എന്തുകൊണ്ട് സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം (Why Liberty) is the Malayalam translation of the book “Why Liberty” which was edited by Dr Tom G Palmer. The ideas presented in this book are about an alternative view of politics: a politics, not of force, but of persuasion, of live-and-let-live, of rejecting both subjugation and domination. Being a libertarian means not only refraining from harming the rights of other people, but also equipping yourself mentally to understand what it means for people to have rights, how rights create the foundation for peaceful social cooperation, and how voluntary societies work. This book is an invitation to think about important problems in new ways.

2. AtlasNetwork.org StudentsForLiberty.org
F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´yw
n-§-fpsS Po-hn-Xw- . n-§-fpsS Xn-csªSp-¸p-I-Ä- . n-§-fpsS `m-hn-

3. First published in 2013 by Atlas Network & Students For Liberty / Jameson Books, Inc.
Second edition 2022
Published by Atlas Network
Copyright © 2013 by Tom G. Palmer,
Atlas Economic Research Foundation,
and Students For Liberty
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Essays reprinted with the permission of the authors.
Edited by Tom G. Palmer
Copyedited by Dara Ekanger
Book and Cover Design by Colleen Cummings
ISBN: 978-1-7325873-7-3
Ebook ISBN: 978-1-7325873-8-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2021915884
Atlas Network
Two Liberty Center
4075 Wilson Blvd. Suite 310
Arlington, VA 22203
www.atlasnetwork.org
Translated to Malayalam by
Centre for Public Policy Research, India.
First Floor, Mandoli House,New Link Road
Elamkulam, Kochi, Kerala, India - 682020
cppr@cppr.in I www.cppr.in
This book translation is made possible with the support grant from Atlas
Network, Washington DC, USA

4. D-Å-S-¡w-
B-ap-Jw- 6
-tSmw- Pn- ]m-a-À-
A-[ym-bw- H-¶v 8
F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-?
-tSmw- Pn- ]m-a-À-
A-[ym-bw- c-ïv 16
n-b-aw- D-ïm-hm-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-
-tPm¬- kv-tämÊÂ-
A-[ym-bw- aq-¶v 19
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- kaq-e- -tI{µo-I-c-Ww- B-Ipt¼mÄ-
¢m-À-¡v dq-]-À-
A-[ym-bw- m-ev 24
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS N-cn-{X-hpw- L-S--bpw-
-tSmw- Pn- ]m-a-À-
A-[ym-bw- A-©v 36
"Im-ew- A-Xv am-dns¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv': kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- D-·q-e--hm-Z-am-bn- Im-Wpt¼mÄ-
-sPbnw-kv ]m-Sn-entbmWn- Pq-n-b-À-
A-[ym-bw- B-dv 41
kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶-Xnsâ cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zw-
A-e-Ivkm-ï-À- -sa-t¡m_n-³-
A-[ym-bw- G-gv 49
kzm-X-{´y-ansæn-Â- I-e-bn-Ã-: I-e-bnsæn-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hp-an-Ã-
km-dm- kvI-z-b-À-
A-[ym-bw- F-«v 55
kzm-X-{´y-¯n-v -thïn-bp-Å- H-cp- F-fn-b- hm-Zw-
B-c-¬- -tdmÊv ]-h-Â-
A-[ym-bw- H-¼-Xv 62
B-{^n-¡- -Â-In-b- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-p-Å- hm-KvZm-w-
H-ep-amtbmh- HtISn-c-³-

5. A-[ym-bw- ]-¯v 68
kÀ-¡m-À- C-Ss]S-ep-I-fpsS Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b- {]-Ir-Xw-: BtcmKy- -taJ-e-bnse A-h-kvY-I-Ä-
k-tem¬- -t{^mkväv
A-[ym-bw- ]-Xnsm¶v 77
mw- F-§s A-dn-bpw-? A-dn-hpw- kzm-X-{´y-¯nsâ A-p-am--hpw-
-temUv -sImÊm-b-À- & am-À-«-³- -sh-tK
A-[ym-bw- ]-{´-ïv 86
`-c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâbpw- kÀ-¡m-cnsâbpw- B-cw-`w-
-tSmw- Pn- ]m-a-À-

6. 6
B-ap-Jw-
-tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw- a-p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ H-cp- {]-[m-s¸«- `m-K-am-Wv cm-{ão-bw-. Fs´m-
s¡bm-bm-epw-,- a-p-jy-À- X-½n-Â- X-À-¡n-¡p-¶- hn-j-b-§-fn-Â- G-ä-hpw- NqtSdn-b- H-¶m-
W-Xv. an-¡- hy-àn-I-fpw- a-äp- hn-j-b-§sf At]£n-¨v cm-{ão-bs¯¡p-dn-¨v Iq-Sp-X-Â- D-W-Àthm-sS
kw-km-cn-¡p-¶p-.I-e-,Im-bn-Iw-,c-kX-{´w-,kn-n-a-,X-¨p-im-kv{Xw-,-sshZy-im-kv{Xw-F-¶n-hsb¡m-fpw
Iq-Sp-X-Â- c-kI-c-am-b-XpsImï-Ã- cm-{ão-bw- N-À-¨- -sN¿s¸Sp-¶-Xv. a-dn-¨v, A-Xv a-äp- a-p-jy-cpsS-
taÂ- A-[n-Im-cw- -sNep-¯p-¶-Xns¡p-dn-¨v B-b-XpsImïm-Wv.
F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- -taÂ- Htc ]-cn-lm-cw- Xs¶ A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡pt¼mÄ-, an-¡-h-cpw- B- ]-cn-
lm-c-¯n-Â- i-à-am-b- Xm-Â-]-cyw- Im-Wn-¡pw-. H-cp- cm-{ão-b- ]m-À-«ntbm H-cp- cm-{ão-b-¡m-ctm
Asæn-Â- H-cp- kÀ-¡mtcm n-§-fpsS-taÂ- Fs´¦n-epw- A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡-ï- F-¶psï¦n-Â-,
n-§-Ä- A-XnsXnsc -s]mcp-Xntb¡mw-. n-§-fpsS B-h-iy-{]-Im-cw- a-äp-Å-h-À- Fs´¦n-epw- -sN¿-
Wsa¶psï¦n-epw- C-Xv _m-[-I-am-Wv.
`-£-W-Im-cy-¯n-epw- Iq-«-am-bn-«m-bn-cp-¶p- Xo-cp-am--§-Ä- F-Sp-¯n-cp-¶sX¦ntem, F-Ãm-h-
À-¡pw- In-«p-¶-Xp- am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p- -ap-¡pw- In-«p-¶sX¦n-Â-, `-£-W-hpw- cm-{ão-bs¯-t¸m-se
NqtSm-sS X-À-¡n-¡s¸-t«-s. F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- Htc `-£-Ww- Htc A-f-hn-em-bn-cp-¶p- X-cp-¶sX¦n-Â-,
`-£-W- hn-Z-Kv²-·m-cpw- e-Lp-`-£-W-{]n-b-cpw-, kky-`p-¡p-I-fpw- amw-k`p-¡p-I-fpw-, `mtcmZ-z-l-w-
-sN¿p-¶-h-cpw- Xq-¡w- Ip-d-¡m-³- {i-an-¡p-¶-h-cpw- X-½n-Â- D-ïm-hm-³- -t]mIp-¶- NqtSdn-b- hm-¡p-
X-À-¡-§-fpw- G-Io-I-c-W-hpw- B-kq-{X-W-§-fpw- Kq-VmtemN--I-fpw- H-¶v k¦-Â-]n-¨p- -tm¡p-. a-p-
jy-À-¡v Xm-Â-]-cy-ap-Å- a-äv Im-cy-§-Ä-¡pw- C-Xv _m-[-I-am-Wv.
Cu- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- ka-À-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶- B-i-b-§-Ä- cm-{ão-bs¯¡p-dn-¨v H-cp- hy-Xy-kvX-am-b-
Im-gvN-¸m-Sv-Â-Ip-¶p-:_-e-¯n-p-]-I-cw--t{]c-W-D-]tbmKn-¨v,Po-hn-¡m-³-hn-«p--sImSp-¯psImïpw-,
Io-g-S-¡-epw- -taÂtImbva-bp-an-Ãm-¯- H-cp- cm-{ão-bw-. kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- en-_-À-«n- F-¶- N-e-m-ß-
I-hpw- Bthi-I-c-hp-am-b- H-cp- A-´m-cm-{ã- {]-kvYm--¯n-Â- kPo-h-am-bn- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶- Nn-e-
bp-hm-¡-fm-Wv Iq-Sp-X-em-bpw- Cu- ]p-kvX-I-¯nse D-]-ym-k§-Ä- F-gp-Xn-bn-«p-Å-Xv. A-h- Np-cp-
§n-b- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- Im-gvN-¸m-S-Ã- {]-Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv, a-dn-¨v, hym-]-I-am-b- a-p-jym-p-`-ht¯mSv
kw-km-cn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. an-¡- a-p-jy-cpw- A-h-cpsS n-Xy-Po-hn-X-¯n-Â- A-p-jvTn-¡p-¶- X-¯-z-
im-kv{X-¯n-sâ H-cp- ap-J-hp-c- -Â-Ip-¶-h-bm-Wv Cu- D-]-ym-k§-Ä-. Cu- X-¯-z-im-kv{Xs¯
-temIsa¼m-Spw- ]-e- m-a-§-fn-em-Wv A-dn-bs¸Sp-¶-Xv, en-_-d-en-kw-, ¢m-Ên-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-kw- (Atacn-
¡-bn-Â-' en-_-d-en-kw-' F-¶v A-dn-bs¸Sp-¶-Xn-Â- n-¶pw- -thÀ-Xn-cn-¡m-³-), ent_Àt«dn-b-n-kw-, ------
Xp-S--§n-b-h-. Cu- Im-gvN-¸m-Sv Htcka-bw- e-fn-X-hpw- k¦o-À-W-hp-am-Wv. Im-c-Ww-, e-fn-X-am-b- n-b-a-§-Ä-
D-]tbmKn-¨ps¡mïv k¦o-À-W-am-b- {I-a-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡msa¶m-Wv C-Xn-Â- D-Äs¡mïn-cn-¡p-¶- n-e-
]m-Sv.- B-[p-n-I- km-aq-ln-I-im-kv{X-¯n-sâ G-ä-hpw- kp-{]-[m--am-b- ]m-T-§-fn-Â- H-¶m-W-Xv.
-{I-aw--- kzta[-bm- D-ïm-Im-hp-¶-Xm-Wv F-¶- hn-j-bw- Cu- ]p-kvX-I-¯nse D-]-ym-k§-fn-Â- B-g-
¯n-Â- N-À-¨sN¿s¸«n-«p-ïv.

7. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
7
{l-kz-am-b- Cu- ]p-kvX-Iw- {]-[m-s¸«- {]-iv-§sf¡p-dn-¨v ]p-Xn-b- co-Xn-I-fn-Â- Nn-´n-¡m-p-Å-
H-cp- A-`y-À-°--bm-Wv. Cu- {]-iv-§sf¡p-dn-¨v B-Zy-am-bn- -tIÄ-¡p-¶-h-À-¡pw- A-Xpt]m-se Xs¶
hn-Z-Kv²-cm-b- ]-WvUn-X-À-¡pw- -thïn-bp-Å- ]p-kvX-I-am-Wn-Xv. Cu- c-ïv hn-`m-K-¡m-À-¡pw- A-Xn-n-S-bn-
Âs¸«-h-À-¡pw-Cu-D-]-ym-k§-Ä-{]tbmP-s¸Spsa¶vRm-³-{]-Xo-£n-¡p-¶p-.A-h-G-Xv{I-a-¯n-epw
hm-bn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv, H-cp- A-[ym-bw- hm-bn-¡m-³- a-äp- A-[ym-b-§-Ä- H-¶pw-Xs¶ hm-bnt¡ï-Xn-Ã-.
hm-b--¡m-c-v ap-gp-h-³- ]p-kvX-Iw- hm-bn-¡msX _m-ly-am-bn- hm-bn-¨pt]mIm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. Cu-
]p-kvX-Is¯a--Ên-pthïn-bp-Å-H-cp-cp-Nn-I-c-am-b--t]mj-Im-lm-c-am-bn-I-W-¡m-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv,
B-kz-Zn-¨ps¡mÅp-I-.
-tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
hn-Â-o-b-kv, en-X-zm-n-b-
Pq-¬- 3, 2013

