: Associated Press
  • 10. 1.A reduced long-term memory 2.Lower periods of attention 3.Faster decisions Millennials!
  • 11. IT spending by CMO’s Source: Foundation Capital
  • 12. How does the IoT fit with marketing?
  • 13. "We're trying to make going to a physical building more like going to a website" Lath Carlson, the San Jose Tech Museum
  • 14. 1.Registering and profiling users 2.Authenticating them as they enter a physical space 3.Giving powerful digital experiences 4.Integrate the social experience 5.Monitoring behaviours The 5 things you can do online but can not (easily) do off line
  • 15. People must be connected to enjoy a better experience in physical spaces. Will they want to do it? “Privacy, in the Millennial eye, is mostly a concern of functional settings limiting who sees their online shares.” - Source: TechTarget.com Case Study: Disney Magic Band - connect and enjoy powerful experiences! 1. Registration and Profiling
  • 17. By authenticating a user as he enters in a physical space and makes a new experience, it is possible to make such experience personalized and memorable. Authentication can happen thanks to a wearable device which interacts with a sensor. Due to the low price of sensors and computing it is now possible to embed the Internet widely in physical spaces. Case Study: AC Milan Museum 2. Authentication
  • 18. Rewarding experiences in the physical places need to include: a.personalization of the experience b.some fun c.immediate possibility to share the experience A powerful experience will make the user want to share it on line thus spreading the message. Case Study: Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian National Design Museum Case Study: Hellmann’s recipe cart 3. New Rewarding Experiences
  • 19. New Generations do not want to spectate. They want to be part of the experience and they want to share it. Facilitating the social experience is key to increasing the reach through viralization 4. Social Sharing
  • 20. Connected users and their actions are easy to monitor. Monitoring is key to consistently enhance the initiatives and to measure the ROI. 5. Monitoring