8. A-[ym-bw- H-¶v
F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-?
-tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
"F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´yw-" F-¶v X-es¡«p-Å- H-cp- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-sâ H-cp- A-k¦o-À-W-
am-b- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-hpw-, F-´psImïv hy-àn-I-Ä- kzm-X-{´ys¯ km-aq-ln-I- kw-hn-[m--¯n-sâ H-cp- A-Sn-kvYm--
X-¯-z-am-bn- kzo-I-cn-¡-Ww- F-¶-Xns¡p-dn-¨pw- ]-d-ªpsImïv Xp-S-§p-¶-Xv Xn-I-¨pw- kzm-`m-hn-I-am-Wv.
n§-Ä- Po-hn-X-¯n-eqsS I-S-¶pt]mIpt¼mÄ- H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Znsb-t]m-se -s]cp-
am-dm-p-Å- km-[y-X- G-ItZiw- 100 i-X-am--am-Wv. n-§-Ä- H-cp-]s£ -tNmZn-¡pw-
"H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Znsb-t]m-se -s]cp-am-dp-I'- F-¶m-Â- F-´m-Wv. A-X-{X- k¦o-À-W-a-Ã-. asämcm-
fpsS -s]cp-am-äw- A-Xr-]vX-am-bn- -tXm¶n-bm-Â- n-§-Ä- A-bmsf X-Ãp-¶n-Ã-. n-§-Ä- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS
h-kvXp-¡-Ä- X-«nsbSp-¡m-dn-Ã-. n-§-Ä- A-h-cpsS h-kvXp-¡-Ä- I-c-kvY-am-¡m-³- A-hsc I-_n-fn-
¸n-¡p-Itbm h-©n-¡p-Itbm -sN¿p-¶n-Ã-, Asæn-Â-, A-dn-ªpsImïv A-h-À-¡v -sXäm-b- h-gn-
]-d-ªpsImSp-¯ps¡mïv ]m-e-¯n-sâ ap-I-fn-Â- n-¶v Xmtg¡v ho-gv¯m-³- {i-an-¡p-¶n-Ã-. n-§-Ä-
A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- hy-àn-b-Ã-.
n-§-Ä- a-äp-Å-hsc _-lp-am-n-¡p-¶p-. A-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§tfbpw- _-lp-am-n-¡p-¶p-.
Nn-et¸mÄ-, asämcm-Ä- A-[nt£]-I-c-am-bn- Fs´¦n-epw- ]-d-bpt¼mÄ- n-§-Ä-¡v A-bm-fpsS ap-J-
¯ptm¡n- H-cp- A-Sn- -sImSp-¡-Wsa¶v -tXm¶ntb¡mw-; F-¶m-Â-, n-§-fpsS km-am--y t_m[w-
n-§sf X-S-bp-I-bpw-, ]-I-cw-, n-§-Ä- ]n-´n-cn-ªpt]mIp-Itbm -sN¿pw-. Asæn-Â- n-§-Ä-
hm-¡m-Â- a-dp-]-Sn- -Â-Ip-Itbm -sN¿pw-. n-§-Ä- kw-kvIm-c-ap-Å- H-cp- hy-àn-bm-Wv.
A-`n--µ--§-Ä-. n-§-Ä- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-sâ a-u-en-I- X-¯-z-§-Ä- D-Äs¡mïp-¡-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p-.---
n-§-Ä- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kzm-X-{´yt¯bpw- A-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§tfbpw- am-n-¨psImïm-W-v- n-§-
fpsS Po-hn-Xw- -bn-¡p-¶-Xpw- n-§-fpsS kzm-X-{´ys¯ B-kz-Zn-¡p-¶-Xpw-. n-§-fpsS -
s]cp-am-äw- H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bptSXm-Wv.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv k¶-²- X-¯-z-¯n-em-Wv, _-e-{]tbmK-¯n-e-Ã-. an-¡t¸mgp-w---,-
a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bn- C-Ss]g-Ipt¼mÄ-, Zn-w-{]-Xn- n-§-fpw- Cu- X-¯-zw- ]n-´p-S-cp-¶p-ïm-I-Ww-.
F-¶m-Â-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-im-kv{X-atÃ, cm-Py-`-c-Wt¯bpw- -b-§tfbpw-
kw-_-Ôn-¨- H-cp- Iq-«w- B-i-b-§-Ä-? AsX. ]ns¶ F-´psImïv A-Xv kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ I-S-a-I-Ä-¡v
]-I-cw- hy-àn-I-Ä- -sN-t¿ï- Im-cy-§-Ä-¡v {]m-[m-yw- -sImSp-¡p-¶p-? C-hnsSbm-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z--h-p-w-
a-äp- cm-{ão-b- B-i-b-§-fpw- X-½n-ep-Å- {]-[m-- hy-Xym-kw-. kÀ-¡m-cn-v am-{´n-I-i-àn-bpsï¶v
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶n-Ã-. a-p-jy-À- Xs¶bm-Wv A-h-cpw-. -½sf -t]m-se Xs¶, a-äp-a-
p-jy-cn-Â- n-¶pw- D-¶-Xn-bn-Â- n-Â-¡p-¶- A-am-p-jn-I- hn-Úm-tam A-dnthm i-àntbm D-Å- H-cp-
{]tXyI-h-À-¤w- a-p-jy-À- A-Ã- A-h-À- - cm-Pm-¡-³-am-À-, N-{I-h-À-¯n-I-Ä-, a-{´n-am-À-, {]-hm-N-I-À-, A-²y-
£-À-, n-b-a-n-À-½m-Xm-¡-Ä-, {]-[m--a-{´n-am-À- F-¶n-§s GsXm-s¡ -t]cp-I-fn-Â- A-dn-bs¸«m-epw-.
P-m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-bn- Xn-csªSp-¡s¸«- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- -t]mepw-, km-[m-c-W- a-p-jysc
kw-_-Ôn-¨v "s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cyw-' Iq-Sp-X-Â- D-Å-h-c-Ã-, ]-et¸mgpw- A-Xv Xosc Ip-d-ª-h-cm-Wv.
A-h-À- a-äp-Å-hsc¡m-fpw- kzm-À-°-X- Ip-d-ª-h-cmsW-t¶m D-Zm-c-a--kvI-X- D-Å-h-cmsW-t¶m
8

9. F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-?
9
F-¶-Xn-p- -sXfn-hp-Isfm¶p-an-Ã-. am-{X-a-Ã-, A-h-À-¡v i-cnsXäp-Isf¡p-dn-¨v km-[m-c-W- a-p-
jytc¡m--f-p-w-- I-cp-X-Â- Dsï¶v Im-Wn-¡m-pw- -sXfn-hp-Isfm¶p-an-Ã-. A-h-cpw- -½sf-t¸m-se
Xs¶bm-Wv.
]s£ H-¶v n-Â-¡p-, `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- a-äp- a-p-jy-À-¡v e-`y-a-Ãm-¯- ]-e- A-[n-Im-c-§-fpw-
{]tbmKn-¡p-¶p-ïv. B-fp-Isf A-d-kväp- -sN¿m-pw-; bp-²-§-Ä- Xp-S-§n- a-p-jysc -sImÃm-pw-;
B-fp-I-Ä- hm-bn-¡m-pw- hm-bn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m-pw- km-[y-X-bp-Å- D-¯-c-hp-I-Ä- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡m-pw-;
-ssZhm-cm-[-- A-p-h-Zn-¡tWm-sb¶pw- B-cm-[-- -sN-t¿ï- co-Xn-I-fpw-; B-cv Bsc
hn-hm-lw- -sN¿-Wsa¶pw-; I-gn-¡m-pw- Ip-Sn-¡m-pw- ]p-I-¡m-pw- A-p-h-Zn-¡s¸«-h-bpw
A-Ãm-¯-h-bpw-; D-]-Po-h--¯n-pthïn- -sN¿m-³- A-p-h-Zn-¡s¸«-h-bpw- A-Ãm-¯-h-bpw-; G-Xv hn-Zym-
e-b-¯n-Â-t]mI-Wsa¶pw-; bm-{X- -sN¿m-p-Å- A-p-hm-Z-hpw-; GsXÃmw- km-[-§-fpw- tkh--§-fpw-
I-¨-h-Sw- -sN¿msa¶pw- A-Xn-p- F-{X- hn-e-bn-S-Wsa¶pw-; Iq-SmsX ]-e-X-cw- A-[n-Im-c-§-fpw- A-h-À-
{]tbmKn-¡p-¶p-ïv. Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw-, A-h-À- a-äp-Å-h-À-¡n-Ãm-¯- ]-e- A-[n-Im-c-§-fpw- {]tbmKn-¡p-
¶p-. A-h-À- I-cp-¯v D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶p-, A-Xpw- H-cp- ]-Xn-hp-N-S-§pt]m-se, -C-Xm-Wv kÀ-¡m-dns a-äp-
kvYm-]--§-fn-Â- n-¶pw- hy-Xy-kvX-am-¡p-¶-Xv. ]s£ A-h-cpsS {K-l-W-i-àntbm D-Ä-Im-gvNtbm
Zo-À-L-Zr-ãntbm H-¶pw- Xs¶ a-äp-f-f-htc¡m-Ä- an-I-¨-X-Ã-. am-{X-a-Ã-, A-h-cpsS i-cnsXäp-I-fpsS n-e-
hm-c-§-fpw- i-cm-i-cn-bn-Â- n-¶pw- D-b-À-¶tXm I-À-i-tam A-Ã-. Nn-e-À- i-cm-i-cn- hy-àn-Itf¡m-Ä-
ka-À-°-cm-bn-cn-¡mw-, a-äp-Å-h-À- Nn-et¸mÄ- A-{X-bpw- _p-²n-am-·m-À- B-bn-cn-¡n-Ã-. ]s£, -½psS
-ta[m-hn-bm-Im-³- A-{X- D-¶-Xn-bn-e-Ã- A-h-À- n-Â-¡p-¶-Xv, A-h-À- a-äp- a-p-jy-h-À-¤t¯¡m-Ä- D-b-À-
¶-h-cmsW¶p-Å-Xn-v -sXfnshm¶p-an-Ã-.
a-äp-Å-h-cp-am-bp-Å-C-Ss]S-ep-I-fn-Â--½-Ä-F-Ãm-h-cpw-k¶-²-am-b--t{]c-W-I-Ä--S-¯pt¼mÄ-,
F-´psImïv A-h-À- am-{Xw- _-e-{]tbmKw- -S-¯p-¶p-? cm-{ão-b- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- -ssIh-iwsh¡p-
¶-h-À- B-cpw-Xs¶ am-em-J-amtcm -ssZh-§tfm A-Ã-, ]ns¶ F-´psImïm-Wv A-h-À- am-{Xw- -½-Ä-
B-cpw- {]tbmKn-¡m-³- B-h-iys¸Sm-¯- A-[n-Im-c- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- B-h-iys¸Sp-¶-Xv? F-´psImïv
-½-Ä- A-h-cpsS _-e-{]tbmK-¯n-p-ap-¶n-Â- h-g-§ns¡mSp-¡-Ww-? F-n-¡v n-§-fpsS ho-«n-Â- I-b-
dn-h-¶v n-§-Ä- F-´v I-gn-¡-Wsa-t¶m, F-´v ]p-I-¡-Wsa-t¶m, n-§-Ä- Ft¸mÄ- B-cp-am-bn- D-d-
§-Wsa-t¶m ]-d-bm-p-Å- A-[n-Im-c-ansæn-Â-, ]ns¶ F-´psImïv H-cp- cm-{ão-b-¡m-ctm,
DtZymK-kvYtm, tkm- m-b-Itm, cm-Pm-hntm, K-h-À-W-Àt¡m B- A-[n-Im-cw- D-ïm-I-Ww-?
-½-Ä- _-e-{]tbmK-§-Ä-¡v h-g-§msa¶v k½-Xw- -sImSp-¯n-«ptïm?
]s£ H-¶v n-Â-¡p-, -½-fm-Wv `-c-W-Iq-Sw-, AsÃ? Po-³Pm-¡v dqt-Êmhns -t]m-sebp-Å- ka-
À-°-cm-b- X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-À- hm-Zn-¨-Xpt]m-se, H-cp- P-m-[n-]-Xy-¯nse¦n-epw-, -½-Ä- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-v
-½tfmSv F-´v -sN¿-Wsa¶pw- -sN¿-cpsX¶pw- ]-d-ªp-X-cm-p-Å- k½-Xw- -Â-In-bn-«p-ïv. P--§-
fpsS "s]mXp- Xm-Â-]-cyw-' n-dthäp-I-bm-Wv H-cp- kÀ-¡m-À- -sN¿p-¶-Xv. A-Xm-b-Xv, A-h-À- -½psS
Xm-Â-]-cyw- Xs¶bm-Wv -S-¸n-Â-h-cp-¯p-¶-Xv. At¸mÄ- H-cp- kÀ-¡m-À- -aps¡Xnsc _-e-{]tbmKw-
-S-¯pt¼mÄ-, b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â- A-h-À- -½sf kz-X-{´-cm-¡m-m-Wv n-À-_-Ôn-¡p-¶-Xv, -½psS
Xm-Â-]-cy-§sf -tXSm-³- -½sf A-h-À- -t{]cn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv, A-ÃmsX F-´v kw-`-hn-¡-Wsa¶v
-½-Ä- Nn-´n-¡pw- hn-[w- -S-¯p-I-b-Ã-. X-sâ A-km-[m-c-W- P--kzm-[o-w- -sNep-¯n-b- Zn- tkmjy-Â-
tIm¬-{Sm-Îv F-¶- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- dq-tÊm ]-d-ª-Xv -t]m-se, "-s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cyw- Ft¸mgpw-

10. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
10
i-cn-bpw- kaq-l-¯n-sâ -·-¡pthïn- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶-Xp-am-bn-cn-¡pw-; ]s£ P--§-fpsS
Nn-´-IsfÃmw- Ft¸mgpw- H-cpt]m-se i-cn-bm-I-Wsa¶n-Ã-....]-et¸mgpw- F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- Xm-Â-]-cy-§-fpw-
(F-Ãm- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡pw- B-h-iy-ap-Å-Xv) -s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cy-hpw- X-½n-Â- h-fscb-[n-Iw- hy-Xym-k§-fp-
ïm-Im-dp-ïv.
X-sâkn-²m-´-¯n-Â-,dq-tÊmkzm-X-{´ys¯_-e-{]tbmK-hp-am-bn-Iq-«nt¨À-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p-,Im-
c-Ww-, At±lw- hm-Zn-¨-Xpt]m-se, "s]mXp-Xm-Â-]-cy-¯n-p- h-g-§m-¯-hs P--§-Ä- h-g-§m-m-bn-
n-À-_-Ôn-¡pw-. F-¶psh¨m-Â- asäm¶p-a-Ã-, A-h-³- kz-X-{´-m-Im-³- n-À-_-Ôn-X-m-Ipsa¶m-Wv.'
Fs´Ãmw-Xs¶bm-bm-epw-, kÀ-¡m-À- Xo-cp-am-n-¡p-¶-Xp-hsc, n-§-Ä-¡v i-cn-¡pw- F-´m-Wv
-thïsX¶v n-§-Ä-¡v A-dn-bn-Ã-. A-Xm-b-Xv, n-§-Ä- Fs´¦n-epw- -sN¿-Wsa¶v hn-Nm-cn-¡pt¼mÄ-
-t]meo-kv n-§sf X-S-bp-I-bpw- X-S-hn-em-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pt¼mÄ- n-§-Ä- kzm-X-{´-cm-hp-I-bm-Wv
-sN¿p-¶-Xv. n-§-Ä-¡v kÀ-¡m-cns [n-¡-cn-¡-Wsa¶v n-§sf Nn-´n-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wp-ïm-b-Xv.
am-{X-a-Ã- n-§-Ä-¡v i-cn-¡pw- -thïsX´msW¶v Xn-csªSp-¡m-³- klm-bn-¡p-I- am-{X-am-Wv
t]meo-kv-sNbvX-Xv,]s£n-§-fpsShn-UvVn-¯-hpw-,A-dn-hn-Ãm-bva-bpw-,A-hnthI-hpw-,Zp-À-_-e-X-bpw-
Im-c-Ww- A-Xv a--kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-¨n-Ã-.
Ct¸mÄ- Im-cy-§-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- `-u-Xn-Im-Xo-X-am-b- kvYn-Xn-¡v -ap-¡v C-¯n-cn- Xo-{h-X-
Ip-d-¨v, `q-cn-]-£-`-c-W-¯n-sâ ]n-´p-W-¡m-À- ]-d-bp-¶-Xv F-´msW¶v -tm¡mw-. Xn-csªSp-¸p-
I-Ä- -sIm-tïm atä-sX¦n-epw- -S-]-Sn-{I-a-§-Ä- D-]tbmKnt¨m -½-Ä- "P--§-fpsS Xm-Â-]-cyw-' D-Â-]m
-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p-, F-¶m-epw- F-Ãm-h-cpw- A-XntmSv -tbmPn-¡-Wsa¶n-Ã- (Ip-d-ª-]-£w- -thm«v -sNbvXn-«v
P-bn-¡m-¯-hsc¦n-epw- `q-cn-]-£t¯mSv -tbmPn-¡p-¶n-Ã-). A-h-À- `q-cn-]-£-¯n-pthï-Xv -
sN¿m-³- n-À-_-Ôn-X-cm-Ip-¶p-, D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v, I-Åpw- I-©m-hpw- D-]tbmKn-¡msXbn-cn-¡m-pw-
Asæn-Â- hntZi-bp-²-§-fpw- kzm-[o--ap-Å- km-¼-¯n-I- Xm-Â-]-cy-§-Ä-¡pthï- k_vkn-Un-I-Ä-
-t]m-sebp-Å- A-h-À- F-Xn-À-¡p-¶- Im-cy-§-Ä-¡pthïn- ]-Ww- -sNe-h-gn-¡m-pw- n-À-_-Ôn-X-cm-Ip-¶p-.
`q-cn-]-£w- -thm«v -sNbvX-Xv X ntcm[n-¡mtm Y -S-¸n-em-¡m-p-Å- n-b-a-¯n-v -thïntbm B-Imw-,
Asæn-Â- X ntcm[n-¡msa-t¶m Y -S-¸n-em-¡msa-t¶m hm-KvZm-w- -sNbvX- kvYm-m-À-°n-¡v
-thïntbm B-Imw-, At¸mÄ- -ap-¡v "P--§-fpsS Xm-Â-]-cyw-' a--kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-. F-¶n-«v
H-cm-Ä- _n-b-À- Ip-Sn-¡p-Itbm, I-©m-hv h-en-¡p-Itbm, A-bm-fpsS k¼m-Zyw- H-fn-¨psh¡p-Itbm
-sNbvXm-Â-, A-bm-Ä- F-´psIm-tïm A-bm-Ä- Xp-S-cmsa¶v k½-Xn-¨- -s]mXp-P--Xm-Â-]-cy-¯ns
Xnsc {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-I-bm-Wv. -ap-¡v Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn- B-g-¯nte¡v A-Xns¡p-dn-¨p- -tm¡mw-.
ntcm[-m-ß-I-am-b- H-cp- n-b-aw- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¨psh¶pw- n-§-Ä- B- ntcm[-m-ß-I-am-b-
n-b-a-¯n-pthïntbm Asæn-Â- kvYm-m-À-°n-¡pthïntbm -thm«v -sNbv-sX¶p-an-cn-¡s«.
Nn-e-À- ]-d-bpw- n-§-Ä- A-¯-cw- A-´n-a- ^-e-¯n-p- _-Ôn-X-am-Im-³- A-p-a-Xn- -Â-In-bn-
cp-¶psh¶v. At¸mÄ-, n-§-Ä- B- ntcm[-m-ß-I-am-b- n-b-a-¯nsXnsc-tbm Asæn-Â-
A-XnsXnsc n-Â-¡p-¶- kvYm-m-À-°n-¡pthïntbm B-Wv -thm«v -sNbvXsX¦ntem? A-§s
bmsW¦n-Â- A-h-À- ]-d-bpw- n-§-Ä- Cu- Xn-csªSp-¸n-sâ -S-]-Sn-{I-a-¯n-Â- `m-K-am-b-XpsImïv
n-§-Ä- A-Xn-sâ A-´n-a- ^-e-¯n-p- _-Ôn-X-am-Im-³- A-p-a-Xn- -Â-In-bn-cp-¶psh¶v. At¸mÄ-
n-§-Ä- -thm«v -sNbvXnsæntem Asæn-Â- n-§-Ä-¡v H-cp- n-h-À-¯n-bp-ap-ïm-bn-cp-¶nsæntem?
A-§sbmsW¦n-Â- A-h-À- ]-d-bpw- C-n- n-§-Ä- B-h-em-Xns¸Sm-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-, Im-c-Ww- n-§-Ä- -thm«v
-sNbvXv A-´n-a- ^-ew- am-äm-p-Å- A-h-kcw- n-c-kn-¨p-¡-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p- F-¶v! {_n-«o-jv kzm-X-{´y-hm-
Zn-bm-b- -slÀ-_-À-«v kv-s]³-kÀ- C-¯-cw- hm-Z-§sf¡p-dn-¨v h-fsc ]-ïv {]-kvXm-hn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-,

11. 11
"B-Ý-cy-I-cw- Xs¶, A-bm-Ä- {]-h-À-¯n-¨- F-Ãm- co-Xn-I-fn-epw- A-bm-Ä- A-p-a-Xn- -Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶p
A-bm-Ä- -thï- F-¶p-]-d-ªm-epw- -thWw- F-¶p-]-d-ªm-epw- Asæn-Â- n-jv]-£-am-bn- C-cp-¶m-Â-
¡q-Sn-!CsXmcp-Ip-g-¸-I-c-am-b-{]-am-Ww-B-bn-cp-¶tÃm.'Ip-g-¸-I-cw-,Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw-.n-§-Ä-hm-kvX-h-
¯n-Â- F-´p-Xs¶ ]-d-bp-Itbm {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-Itbm -sN¿p-I-bmsW¦n-epw- AsXÃmw- A-p-a-Xn
-Â-Ip-¶- H-¶msW¶v ]-d-bp-I-bmsW¦n-Â-, "A-p-a-Xn-' F-¶- hm-¡n-p- A-À-°-an-Ãm-Xm-Ip-¶p-,
Im-c-Ww- A-Xn-v "A-p-a-Xn-bn-Ãm-bva-' F-¶pw- "A-p-a-Xn-' F-¶pw- A-À-°w- h-cp-¶p-. C-¯-cw- kµ-À-`-
§-fn-Â- H-cp- hm-¡n-p- A-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- C-Ãm-Xm-Ip-I-bm-Wv D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv.
kXy-¯n-Â-, X-sâ ho-«n-en-cp-¶psImïv I-©m-hv h-en-¨-Xn-v A-d-kväv -sN¿s¸«- H-cm-Ä- A-hs
A-d-kväv -sN¿m-³- H-cp- A-À-°-¯n-epw- "A-p-a-Xn-' -Â-In-bn-«n-Ã-. A-XpsImïm-Wv -t]meo-kp-Im-À-
h-Sn-bpw- -tXm¡pw- -sImïp--S-¡p-¶-Xv - P--§sf A-{I-awsImïv `-bs¸Sp-¯m-³-.
H-cp-]s£ C-¯-cw- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- P--§-Ä- kÀ-¡m-dns G-Â-¸n-¨-Xm-bn-cn-¡-Ww-. A-Xm-b-Xv,
P--§-Ä-¡v I-©m-hv h-en-¡-ïmsb¶- Xo-cp-am-w- F-Sp-¡msa¦n-Â- A-h-À-¡v kz-bw- A-d-kväv -sN¿m-
p-Å- Xo-cp-am--hpw- F-Sp-¡mw-. ]s£, n-§-Ä-¡v n-§-fpsS A-b-Â-¡m-c-sâ hm-Xn-Â- N-hn-«n-¯p-d-
¡m-pw- -tXm¡p-I-Ä- Nq-ïn- A-hsc ]p-dt¯¡v h-en-¨n-g-¨v A-hsc X-S-hn-em-¡m-p-ap-Å- A-[n-Im-c-
an-Ã-, F-¦n-Â- ]ns¶ n-§-Ä- F-§s A-¯-cw- H-cp- A-[n-Im-cw- asämcmsf G-Â-¸n-¡pw-? A-h-cpsS
A-`n-{]m-b-§-Ä- Fs´m-s¡¯s¶ B-bm-epw- A-h-À- G-Xv X-c-¯n-Â- -s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-¶psh¶m-epw
n-§-fpsS I-©m-hv h-en-¡p-¶- A-b-Â-h-¡-¡m-À- A-h-cpsS Xs¶ A-d-kväv -S-¯p-¶-Xn-p-Å- A-[n-
Im-cw- -Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶p- F-¶p-Å- A-Ûp-X-I-c-am-b- hm-Z-¯nte¡v -½-Ä- ho-ïpw- Xn-cns¨¯n-bn-
cn-¡p-¶p-.
H-cp-]s£, H-cp- cm-Py-¯v Po-htm-sSbn-cn-¡p-I- F-¶-Xn-sâ A-À-°w- Xs¶ A-hn-Sps¯ kÀ-
¡m-cn-v n-§tfmSp- F-´pw- B-h-iys¸Smsa¶p-Å- A-[n-Im-cw- -Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶p- F-¶m-Imw-.
Fs´m-s¡¯s¶ B-bm-epw-, n-§-Ä- F-sâ ho-«nte¡v h-cpt¼mÄ-, n-§-Ä- F-sâ N-«-§sf A-p-
kcn-¡m-³- _m-[y-kvY-cm-Wv. ]s£, H-cp- 'cm-Pyw-' F-¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv H-cp- "ho-Sv' -t]m-seb-Ã-. Rm-³-
F-sâ ho-Sn-sâ D-S-a-kvY-m-Wv ]s£ F-sâ cm-Py-¯n-sâ "D-S-a-kvY--Ã-'. kz-´w- Po-hn-Xw- F-§s
Po-hn-¡-Ww-F-¶p-Å-Xns¡p-dn-¨vA-h-cptSXm-b-A-`n-{]m-b-§-fp-Å-AtIw-hy-àn-I-Ä--tNÀ-¶m-Wv
H-cp- cm-Py-ap-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv. A-h-À- F-sâ D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-e-Ã-, A-Xm-Wv ]-I-z-X-bp-f-f- hy-àn-I-Ä- a--kn-
em-¡p-¶- G-ä-hpw- ap-Jy-am-b- Xn-cn-¨-dn-hv: a-äp- a-p-jy-À- F-sâ D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-e-Ã-. A-h-À-¡v A-h-cpsS
kz-´w- Po-hn-X-§-Ä- -bn-¡m-p-ïv. H-cp- ]-I-z-X-bp-Å- a-p-jys¶- n-e-¡v n-§-Ä-¡v A-Xv a--Ên-em-
hp-I-bpw- n-§-fpsS {]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä- A-Xv {]-Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-. n-§-Ä- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS ho-Sp-
I-fn-Â- I-b-dns¨¶v A-htcmSv F-§s Po-hn-¡-Wsa¶v ]-d-bp-¶n-Ã-. A-y-cpsS h-kvXp-¡-Ä- n-§-
Ä-¡v Iq-Sp-X-Â- _-es¸Spsa¶v I-cp-Xn- n-§-Ä- A-Xv -tamãn-¡p-¶n-Ã-. n-§-Ä-¡v G-ä-hpw- {]-[m-
s¸«- hn-j-b-§sf¡p-dn-¨v BsW¦n-Ât]mepw-, a-äp-Å-h-À- n-§tfmSv -tbmPn-¡p-¶nsæn-Â- n-§-Ä-
A-hsc X-Ãp-Itbm, C-Sn-¡p-Itbm, Ip-¯p-Itbm, -shSnsh¡p-Itbm -sN¿p-¶n-Ã-.
n-§-Ä- H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Znsb -t]m-se -s]cp-am-dp-¶psï¦n-Â- H-cp-]s£ n-§-Ä-¡v H-cp-
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-Imw-.
F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-?

12. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
12
H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-I- F-¶-Xn-sâ A-À-°sa´m-Wv?
a-äp-Å-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf -t{Zmln-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I-, A-Xm-b-Xv, a-äp-Å-hsc kw-_-Ôn-¨p-Å-
o-Xn- n-b-a-§sf _-lp-am-n-¡p-I-, F-¶v am-{X-a-Ã-, a-p-jym-h-Im-i-§-fpsS A-À-°sa´msW¶pw-,
F-§sbm-Wv A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- km-aq-ln-I- kam-[m--hpw- kl-I-c-W-hpw- D-ïm-¡p-¶sX¶pw-,
F-§sbm-Wvkam-P-§-Ä-{]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶sX¶pw-a--kn-em-¡m-³-a--ÊpsImïvX-¿m-dm-hp-I-bpw-
-sN¿p-I-bm-Wv. kz-´w- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-v -thïn- am-{X-a-Ã- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kzm-X-{´y-¯n-v -thïn-bpw
-s]mcp-Xp-I- F-¶m-Wv. H-cp- a-lm-m-b- {_-ko-en-b-³- Nn-´-I-³- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ G-ä-hpw
h-en-b-A-Xn-{I-a-am-b-A-Sn-a-¯w--n-À-¯-em-¡p-¶-Xn-v-thïn-X-sâPo-hn-Xw-ka-À-¸n-¨p-.At±l-¯n-sâ
t]cv -tPmInw- -_pt¡m F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p-, At±lw- X-sâ Po-hn-Xs¯ -bn-¨- H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-
X-¯-zw- ]-d-bp-I-bp-ïm-bn-:
n-§sfbpw- n-§-fpsS Ip-«n-Itfbpw-, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kzm-X-{´y-§sf kv-tln-
¡m-³- ]-Tn-¸n-¡p-I-, A-§s -sNbvXm-Â- am-{Xta n-§-fpsS kz-´w- kzm-X-{´ys¯ hn-[n-
-Â-In-b- H-cp- k½m--am-bn- I-cp-Xm-Xn-cn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-. n-§-Ä- A-Xn-sâ hn-esb¡p-
dn-¨v -t_m[-hm-·m-cm-Ip-I-bpw- A-Xns Im-¡m-³- -ss[cys¸Sp-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-.
H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-I- F-¶-Xn-sâb-À-°w- F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- kzm-X-{´ys¯¡p-dn-¨v
I-cp-X-ep-Å-h-cm-Ip-I- F-¶m-Wv. F-¶p-h-¨m-Â-, A-h-cpsS -s]cp-am-ä-§tfm hm-¡p-Itfm A-n-ã-I-c-
am-bn- -tXm¶pt¼mÄ- -t]mepw- A-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am-n-¡p-I-. A-Xn-sâ A-À-°w-, _-e-
{]tbmKw- -S-¯msX, kam-[m--hpw- kzta[-bm-bp-Å- {]-h-À-¯n-I-Äs¡mïv am-{Xw-, kz-´w- e-£y-
§sf ]n-´p-S-cp-I- F-¶m-Wv. A-Xv kz-´w- k-t´mj-am-Imw-, a-p-jy-h-À-K-¯n-sâ -sa¨s¸Sp-¯-en-p
thïn-bm-Imw-, A-dn-hptS-Â-, F-¶n-§s-sbÃm-am-Imw-, Asæn-Â- asä-s´¦n-ep-am-Imw-, A-Xv
"ap-X-em-fn-¯w-' D-Å- kz-X-{´y-kw-cw-`-§-fpw- C-S-]m-Sp-I-fp-ap-Å- H-cp- -temI-¯p-am-Imw-. Asæn-Â-
im-kv{Xw-, ]tcm]-Im-cw-, I-e-, kv-tlw-, ku-lr-Zw-, Asæn-Â- k¶-²-kl-I-c-Ww- -sImïp-ïm-¡n-b-
G-Xv a-p-jy-{]-b-Xv-hp-am-Imw-.
A-[n-Im-ct¯mSpw- `-c-Wt¯mSp-ap-Å- A-hn-i-zm-kw-
A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-kp-c-£n-X-am-Ip-¶-XvA-[n-Im-c-§-Ä-n-b-{´n-X-am-Ipt¼mÄ-am-{X-amsW¶va--
kn-em-¡p-I-bm-Wv H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-I- F-¶-Xn-sâ A-À-°w-. A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-¡v n-b-a-hm-gvN
-thWw-. {_n-«o-jv X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-pw- {]-h-À-¯-I-p-am-b- -tPm¬- -tem¡v B-[p-n-I- -temI-¯n-sâ
A-Sn-¯-d-bp-ïm-¡m-³- klm-bn-¨p-. `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- n-b-{´-Wm-Xo-X-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä-
D-]tbmKn-¡-Wsa¶v hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶- "G-Im-[n-]-Xy-'¯n-sâ ym-b-hm-Zn-I-Äs¡Xnsc At±lw-
X-À-¡n-¨p-. P--§-Ä-¡v "kzm-X-{´yw-' -Â-In-bm-Â- A-h-À- "a--kn-Â- hn-Nm-cn-¡p-¶-' F-´pw- -sN¿pw-,
A-Xv F-´p-Xs¶bm-bm-epw- A-h-cpsS -tXm¶-ep-I-Ä-¡v A-p-kcn-¨pw- a-äp-Å-h-Àt¡m A-h-cpsS
A-h-Im-i-§-Ät¡m D-ïm-hm-³- -t]mIp-¶- A--´-c-^-e-§-Ä- h-Ish¡msXbpw- -sN¿psa¶m-Wv
A-]-cn-an-X-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-h-À- ]-cn-lm-k]q-À-Æw- ]-d-bp-¶-Xv.
A-XntmSv -tem¡v {]-Xn-I-cn-¨p-, "X-sâ i-co-ct¯bpw-, {]-h-À-¯n-Itfbpw-, -ssIh-i-ap-Å-
h-kvXp-¡tfbpw-,ap-gp-h-³-kz-¯ntbpw-,Xm-³-Io-gn-Â-h-cp-¶-n-b-a-¯n-sâA-p-a-XntbmSp-Iq-Sn-,
X-sâ B-h-iy-{]-Im-cw- -ssIIm-cyw- -sN¿m-pw- n-b-{´n-¡m-p-ap-Å- kzm-X-{´yw-; A-Xp

13. 13
t]m-seXs¶ asämcm-fpsS G-I-]-£o-b-am-b- Xo-cp-am--§-fpsS Io-gn-em-Im-Xn-cn-¡m-pw-, a-dn-¨v
kz-´w- Xo-cp-am--§sf ]n-´p-S-cm-p-ap-Å- kzm-X-{´y-am-Wv' en-_-À-«n- ]m-À-«n-¡m-À- A-h-iys¸Sp-
¶sX¶v. kz-´w- D-S-a-kvY-X-bn-Â- h-cp-¶- km-[--§sf C-ã-{]-Im-cw- -ssIIm-cyw- -sN¿m-p-Å- A-h-
Im-iw- Hmtcm hy-àn-¡p-ap-ïv. a-äp-Å-h-cpsS B-Ú- A-p-kcnt¡ï- B-h-iy-an-Ã-. ]s£, a-äp-Å-h-
cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am-n-¨psImïpthWw- kz-´w- A-h-Im-i-§sf D-]tbmKnt¡ï-Xv.
X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-m-b- -ssa¡n-Ä- lyq-a-dn-sâ hm-¡p-I-fn-Â- ]-d-bp-¶-Xv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-sâ
A-Sn-kvYm-w- "km-am-y-_p-²n-bpsS [m-À-½n-I-X'bn-em-Wv F-¶m-Wv, A-Xn-v aq-¶v L-S--I-fp-ïv:
hy-àn-Isf A-h--hs D-]-{Z-hn-¡m-pw-, -sImÃm-pw-, -sImÅ-b-Sn-¡m-pw-, h-©n-¡m-pw- ntcm[n-
¡p-¶- H-cp- "B-{I-a-W-c-ln-X- X-¯-zw-'; "`-c-W-Iq-Ss¯ F-Xn-À-¡p-¶-h-Às¡Xnsc im-co-cn-I-am-b-
A-Xn-{I-a-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ipsa¶v hn-i-z-ko-b-am-b- `o-j-Wn-I-Ä- ]n-´m-§ns¡mïp-Å- ...kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ
n-b-{´-W- kz-`m-hs¯ Xn-cn-¨-dn-b-Â-'; Iq-SmsX, "A-[n-Im-c-§sf kw-i-bt¯m-sS -tm¡p-I-...
kÀ-¡m-cn-X-c- hy-àn-Itfm kw-L-S--Itfm -sNbvXm-Â- A-]-cm-[-am-Ip-¶- Im-cy-§-Ä- kÀ-¡m-À- -sN¿n-
Ãmsb¶v.' "A-[n-Im-cw- F-¶- H-cp- B-i-bs¯¡p-dn-¨m-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-hpw- a-äp- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-
§-fpw- X-½n-ep-Å- X-À-¡w- -tI{µo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv' F-¶v At±lw- Ip-dn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-.
kzm-X-{´yw-, kar-²n-bpw- {I-a-hpw-
H-cp- kz-´-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-I- F-¶psh¨m-Â- k¼-¯v F-§sbm-Wv D-ïm-Ips¶-sX¶v a--
kn-em-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv; H-cp- cm-{ão-b-¡m-c-³- -Â-Ip-¶- B-Ú-I-Ä- -sImï-Ã-, a-dn-¨v, kz-X-{´-cm-b-
a-p-jy-À- H-¶n-¨p- {]-h-À-¯n-¡pt¼mÄ-, kr-ãn-¡p-I-bpw-, D-Xv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw-, an-¨w- -sh¡p-I-bpw-,
nt£]n-¡p-I-bpw-, hm-§p-I-bpw- hn-Â-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pt¼mgm-Wv. C-Xn-sâ-sbÃm-¯n-sâbpw-
A-Sn-kvYm-w- kz-¯p-¡tfmSp-Å- _-lp-am--am-Wv. A-Xm-b-Xv, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§tfmSp-Å-
_-lp-am-w-. "kz-¯v' F-¶m-Â- Ct¸mÄ- F-Ãm-h-cpw- ]-d-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se "F-sâ h-kvXp-' am-{X-a-Ã-,
a-dn-¨v, -tem¡n-sâ {]-kn-²-am-b- {]tbmK-a-p-kcn-¨v, A-Xn-Â- "Po-hn-X-¯n-sâbpw-, kzm-X-{´y-¯n-
sâbpw-, `q-an-bpsSbpw-' -taep-Å- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- Iq-Sn- D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-. Atacn-¡-³- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ
{]-[m-- kr-ãn-I-À-¯m-hm-b- -sPbnw-kv am-Un-k¬- ]-d-ªp-, "a-p-jy-v X-sâ kz-¯nt·Â- A-h-Im-i-
apsï¶v ]-d-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se Xs¶ A-h-sâ A-h-Im-iw- A-h-sâ kz-¯msW¶v ]-d-bmw'.
H-cp- -sNdn-b- Iq-«w- a-p-jy-À- X-½n-Â- kam-[m--]-c-hpw- ^-e-{]-Z-hp-am-b- kl-I-c-Ww- D-ïm-
hm-³- kv-tl-hpw- hm-Õey-hpw- a-Xn-bm-Ipw- ]s£, -tcn-Â- C-S-]-g-Im-¯- h-en-b- Iq-«w- a-p-
jy-À-X-½n-Â- kam-[m--hpw- kl-I-c-W-hpw- kr-ãn-¡m-³- A-Xv a-Xn-h-cn-I-bnsöv kzm-X-{´y-
hm-Zn-I-Ä-¡-dn-bmw-. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- n-b-a-hm-gvN-bn-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶p-, F-¶psh¨m-Â-,
F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- _m-[-I-am-b- n-b-a-§-Ä-, A-ÃmsX A-[n-Im-c-¯n-ep-Å- hy-àn-I-fpsS {]-h-W-X-I-Ä-¡v
A-p-kcn-¨v h-f-¡p-I-bpw- Xn-cn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶- n-b-a-§-f-Ã-. kz-X-{´- kaq-l-§-fnse n-b-a-
§-Ä- H-cp- hy-àntb-tbm Iq-«t¯-tbm A-p-Iq-en-¡m-³- -thïn-bp-Å-X-Ã-; A-h- enw-Kw-, n-dw-, a-Xw-,
`m-j-, Ip-Spw-_w- -t]m-sebp-Å- B-I-kvan-I-am-b- khntij-X-Isf I-W-¡nseSp-¡msX F-Ãm- a-p-jy-
cptSbpw- A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am-n-¡p-¶p-.
A-]-cn-Nn-X-À -X-½n-ep-Å- k¶-²- kl-I-c-W-¯n-sâ G-ä-hpw- {]-[m-s¸«- A-Sn-kvYm--§-
fn-Â- H-¶m-Wv h-kvXp-n-b-{´-W- n-b-a-§-Ä-. -ssIbn-Â-- ]n-Sn-¡m-³- ]-äp-¶-h- am-{X-a-Ã- h-kvXp-¡-Ä-;
Atymyw- ]-cn-N-b-an-Ãm-¯- hy-àn-I-fpsS {]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä- -bn-¡p-¶-Xpw- A-hsc kam-[m--]-c-
am-bn- Po-hn-¡m-pw- kw-L-S--I-fm-bpw- I-¼-n-I-fm-bpw- kl-I-cn-¡m-pw- ]-c-kv]-c- -t«-§-Ä-¡m-bn
F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-?

14. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
14
I-¨-h-Sw- -sN¿m-pw- A-p-h-Zn-¡p-¶- A-h-Im-i-§-fpw- Np-a-X-e-I-fpw- X-½n-ep-Å- k¦o-À-W-am-b- H-cp-
kw-_-Ô-am-Wv. Im-c-Ww-, A-h-sâ kvYn-Xn- -sa¨s¸Sp-¯m-³- -thïn- -sN-t¿ï- {]-h-À-¯n-bpsS A-Sn-
kvYm-w- -F-tâXv Fs´¶pw- n-tâXv Fs´¶pw- - F-´msW¶v A-h-À-¡-dn-bmw-. hy-à-am-bn
n-À-h-Nn-¨-, n-b-a-kp-c-£n-X-hpw- -ssIam-dm-hp-¶-Xp-am-b- kz-¯-h-Im-i-§-fm-Wv k¶-²- kl-
I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw- hym-]-I-am-b- sF-i-z-cy-§-fptSbpw- ]ptcmK-Xn-bptSbpw- kam-[m--¯n-
sâbpw- A-Sn-kvYm-w-. A-Xn-p-Ån-Â- n-§-Ä-¡v -ssIbn-Â-- -sh¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶- km-[--§-fpw-
I-b-dn- n-Â-¡m-³- ]-äp-¶- C-S-§-fpw- am-{X-a-Ã-, a-cp-¶p-I-fpw-, hn-am--hpw-, -ssIX-¨-¡- -
t]m-sebp-Å- I-W-¡nsemXp-§m-¯- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- km-[--§-Ä-, B-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-p- a-p-jy-cpsS
kl-I-c-Ww- -sImïv, D-Xv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- io-X-Im-e-§-fn-Â- n-§-fpsS Xo-³tai-bn-Â- -sIm-sï¯n-
¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶- k¦o-À-W-am-b- hm-Wn-Py- kw-`-c-W-§-fnse Hm-l-cn-I-fpw- hsc D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-.
dn-¨m-À-Uv F-]vkväo-³- F-¶- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-b- n-b-a- A-[ym-]-I-³- X-sâ G-ä-hpw-
an-I-¨- ]p-kvX-I-§-fn-Â- H-¶n-v "kn-¼n-Ä- dq-Ä-kv -t^mÀ- F- -tImw-¹-Ivkv -thÄ-Uv' F-¶- -m------aw
--Â-In-bn-«p-ïv. k¦o-À-W-am-b- A-¨-S-¡-{I-a-§sf D-ïm-¡m-³- k¦o-À-W-am-b- n-b-a-§-fpsS B-h-iy-
an-Ã- F-¶- At±l-¯n-sâ {]tabw- B- X-es¡«v h-fsc hn-Z-KvZ-am-bn- D-Äs¡mïn-«p-ïv. e-fn-X-am-b-
n-b-a-§-Ä- a-Xn-bm-hpw-. b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â-, e-fn-X-hpw- F-fp-¸-¯n-Â- {K-ln-¡m-hp-¶-Xpw- kvYn-c-X-bp-
ap-Å- n-b-a-§-fm-Wv A-¨-S-¡w- kr-ãn-¡m-n-S-bm-¡p-I-. AtXka-bw-, k¦o-À-W-hpw-, Zp-À-{K-l-hpw-,
N-©-e-hp-am-b-n-b-a-§-Ä-I-em-]-ap-ïm-¡m-m-Wvkm-[y-X-. hy-à-am-bn-hn-h-cn-¨-kz-¯p-¡-fpw-]-c-kv]-cw-
kzo-Im-cy-am-b- hy-h-kvY-I-fp-ap-Å- hym-]m-c-¯n-p-Å- A-h-Im-i-hpw- h-³tXmXn-ep-Å- _-e-{]tbmK-ap-
à-am-b- kl-I-c-Ww- km-[n-¸n-¡p-¶p-. kz-X-{´-am-b- hn-]-Wn-, n-b-{´n-¡s¸«- kaq-l-§sf¡m-fpw-
Iq-Sp-X-Â- ap-³-I-cp-X-epw- {I-a-hp-ap-Å-Xm-Wv. hn-]-Wn-bnse kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn- D-ïm-Ip-¶- {I-a-am-Wv
C-Xp-hsc D-ïm-¡n-bn-«p-Å- F-Ãm- ]-©-h-Õc- ]-²-Xn-Itf¡m-fpw- km-¼-¯n-I- C-Ss]S-ep-Isf¡m-fpw
-Iq-Sp-X-Â- B-i-b-]-c-hpw- k¦o-À-W-hpw- Zo-À-L-Zr-ãn-bp-Å-Xpw-. _-e-am-bn- Np-a-¯n-b- "B-kq-{X-W-§-Ä-',
b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â-, B-kq-{X-W-§-fpsS hn-]-co-X-am-Wv; A-Xv kz-X-{´-am-bn- kr-ãn-¡s¸«- km-aq-ln-I-
kvYm-]--§-fn-Â- D-Äs¡mïn-«p-Å- H-cp- Xp-S-À-¨-bm-bp-Å- ]-²-Xn- GtIm]--¯n-v F-Xnscbp-Å-
H-cp- X-S-Êam-Wv. kz-X-{´- I-¨-h-S-¯n-sâ ^-e-am-bn- D-ïm-Ip-¶- n-c-¡pw- a-äpw-, hn-`-h-§sf G-ä-hpw
-Kp-W-I-c-am-b- co-Xn-I-fn-Â- D-]tbmKn-¡m-³- klm-bn-¡p-I-bpw- DtZymK-kvY- -ta[m-hn-X-z-¯n-v
hn-«psImSp-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-.
X-§-fpsS A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- kp-c-£n-X-am-bn- A-p-`-hn-¡p-¶- a-p-jy-À- X-½n-ep-Å- kz-X-{´-am-b-
k¼-À-¡-¯n-eqsSbm-Wv {I-aw- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv. C-Xv km-¼-¯n-I- {I-a-¯n-p- am-{X-a-Ã-, `m-j-I-Ä-¡pw-,
km-aq-ln-Im-Nm-c-§-Ä-¡pw-, k{¼-Zm-b-§-Ä-¡pw-, im-kv{X-¯n-pw- Iq-SmsX, ^m-j-³-, -kv-ssäÂ
t]mep-Å- -taJ-e-I-fn-epw- _m-[-I-am-Ip-¶p-. _-e-{]tbmKw- D-]tbmKn-¨psImïv Cu- ]-d-ª- -taJ-e-I-
fn-Â- GsX¦n-epw- H-¶nt-tbm Asæn-Â- F-Ãm-¯ntbptam H-cp- `-c-W-I-À-¯m-hn-sâ-tbm G-Im-
[n-]-Xn-bpsS-tbm cm-{ã-]-Xn-bpsS-tbm I-½n-än-bpsS-tbm n-b-a-k`-bpsS-tbm DtZymK-kvY-sâ-tbm
G-I-]-£o-b-am-b- C-ã-¯n-p- Io-gv-s¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xv, {I-as¯ {I-at¡Sv -sImïpw- kzm-X-{´ys¯
n-b-{´-W-§-Äs¡mïpw- kam-[m-s¯ I-e-lw- -sImïpw- ]-I-cw- h-bv¡p-¶-Xn-v Xp-ey-am-Wv.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xpw- -t]mcm-Sp-¶-Xpw- kam-[m--ap-Å- H-cp- -temI-¯n-v -thïn-
bm-Wv, A-hnsS hy-Xy-kvX-cm-b- F-Ãm- a-p-jy-cptSbpw- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡s¸Sp-I-bpw
_-lp-am-n-¡s¸Sp-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-, B- -temI-¯nse ku-`m-Ky-§-Ä- F-Ãm-h-cpsSbpw- k¶-²
kl-I-c-Ww- aq-ew- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xpw- F-Ãm-h-cp-am-bn- ]-¦n-Sp-¶-Xp-am-Ip-¶p-. A-hn-Sps¯ n-b-a-hy-

15. 15
h-kvY- A-h-Im-i-§sf kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xpw- ]-c-kv]-c- B-p-Iq-ey-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡p-¶- C-S-]m-Sp-Isf
kp-e-`-am-¡p-¶-Xp-am-bn-cn-¡pw-. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xpw- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶-Xpw- A-[n-Im-
c-§-Ä-Ip-d-bv¡p-¶-Xn-v-thïn-bm-Wv,n-b-a-hm-gv¨-bv¡vC-Xp-hscD-ïm-bn-cp-¶-A-Xn-cn-Ãm-¯-A-[n-
Im-cw-Io-gv-s¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-pthïn-bpw-,F-Ãm-X-c-¯n-ep-ap-Å-I-em-]-§-fpw-n-À-¯nshbv¡p-¶-Xn-pw
Ip-d-bv¡p-¶-Xn-pw- -thïn-bm-Wv. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xpw- ]n-´p-W- -Â-Ip-¶-Xpw-
Nn-´n-¡m-pw-, -sXmgn-Â- -sN¿m-pw-, Hmtcmcp-¯-À-¡pw- -thïpw- hn-[w- -s]cp-am-dm-p-ap-Å- A-h-
Im-i-§-Ä-¡v -thïn-bm-Wv, ]s£ F-Ãm-h-cpw- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS Xp-ey- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- _-lp-am-n-¡p-
I-bpw- -thWw-. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-I-bpw- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶- -temI-¯v
F-Ãm-hy-àn-I-Ä-¡pw-A-h-À-¡vk-t´mjw-e-`n-¡m-³--thï-Im-cy-§-Ä--sN¿m-³-km-[n-¡p-¶-H-¶m-Ipw-,
n-esImÅm-pw- -s]cp-am-dm-pw- Po-hn-¡m-pw- B-cpsSbpw- A-p-a-Xn- -thï-.
A-§s-sb¦n-Â-...F-´n-p- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-?
F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-? C-Xv H-cp- Nm-]-ey-am-bn- -tXm¶ntb¡mw-, ]s£ B-
-tNmZy-¯n-p-Å- H-cp- D-Nn-X-am-b- D-¯-cw- C-Xm-Wv, F-´psImïv B-bn-¡q-Sm-? asämcm-Ä- Ip-äw
-sNbvXpsh¶v -sXfn-bn-¡m-p-Å- Np-a-X-e- A-Xv Btcm]n-¡p-¶- B-fn-sâ ap-I-fn-em-Wvv, {]-Xn-
bpsS-taÂ- A-Ã-. A-Xpt]m-se Xs¶, asämcm-fpsS kzm-X-{´yw- X-S-ªpsh¡p-¶- B-Ä-¡m-Wv
F-´psImïv X-S-ªpsh¡-Wsa¶v -sXfn-bn-¡m-p-Å- Np-a-X-e-bp-Å-Xv, B- kzm-X-{´yw- B-kz-Zn-
¡p-¶-bm-Ä-¡-Ã-. H-cp- ]m-«p-]m-Smtm H-cp- -tI¡v D-ïm-¡mtm B-{K-ln-¡p-¶- H-cp- hy-àn- A-Xv
-sN¿p-¶-Xn-p-Å- A-p-hm-Z-¯n-pthïn- -temI-¯p-Å- asäÃm-h-cpsSbpw- k½-Xw- bm-Nnt¡ï-
Xn-Ã-. am-{X-a-Ã-, ]m-Sp-¶-Xntm -tI¡v D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xntm F-Xntch-cm-n-S-bp-Å- F-Ãm- hm-Z-§-
Ä-¡pw- {]-Xntj[nt¡ï- B-h-iytam A-bm-Ä-¡v C-Ã-. H-cmsf ]m-S-cpsX-t¶m Asæn-Â- -tI¡v
D-ïm-¡-cpsX-t¶m ]-d-ªp- hn-e-¡pt¼mÄ-, hn-e-¡v -sh¡p-¶- B-Ä- A-Xn-p- X-¡-Xm-b- Im-c-W-
§-Ä- -ÂtIï-Xm-Wv. hn-e-¡v -sh¡p-¶- B-Ä-¡m-Wv A-Xn-sâ B-h-iy-I-X- -sXfn-bn-¡m-p-Å-
Np-a-X-e-. A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- Np-a-X-e- n-À-h-ln-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv, D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v, a-äp-Å-
h-cpsS D-d-¡w- I-f-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se D-¨-¯n-em-Wv ]m-«v ]m-Sp-¶sX¦ntem Asæn-Â- A-b-Â-¡m-cpsS
ho-Sp-I-Ä- I-¯nt]mIpw- hn-[w- Xos¸mcn-I-Ä- -tI¡v D-ïm-¡pt¼mÄ- D-Xv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶psï¦ntem.
CsXÃmw- ]m-Sp-¶-Xn-pw- -tI¡v D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xn-pw- F-Xnsc hn-e-¡v -sh¡p-¶-Xn-v X-¡-Xm-b-
Im-c-W-§-fm-Wv. ]s£, A-p-am-w- kzm-X-{´yt¯mSm-Wv, A-Xv n-b-{´n-¡p-¶-Xn-p-Å- A-[n-Im-cw-
D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶-XntmS-Ã-.
kzm-X-{´yw- H-cp- A-p-am--amsW¶v hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶- hy-àn-bm-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-. A-¯-c-¯n-
ep-Å- H-cp- e-fn-X-am-b- A-p-am-w- D-ïm-Ipt¼mÄ-, A-Xv hm-kvX-h-¯n-Â- {]tbmKn-¨m-Â-, ]-e- X-c-¯n-
ep-Å- hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v A-h-c-h-cptSXm-b- k-t´mjw- kr-ãn-¡m-³- X-¡- H-cp- -temIw- D-ïm-Ipw-, A-hnsS
hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v kz-X-{´-am-bn- hy-h-lm-c-§-Ä- -S-¯m-pw- km-[n-¡pw-, A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k§-Ä- Z-WvUp-
I-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¡msX hm-¡m-Â- Xo-À-¡m-pw- I-gn-bpw-. AsXmcp- n-Àt±mj-am-b- -temI-am-bn-cn-¡n-Ã-,
F-¦n-epw- A-Xv hn-e-a-Xn-¡p-¶- H-cp- -temI-am-bn-cn-¡pw-, {]-b-Xvw- A-À-ln-¡p-¶- H-¶v.
F-´psImïv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-I-Ww-?

16. 16
A-[ym-bw- c-ïv
n-b-aw- D-ïm-hm-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-
-tPm¬- kv-tämÊÂ-
H-cp- {]-ivw- ap-¶n-Â- Im-Wpt¼mÄ- a-p-jy-À- ]-et¸mgpw- A-Xn-v G-ä-hpw- F-fp-¸-am-b- H-cp- ]-cn-lm-cw- -tXSp-¶p-:
H-cp- n-b-aw- D-ïm-¡p-¶p-. A-Xv Ft¸mgpw- hn-P-bn-¡-Wsa¶n-Ã-, Im-c-Ww- _-e-{]tbmKw- -sImïv h-fsc hn-c-f-amtb
-Ã- am-ä-§-Ä- h-cn-I-bp-Åq-, Fs´¶m-Â- "n-b-a-§-Ä-' F-¶psh¨m-Â- b-Ym-À-°-¯n-Â- A-Xv Xs¶bm-Wv, H-cp-
_-e-{]tbmKw-. -tPm¬- kv-tämÊÂ- A-bm-fpsS Atzj-Wm-ß-I- ]-{X-{]-h-À-¯-w- Xp-S-§n-b-Xv --t]mÀ-«vem-³-Uv,
H-d-KmthmWnse -sIPn-U-»yq- - So-hn- F-¶- Nm--en-Â- H-cp- D-]t`màr- dnt¸mÀ-«-À- B-bn-«m-Wv, ]n-¶o-Sv yptbmÀ-¡v
-K-c-¯nse U-»yq-kn-_n-F-kv-So-hn-bn-epw-, Xp-S-À-¶v Kp-Uv -tamWn-Mv Atacn-¡-bn-epw-, A-Xn-p- -tijw- F-_n-kn--
yq-kn-sâ 20/20 F-¶- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bn-Â- At±lw- klA-h-Xm-c-I-m-Ip-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. ]n-¶o-Sv At±lw- -t^mIvkv
-yq-kn-Â- Zn- kv-tämÊÂ- -tjm A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. Ct¸mÄ- At±lw- www.JohnStossel.com-Â- kz-X-{´-m-bn
]-{X-{]-h-À-¯-w- Xp-S-À-¶psImïpt]mIp-¶p-.
-Rm-³- H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-bm-hm-p-Å- H-cp- Im-c-Wsa-s´¶m-Â-, cm-{ão-b- C-S-Xp-]-
£-hpw- h-e-Xp-]-£-hpw- X-½n-ep-Å- Xn-csªSp-¸n-Â- Rm-³- H-cp- I-]-S-X- Im-Wp-¶p-:
H-¶p-In-Â--½psSk¼-ZvL-S-sbAsæn-Â--½psSkz-Im-cy-Po-hn-Xs¯kÀ-¡m-À-n-b-{´n-¡p-¶p-.
c-ïv ]-£-¡m-cpw- A-hsc¯s¶ kzm-X-{´y-kv-tln-I-fm-bn- Im-Wp-¶p-. C-S-Xp-]-£w I-cp-
Xp-¶-Xv kÀ-¡m-dn-v km-¼-¯n-I- A-ka-X-zw- Ip-d-bv¡m-³- km-[n-¡psa¶m-Wv. h-e-Xp-]-£w-
hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-XvkÀ-¡m-dn-v P--§sf Iq-Sp-X-Â- kZvKp-W-ap-Å-h-cm-¡m-³- km-[n-¡psa¶m-Wv.
Rm-³- ]-d-bp-¶p- c-ïv ]-£-¡m-cpsSbpw- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- h-gn-bp-Å- {]-Nm-c-Ww n-À-¯p-¶-Xm-Wv
-ap-¡v G-ä-hpw- Kp-W-I-csa¶v. C-cp-Iq-«-cpw- a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶v Zp-cp-]tbmKs¯¡p-dn-¨pw-
Zm-cn-{Zys¯¡p-dn-¨pw- X-À-¡nt¨m-s«, ]s£ H-cp- -tamj-Wtam B-{I-a-Wtam -S-¯p-¶-
Xp-hsc kÀ-¡m-À- Bscbpw- H-¶n-pw- n-À-_-Ôn-¡-cp-Xv. H-cp- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-cn-v
{]-h-À-¯n-¡m-³- B-h-iy-ap-Å- Xp-I- H-gnsI, B-cpw- asämcm-fpsS ]-Ww- _-e-am-bn- F-Sp-¡-cp-Xv. B-h-
iy-aptïm F-¶v kw-i-bw- -tXm¶p-¶- Nn-e-hp-Isf H-gn-hm-¡p-I- - A-Xn-epw- -Ã-Xv, A-Xn-p-Å- D-¯-cw-
hn-]-Wn -kvY-ew- -t]m-sebp-Å- k¶-²- kvYm-]--§-Ä-¡v hn-«psImSp-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv.
]s£ C-§sb-Ã- an-¡- a-p-jy-cpw- Nn-´n-¡p-¶-Xv. an-¡- hy-àn-I-fpw- Im-Wp-¶-Xv {]-iv-§-Ä-
n-d-ª- H-cp- -temIs¯bm-Wv, "n-b-a-§-Äs¡mïv ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-m-hp-¶-" H-¶ns. A-h-À- I-cp-
Xp-¶-Xv cm-{ão-b-¡m-cpsS A-e-kXtbm aq-V-X-ztam Xm-Â-]-cy-an-Ãm-bvatbm aq-e-am-Wv -½psS
{]-i--§-Ä- ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡m-¯sX¶m-Wv. C-¡m-c-W-¯m-Â-, kÀ-¡m-À- Po-hn-X-¯nse an-¡-
{]-iv-§-fn-epw- C-Ss]Sm-¯-Xm-Wv -Ã-Xv.
a-p-jy-À- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv "kÀ-¡m-dn-v km-[n-¡pw-!" F-¶m-Wv. {]-iv-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ipt¼mÄ-
A-h-À- ]-d-bpw- "H-cp- n-b-aw- D-ïm-h-Ww-!"
-sR«n-¡p-¶- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- -tI{µ- B-kq-{X-Ww- -sImïp- {]-h-À-¯n-¨n-cp-¶- tkmhn-b-äv
bq-Wn-b-sâ ho-gvNt]mepw- -temIs¯ h-en-b- cm-Py-`-c-Ws¯ Dt]£n-¡m-³- -t{]cn-¸n-¨n-Ã-.
bqtdm¸n-Â- H-cp- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- "It¼mf- tkmjy-en-k"-s¯¡p-dn-¨p- N-À-¨-bm-cw-`n-¨p-. Atacn-¡-bnse
cm-{ão-b-¡m-À- Iym-]n-ä-en-k¯n-pw- tkmjy-en-k¯n-pw-, "n-b-{´n-X-am-b- Iym-]n-ä-en-k¯n-pw-" C-S-
bn-ep-Å- H-cp- "aq-¶m-as¯ h-gn-"-sb¡p-dn-¨p- In-m-hp-I-ïp- - C-hnsS cm-{ão-b-¡m-À- ]-et¸mgpw- B-
A-Zr-iy- I-c-§-Ä-¡v ]-I-cw- h-¶p-.

17. n-b-aw- D-ïm-hm-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-
17
-tPmÀ-PvU-_yp-._p-jv{]-kn-U-âvkvYm-t¯¡va-Õcn-¨t¸mÄ-H-cp-'Nn-e-hp-Np-cp-§n-b-'`-c-W-am-Wv
hm-KvZm-w- -sNbvX-Xv. ]s£ At±lw- {]-Xn-h-À-jw- 50 _n-ey-¬- -tUmf-À- hn-e-h-cp-¶- Ip-dn-¸-Sn- a-cp-¶v
A-[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-hpw-, "-tm -ssNÂ-Uv -se^väv _nssl³-Uv" F-¶- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- -bw- kr-ãn-¡p-I-
bp-am-Wv -sNbvX-Xv. _p-jn-sâ `-c-W-¯n-Â-, dn-¸-»n-¡-³- ]m-À-«n-¡m-cpsS hnthN-m-[n-Im-c- -sNe-hp-
I-Ä- C-c-«n-bm-¡p-I-bpw- (F-Â-_nsP-¡ptijw- h-¶- G-ä-hpw- h-en-b- h-À-²--hv), a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶ns
Xnscbp-Å- -t]mcm-«w- hn-]p -eo-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw-, Iq-SmsX 90,000 ]p-Xn-b- -sdKpteä-À-amsc n-b-an-¡p-
I-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p- -sNbvX-Xv.
_p-jv h-À-²n-¸n-¨- n-b-{´-W-§-Ä-¡v am-[y-a-§sf im-´-am-¡m-³- km-[n-¨n-Ã-, A-h-À- Iq-Sp-X-Â-
n-b-{´-W-§-Ä- B-h-iys¸«p-.
]n-¶o-Sv, _-dm-¡v H-_m-a- kvYm--¯v h-cn-I-bpw- P--§sf ]m-¸-cm-¡p-¶-hn-[w ]-Ww-
Nn-e-h-gn-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. Sn- ]m-À-«ntbbpw- 2010 Xn-csªSp-¸ntbpw- A-Xv -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¨p-.
Sn- ]m-À-«n- F-n-¡v {]-Xo-£- -Â-In-, ]s£ Rm-³- ho-ïpw- hn-UvVn-bm-bn-. am-k§-Ä-¡-Iw-, B-
]p-Xn-b- "km-¼-¯n-I- bm-Ym-kvYn-Xn-I-cm-b-" dn-¸-»n-¡-³- ]m-À-«n-¡m-À- Ir-jn- [--klm-b-§-Ä- n-e-
n-À-¯m-pw- -saUnsIb-À- -bs¯ kw-c-£n-¡m-pw- -thm«v -sNbvXp-, Iq-SmsX, -tdmw-n-bpsS
`m-hn- -sshkv-{]-kn-U-âv kvYm-mÀ-°n-bm-b- -sd]v. -t]mÄ- d-b-³- X-sâ "-ssaÂ-Uv -sU^n-kn-äv ¹m-³-"
apt¶m«psh¨t¸mÄ- A-h-À- -Sp-§p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-X-¯-z-§-fpsSbpw- a-äpw- kzm-[o-t¯mSp-Iq-Sn- kvYm-]n-¡s¸«- Atacn-¡-¡v
`-c-W-Iq-Sw- h-fsc h-ep-Xm-bnt¸mbn- F-¶v k½-Xn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡m-¯-Xv h-fsc -timN-o-bw
Xs¶. In-g-¡-³- G-jy-³- cm-Py-§-Ä- hm-Wn-`-k{¼-Zm-bs¯ kzo-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw- D-¶-Xn -{]m-]n-
¡p-I-bpw--sNbvXp-.kzo-U-pw-P-À-½-n-bpw-A-h-cpsS-sXmgn-Â-It¼mfs¯kz-X-{´-am-¡n-btXm-sS
A-h-cpsS k¼-ZvL-S-- -sa¨s¸Sp-¶-Xv I-ïp-.
]s£ Atacn-¡-¡m-À- Ct¸mgpw- ]p-Xn-b- n-b-a-§-Ä- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¨ps¡m-tïbn-cn-¡p-¶p-.
a-p-jy-cpsS A-ht_m[-am-Wv C-hn-Sps¯ i-{Xp-. It¼mf-kvY-es¯ B-I-À-j-I-am-b
]m-cntXmjn-I-§-Ä-¡n-S-bn-Â-, A-Xn-sâ Kp-W-§sf hn-e-a-Xn-¡msX -t]mIp-¶-Xv kzm-`m-hn-I-am-Wv.
H-cp- hntZi-cm-Py-¯pt]mbn- H-cp- ¹m-kvän-Iv I-jvWw- Np-a-cn-Â- Ip-¯n-bm-Â- F-n-¡v ]-Ww- e-`n-¡pw-.
F-sâ `m-j- kw-km-cn-¡m-¯- H-cp- A-]-cn-Nn-X-v, AsX I-jvWw- -Â-In-bm-Â- A-bm-Ä- F-n-¡v H-cp-
hm-l-w- H-cp- B-gvNt¯¡v hm-S-I-¡v -Â-Ipw--. Rm-³- ho-«nse¯pt¼mÄ-, hn-k Asæn-Â- am-kvä-À
-Im-À-Uv F-n-¡v H-cp- A-¡w- -t]mepw- am-dmsX A-Xn-sâ -sNe-hp-I-Ä- A-b-¨p-X-cpw-. -½-Ä- C-¯-cw
Im-cy-§-Ä- hn-esh¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶p-. AsXka-bw-, kÀ-¡m-cn-v i-cn-bm-bn- -thm«p-I-Ä- F-®m-³
t]mepw- km-[n-¡p-¶n-Ã-.
F-¶m-epw-, Ft¸m-sg¦n-epw- {]-iv-§-Ä- h-¶m-Â- hy-àn-I-Ä- kÀ-¡m-cns kao-]n-¡p-¶p-.
-tI{µ-]-²-Xn- n-À-½m-Xm-¡-fpsS Xp-S-À-¨-bm-bp-Å- ]-cm-P-b-§-Ä- D-ïm-bn-«pt]mepw-, -½psS X-e-
¸-¯n-cp-¶p- F-Ãm-¯n-pw- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- F-Sp-¡p-¶- kÀ-¡m-À- A-{X-bpw- -tami-amsW¶v -½-fn-Â-
Ip-d-¨v -t]À-¡v -t]mepw- Nn-´n-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶n-Ã-.
F-¨v.F-Â-. -sa³sI³- F-¶- C-cp-]-Xmw- q-äm-ïnse H-cp- a-lm-m-b- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn
hn-e-]n-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-, "A-Sn-kvYm--]-c-am-bn-, kÀ-¡m-À- a-p-jy-cpsS H-cp- Iq-«w- am-{X-am-Wv,
{]mtbmKn-I-am-bn- -tm¡n-bm-Â- A-Xnse an-¡-h-cpw- an-I-hp-Ip-d-ª-h-cp-am-Wv...F-¶n-«p
t]mepw-, a-p-jy-cpsS _-u-²n-I- A-e-kX-aq-ew-, Cu- lo--P--§sf...H-cp- I-S-asb¶t]m-se A-p-

18. -tPm¬- kv-tämÊÂ-
18
kcn-¨pt]mIp-¶p-... (Iq-SmsX) km-[m-c-W- hnthI-_p-²ntb¡m-fpw- an-I-¨- hnthI-_p-²n-bp-Å-h-
cmsW¶v A-p-am-n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-.'
kz-X-{´-hy-àn-I-fm-bn--Asæn-Â-H-¶n-¨v{]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶-kz-´-{X-hy-àn-I-fpsSIq-«-§-fm-bn-,
-ap-¡v -sN¿m-³- ]-äp-¶- H-¶pw- Xs¶ kÀ-¡m-cn-v Iq-Sp-X-Â- an-Ithm-sS -sN¿m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-.
`o-a-am-b- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- C-Ãm-Xm-bm-Â-, -½psS A-h-kc-§-Ä-¡v ]-cn-an-Xn-I-Ä- C-Ãm-Xm-Ipw-

19. 19
A-[ym-bw- aq-¶v
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- kaq-e -tI{µo-I-c-Ww-
B-Ipt¼mÄ-
¢m-À-¡v dq-]-À-
cm-{ão-b- Nn-´-bpsS Xp-S-À-¨-bm-b- -t{iWnsb "C-S-Xv" ap-X-Â- "h-e-Xv" hscbm-bn- I-cp-Xp-¶-Xv h-À-j-§-fm-
bn-«p-Å- H-cp- ]-Xn-hm-Wv. ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-¡s¸«- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- B- -t{iWn-bn-Â- -tNcptam? hy-Xy-
kvX-am-b- cm-{ão-b- B-i-b-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- Iq-SmsX kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- ka-Im-en-I- N-À-¨-I-fpsS A-Sn-kvYm--am-b-Xv
F-§s F-¶-Xns¡p-dn-¨pw- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- co-Xn-bn-Â- Nn-´n-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- en-_-À-«n-bpsS
-sshkv -s{]kn-U-âm-b- ¢m-À-¡v dq-]-À-. B-³- A-À-_-dnse bq-Wnthgvkn-än- Hm-^v an-jn-K-n-Â- n-¶p-am-Wv dq-]-À-
N-cn-{X-]-T--¯n-Â- _n-cp-Zw- -tSn-b-Xv.
C-S-Xv-h-e-Xv cm-{ão-b- -t{iWn-bm-Wv cm-{ão-b- Nn-´-bnte¡p-Å- km-[m-c-W- A-h-X-c-Ww-: n-§-Ä-
X--Â- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶psh¦n-Â- n-§-Ä- C-S-Xv ]-£-hpw- YÂ- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶psh¦n-Â- h-e-Xv ]-£-
hpw-. n-§-Ä- B-cp-am-bmtWm kw-km-cn-¡p-¶-Xv, A-h-cpsS A-`n-{]m-b-§-Ä-¡v A-p-kcn-¨v X----Dw
Y-Dw- {]-Xn-n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶- B-i-bw- am-dpw-; A-Xn-sâ B-hm-l-w- hy-àn-Isf A-hsc Xs¶ B-
-t{iWn-bn-Â- F-hnsS-sb¦n-epw- n-À-¯m-³- -t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡pw-; A-h-cpsS Im-gvN-¸m-Sp-I-Ä- A-hsc
B- -t{iWn-bnse GsX¦n-epw- H-cp- kvY-e-¯v -sIm-sï¯n-¡p-¶nsæn-Â- -t]mepw-. C-cp-h-i-§-fn-epw
-F-Xn-À-¯p-n-Â-¡p-¶-A-{I-am-kà-am-b-Iq-«m-bva-bp-Å-"c-ï-ä-§-fpw-Iq-Snt¨cpt¼mÄ-B--t{iWn-
H-cp-hr-¯-am-bn-am-dp-¶p'F-¶n-§s]-d-bpt¼mÄ-A-Xvho-ïpw-A-kw-_-Ô-am-bn-am-dp-¶p-.At¸mÄ-
n-§-Ä- "¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-k'¯ns¡p-dn-¨pw- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯ns¡p-dn-¨pw- B-Zy-am-bn -tIÄ-
¡pt¼mÄ- C-h- "-t{iWn-'bpsS G-Xv `m-K-¯m-Wv h-cp-¶sX¶v n-§tfmSp-Xs¶ -tNmZn-¨pt]mIpw-.
]s£ A-h- A-Xn-Â- h-cp-¶n-Ã-.
H-cp-km-[m-c-W-C-S-Xv-h-e-Xv-t{iWn-bpsSB-i-b-§sfn-c-kn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wvkzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-B-i-
b-§-Ä-.kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw-F-¶-Nn-´m-K-Xn-cm-{ão-b-A-[n-Im-c-§sf-tNmZywsN¿p-¶-Xpw--shÃp-hn-fn-¡p-
¶-Xp-am-Wv. kÀ-¡m-À- G-Xv -taJ-e-bn-Â- C-Ss]S-Wsa¶v Xo-cp-am-n-¡m-p-Å- H-cp- A-h-Im-i-am-bn-«-Ã-
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- cm-{ão-bs¯ Im-Wp-¶-Xv, a-dn-¨v, A-[n-Im-c-¯n-v F-Xnscbp-Å- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ
-t]mcm-«-am-bn-«m-Wv. N-cn-{X-Im-c-m-b- -temÀ-Uv B-Iv«-¬- ]-Tn-¸n-¨- Cu- ]m-Ts¯ kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä-
h-fsc K-u-c-ht¯m-sS F-Sp-¡p-¶p-: "A-[n-Im-cw- Zp-jn-¸n-¡m-³- km-[y-X-bp-ïv, A-Xpt]m-se, A-Xn-
cn-Ãm-¯- A-[n-Im-cw- A-Xn-cn-ÃmsX Zp-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p-'. Hmtcm `m-K-¯pw- H-cp-X-c-¯n-ep-Å- Asæn-Â- -
th-sdmcp-X-c-¯n-ep-Å- n-À-_-Ôn-X- i-àn-Isf ]n-´m-§p-¶- -t{iWn-bn-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- h-cp-¶n-Ã-.
]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b- C-S-Xv-h-e-Xv -t{iWn-bpsS H-cp- A-ä-¯v I-½yq-Wn-khpw- atä A-ä-¯v ^m-kn-
khpw-, ]p-I-bn-e- ntcm[-w- H-cp- h-i-¯pw- I-©m-hv ntcm[-w- atä h-i-¯pw-, H-cp- X-c-¯ntem
Asæn-Â- asämcp- X-c-¯ntem D-Å- kw-`m-j-W- ntcm[--§-Ä-. At¸mÄ kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-epw-
C-S-Xv-h-e-Xv -t{iWn-bn-epw- G-Xm-Wv Iq-Sp-X-Â- D-Nn-Xw-? n-§-Ä-¡p-Xs¶ Xo-cp-am-n-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

20. ¢m-À-¡v dq-]-À-
20
H-c-À-°-¯n-Â-, -tcJo-b-am-b- -t{iWn- -thWsa¶v n-À-_-Ôn-X-amsW¦n-Â-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-
I-Ä- cm-{ão-b- {]-`m-j-W-¯n-sâ kaq-e- -tI{µ-¯n-Â- h-cpsa¶v ]-d-bm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-
I-Ä- R-§-fpsS hn-i-I-e--¯n-Â- ]-cn-]q-À-®-cm-Wv - R-§-Ä- {]-iv-§-fpsS aq-e-Im-c-W-¯nte¡v -
t]mIpw- - A-Xpt]m-se, R-§-Ä- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ X-¯-z-§-fn-Â- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶p-. -t{iWn-bpsS a-²y-
¯n-Â- n-¶v hn-hn-[- cm-{ão-b- ]m-À-«n-I-Ä-¡pw- B-i-b-§-Ä-¡pw- R-§-fpsS B-i-b-§-Ä- ]p-dt¯¡v
]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡p-¶-Xn-m-Â-, -thWsa¦n-Â- R-§sf an-X-hm-Zn-I-Ä- F-¶v hn-fn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. X-Â-^-
e-am-bn-, G-ä-hpw- B-I-À-j-I-am-b- Kp-W-§-Ä- -Â-Ins¡mïv, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- B-i-b-§-Ä- a-²yC-S-
Xntbpw- a-²yh-e-Xntbpw kzm-[o-n-¡p-¶p-. am-{X-a-Ã-, ]-e- cm-Py-§-fntebpw- ]-u-c-·msc "C-S-Xv'
]-£-¡m-cmtbm "h-e-Xv' ]-£-¡m-cm-bnt«m I-W-¡m-¡m-m-hn-Ã-, am-{X-a-Ã-, A-h-cn-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-
I-fm-bn- I-W-¡m-¡m-hp-¶-h-cpsS i-X-am-w- h-À-²n-¨psImïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- F-¶- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zw- hy-àn-kzm-X-{´ys¯ -tI{µo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv. H-cp-
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-¡v Htcka-bw- "km-aq-ln-I- bm-Ym-kvYn-Xn-I-pw-' "km-aq-ln-I- ]ptcmK-a--hm-Zn-bpw-'
B-Imw-, -K-c-hm-kn-bpw- {Km-ao-W-hm-kn-bp-am-Imw-, `-à-pw- A-Ãm-¯-h-pw B-Imw-, a-Zy-h-À-Ö-Itm
a-Zy-]m-ntbm B-Imw-, hn-hm-ln-Xtm A-Ãm-¯-htm B-Imw-... n-§-Ä-¡v Im-cyw- ]n-Sn-In-«n-btÃm.
a-p-jy-À-¡v A-h-cpsS Im-cy-§-fn-ep-Å- kzm-X-{´yw- H-cp- A-p-am--amsW¶- D-d-¨- hn-i-zm-kam-Wv
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-Isf H-¶n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv, A-Xm-b-Xv, Iymtäm C-³-kvän-äyq-«nse -tUhn-Uv -t_mb-kv
]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, "kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ {]tbmK-¯n--Ã-, A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ D-]tbmK-¯n-m-Wv,
ym-bo-I-c-Ww- B-h-iy-ap-Å-Xv.' kzm-X-{´y-X-¯-z-§-fpsS kvYn-c-am-b- ]-cn-]m-e-I-cm-Wv kzm-X-{´y-
hm-Zn-I-Ä-, hy-àn-kzm-X-{´yw-, kam-[m-w-, n-b-{´n-X- kÀ-¡m-À-, F-¶n-§sbp-Å- hn-j-b-§-Ä-
D-Äs¡mÅp-¶- {]-iv-§sf]-än- A-h-À-¡v hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- a-p-jytcmSpw- P--¡q-«-§tfmSpw-
H-¶n-¨v {]-h-À-¯n-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-.
B-[p-n-I- -temIs¯ h-fscb-[n-Iw- kzm-[o-n-¨- H-¶m-Wv kaq-e-am-b- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-
-tI{µw-. ^-co-Zv k¡-dn-b- F-¶- ]-{X-{]-h-À-¯-I-³- {]-kvXm-hn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-:
¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-kw- Nn-{X-¯n-Â-n-¶pw- -t]mbn-cn-¡p-¶p- F-¶m-Wv -½tfmSv
]-d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A-§s-sb¦n-Â-, skâv. -t]mÄ-kv ]-Ån-bn-Â- kÀ- {In-kvä-^-À
sd¶n-sâ kvam-c-I-¯n-Â- Ip-dn-¨- "kn- -tamypsaâw-, kn-À-Iw-kv-ss]kv' F-¶m-bn-cn-
¡pw- A-Xn-sâbpw- ar-Xyp-Ip-dn-¸v. n-§-Ä- H-cp- kvam-c-I- -sI«n-Sw- Xn-c-bp-I-bmsW¦n-Â-,
Np-äpw- -tm¡p-I-. -½-Ä- Po-hn-¡p-¶- Cu- -temIs¯¡p-dn-¨v H-¶v BtemNn-¡q- - atXX-c-,
im-kv{Xo-b-, P-m-[n-]-Xy-, a-[y-h-À-K- -temIw-. n-§-Ä-¡v C-ãs¸«m-epw- Csæn-epw-, Cu- -temIw-
]ptcmK-a-- hm-Zw- -sImïm-Wv D-ïm-¡n-bn-«p-Å-Xv. I-gn-ª- C-cp-¶q-dv -sImÃ-§-fm-bn-,
(X-sâ an-{X-am-b- ap-X-em-fn-¯t¯m-sSm¸w-), ]ptcmK-a-- hm-Zw- -in-¸n-¨-Xv c-ïm-bn-cw
h-À-j-§tfmfw- a-p-jy- kaq-l-¯n-Â- n-e-¶n-cp-¶- H-cp- {I-at¯bm-Wv - A-[n-Im-cw-,
a-Xw-, B-Nm-cw-, `q-an-, cm-Pm-¡-·m-À- D-ïm-¡n-b- H-¶v. A-Xn-sâ P-·-kvY-e-am-b- bqtdm¸n-Â-
n-¶pw- ]ptcmK-a-- hm-Zw Atacn-¡-bnte¡v ]-S-cp-I-bpw- Ct¸mÄ- G-jysb ]p--À-n-À-
½n-¡p-I-bp-am-Wv.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- (¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-k¯n-sâ ka-Im-en-I- m-aw-) Ct¸mÄ-¯s¶ B-[p-
n-I- -temIs¯ h-fscb-[n-Iw- kzm-[o-n-¨n-«p-ïv. -temI-¯n-sâ ]-e- `m-K-§-fn-epw-, h-fscb-[n-Iw
bp-²-§-Ä- -S-¶n-«p-ïv, A-Xn-Â- ]-e- kvY-e-§-fn-epw- hn-P-bn-¨n-«p-ap-ïv: k`-bpsSbpw- kw-kvYm--
¯n-sâbpw- -thÀ-Xn-cn-hv; `-c-W-Iq-S-§-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¨psImïv A-[n-Im-cs¯ n-b-{´n-¡p-I-;

21. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- kaq-e -tI{µo-I-c-Ww- B-Ipt¼mÄ-
21
kw-km-c- kzm-X-{´yw-; hym-]m-c-hm-Zs¯ kz-X-{´- hym-]m-cwsImïv ]-I-cw- h-bv¡-Â-; A-Sn-a-¯w- n-À-
¯-em-¡p-I-; hy-àn-]-c-am-b- kzm-X-{´yw- Iq-SmsX a-X-, -tKm{X-, `m-j-, -ssew-Kn-I- yq--]-£-¡m-cpsS
kln-jvWp-X-; kz-¯v kw-c-£-Ww-; ^m-kn-k¯n-sâ ]-cm-P-bw-; Pnw- -t{Im; A-]m-À-Xo-Uv, m-kn-kw-,
I-½yq-Wn-kw- F-¶n-§s. h-fscb-[n-Iw- ]-WvUn-X-·m-cpsSbpw- {]-h-À-¯-I-cpsSbpw- {]-b-Xv-§-
fm-Wv Cu- P-b-§-Ä- -tSm-³- klm-bn-¨-Xv. A-h-À- -temIs¯ -sa¨s¸Sp-¯n- - Iq-Sp-X-Â- o-Xn-]q-
À-Æ-am-b-, kam-[m--ap-Å-, kz-X-{´-am-b- -temIw- D-ïm-¡n-. A-h-À- B- {]-iv-§-fpsSbpw- a-äp- ]-e-
{]-iv-§-fpsSbpw- ap-I-fn-ep-Å- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Im-gvN-¸m-Sp-Isf ym-b-am-b- cm-{ão-b- {]-`m-j-W-
¯n-sâ A-Sn-kvYm--am-¡n- am-än-. ]s£, C-¯-cw- _-lp-a-Xn-I-ÄsIm-sïm¶pw- R-§-Ä- kw-Xr-]vX-
cm-hn-Ã-. F-¶s¯bpwt]m-se, ]-g-b- ]-e- bp-²-§-fpw- ho-ïpw- -t]mcmtSïn-h-cm-dp-ïv. ]-g-b- X-e-ap-d-
I-fnse¶t]m-se, C-¶s¯ bp-hm-¡-Ä-¡pw- -t]mcm-Sm-³- C-n-bpw- bp-²-§-fpw- P-bn-¡m-³- C-n-bpw-
kzm-X-{´y-§-fpw- _m-¡n-n-Â-¡p-¶p-.
]m-À-«n- L-S--bn-Â- n-¶pw- am-dn-n-¶psImïv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- F-§sbm-Wv C-{X-
bp-a-[n-Iw- kzm-[o-w- -sNep-¯n-b-Xv? Nn-et¸mÄ- R-§-fpw- kz-´-am-b- ]m-À-«n-I-Ä- Xp-S-§m-dp-ïv,
bqtdm¸nsebpw- a-äp- cm-Py-§-fnsebpw- ]-e- (¢m-kn-¡-Â-) en-_-d-Â- ]m-À-«n-I-Ä- C-Xn-p- D-Zm-l-c-W-
am-Wv. ]-et¸mgpw- R-§-Ä- -sNdn-b- ]m-À-«n-I-Ä-¡p-Ån-Â- {]-h-À-¯n-¡m-dp-ïv, Atacn-¡-bnse en-_-
Àt«dn-b-³- ]m-À-«n- -t]m-se, B- ]m-À-«n-bnse 2012 Xn-csªSp-¸nse {]-kn-U-âv kvYm-m-À-°n-bm-b-
K-h-À-W-À- Km-cn- -tPm¬-k³- e-£-¡-W-¡n-v B-fp-Isf kÀ-¡m-À- ]-²-Xn-I-fm-b- a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶n-v
F-Xnscbp-Å- bp-²-hpw- a-äpw- D-ïm-¡p-¶- -tZmj-§sf¸-än- ]-Tn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-. Nn-et¸mÄ- R-§-Ä- n-e-
hn-ep-Å- ]m-À-«n- kw-L-S--¡p-Ån-epw- {]-h-À-¯n-¡m-dp-ïv, D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v, dn-¸-»n-¡-³- kvYm-m-À-°n-
bm-b- -tdm¬- -t]mfn-sâ 2008sebpw- 2012sebpw- Xn-csªSp-¸v {]-Nm-c-W-I-Ä-. At±l-¯n-v X-sâ
cm-{ão-b- {]-Nm-c-W-¯n-sâ {]-kw-KthZn-bn-Â n-¶psImïv Atacn-¡-bnsebpw- -temIsa¼m-Sp-
ap-Å- -sNdp-¸-¡m-cnte¡v kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-X-¯-z-§sf F-¯n-¡m-³- km-[n-¨p-. cm-Py-hpw- km-l-N-cy-hpw-
A-p-kcn-¨v R-§-fpsS cm-{ão-b- {]-h-À-¯-w- ]-e- cq-]-§-fpsaSp-¡psa¦n-epw-, cm-{ão-b- -t{iWnsb
R-§-fpsS B-i-b-§sf¡p-dn-¨p- Ft¸mgpw- A-dn-bn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv.
1960-I-fnseAtacn-¡sb¡p-dn-¨vBtemNn-¨ptm¡q-,Xo-{h-am-b-hn-Zym-À-°n-{]-h-À-¯--¯n-sâ
kp-h-À-®- Im-e-L-«-am-bn- I-cp-Xp-¶- ka-bw-. h-e-Xv ]-£-¯v, bm-Ym-kvYn-Xn-I-cm-b- b-Mv Atacn-¡-³-kv
-t^mÀ- {^o-Uw- (YAF). 1960-Â- kzo-I-cn-¡s¸«- A-h-cpsS kvYm-]-I- {]-kvXm-h--bm-b- im-c-¬- kv-tääv-saâv
]-d-bp-¶p-: "kzm-X-{´yw- hn-`-Pn-¡m-³- ]-äm-¯- H-¶m-Wv, km-¼-¯n-I- kzm-X-{´y-an-ÃmsX cm-{ão-b-
kzm-X-{´y-¯n-v A-[n-I-m-Ä- n-e-n-Â-¡m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-; B-`y-´-c- {I-aw- n-e-n-À-¯ns¡mïpw-
-tZi-¯n-sâ sskys¯ D-]tbmKn-¨psImïpw-, o-Xn- -S-¸n-em-¡ns¡mïpw- B- kzm-X-{´y-§sf
kw-c-£n-¡p-I-bm-Wv H-cp- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ Np-a-X-e--; C-¯-cw- ym-b-am-b- Np-a-X-e-I-fn-Â- n-¶pw-
]p-dt¯¡v-t]mIpt¼mgm-Wv kÀ-¡m-À- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- kw-`-cn-¡p-¶-Xv, A-Xv {I-as¯bpw-
kzm-X-{´ys¯bpw- Ip-d-bv¡m-n-S-bm-Ip-¶p-;' A-h-cpsS B-cm-[y-]p-cp-j-m-b- sk-ä-À- _m-cn
Hm-Ä-U-zm-«-À-, -tZi-¯ntmSp-Å- {]-kw-K-¯n-Â- ]-d-bp-I-bp-ïm-bn-,"kzm-X-{Xys¯ kw-c-£n-
¡m-³- Xo-{h-hm-Zw- D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶-Xv H-cp- -sXä-Ã- F-¶v Rm-³- Hm-À-½s¸Sp-¯s«. A-Xp
t]mseXs¶,o-Xn-e-`y-am-¡m-³-e-Lq-I-c-Ww-H-cp--·-bp-a-Ã-F-¶p-Iq-Sn-Rm-³-Hm-À-½s¸Sp-¯p-¶p-.'
AtXka-bw-, kväp-U-â-kv -t^mÀ- F- -sU-tam{Im-än-Iv skmsskän- (SDS) C-S-Xv ]-£-¯p-n-¶v
H-cp- bp-²-hn-cp-²- {]-kvYm-w- -bn-¨psImïv h-¶p-. 1962-Â- kzo-I-cn-¡s¸«- A-h-cpsS -t]mÀ-«v

22. 22
lyqtdm¬- kv-tääv-saâ n-Â- A-h-À- kXywsN¿p-I-bp-ïm-bn-: "a-p-jysc A--´-am-b- A-aq-ey-cm-bn-«pw-,
bp-àn-, kzm-X-{´yw-, kv-tlw- F-¶n-§sbp-Å- n-dthdm-¯- I-gn-hp-I-Ä- D-Å-h-cm-bn-«p-am-Wv
Im-Wp-¶-Xv. B-Z-À-i-cm-{ã-¯n-sâbpw- {]-Xo-£-bpsSbpw- ho-gvN-I-Ä- C-¶s¯ km-aq-ln-I- Po-hn-
Xs¯hntijn-¸n-¡p-¶-khntij-X-I-fm-Wv.A-Xn-sâIm-c-W-§-Ä-]-e-Xm-Wv:ap-³-C-S-Xp-]-£-¯n-sâ
kz-]v-§sf kväm-en-n-kw- -in-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- ]n-¶o-Sv H-cn-¡-epw- A-h- ]p--:n-À-½n-¡s¸Sp-I-bpw-
-sNbvXn-«n-Ã-...C-cp-]-Xmw- q-äm-ïn-sâ `o-I-c-X-I-Ä- Kym-kv-A-Sp-¸p-I-fn-epw- -tIm¬k-t{ïj-³- Iym-¼p-
I-fn-epw- B-äw- -t_mw-_p-I-fn-epw- {]-Xn-n-[o-I-cn-¡s¸«n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv, A-h- {]-Xo-£sb -in-¸n-¨p-. H-cp-
B-Z-À-i-hm-Zn-bm-Ip-¶-Xv Zm-cp-W-hpw- ]-än-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xn-p- Xp-ey-amsW¶p-am-Wv I-cp-Xs¸Sp-¶-Xv.
SDS-sâ ap-³- {]-kn-U-âm-b- Im-Ä- HsKÂ-kv_n- X-sâ Hm-À-½-¡p-dn-¸m-b- -td-sh³-kv C-³- Zn-
kv-tämw- F-¶- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- A-p-kva-cn-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-, H-cmsf h-e-Xv]-£-¡mtcmSpw- C-S-Xv]-
£-¡mtcmSpw- kw-km-cn-¡m-³- A-p-h-Zn-¡p-¶- H-cp- n-e-]m-Sm-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-tâXv, A-Xv
Xs¶bm-bn-cp-¶p-Rm-pw-F-¶pw--sN¿m-³-{i-an-¨n-cp-¶-Xv...C-{X-bp-a-[n-Iw-C-S-Xv]-£-§-Ä-D-Åt¸mÄ-
Cu- hn-j-b-¯n-Â- F-´psImïv h-e-Xv]-£s¯ kzo-I-cn-¡-Ww-? C-S-Xpw- h-e-Xpw- F-Xn-À-¡p-¶p- F-¶v
Im-Wn-¡m-³- km-[n-¡psa¦n-Â- n-§-Ä- bp-²-¯nsXnscbp-Å- G-ä-hpw- i-à-am-b- hm-Zw- -sImïp-
h-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p-.' am-{X-a-Ã-, "kaq-e- -tI{µ-'-s¯¡p-dn-¨pw- "Xo-{h-am-b- an-X-hm-Z-'-s¯¡p-dn-¨pw- kw-km-cn-
¡p-¶-Xv A-ptbmPy-amsW¶v Rm-³- ap-³t] Xo-cp-am-n-¨-Xm-Wv. -½psS hn-i-I-e--¯n-Â- Xo-{h-
am-I-Wsa¶pw- bm-Ym-kvYn-Xn-ItcmSv ar-Zp-e-X- Im-Wn-¡-Wsa¶p-am-Wv Rm-³- Dt±in-¨-Xv .
H-cp- h-i-¯p- km-¼-¯n-I- kzm-X-{´ys¯ ]n-´m-§n- tkmjy-en-k¯ns F-Xn-À-¡p-¶- YAF;
a-dp- h-i-¯p- ]-u-cm-h-Im-i-§-Ä-¡pw- kam-[m--¯n-pw- -thïn- -t]mcm-Sp-¶- SDS- C-h-À- hy-Xy-kvX-
am-b- Im-cy-§sfbm-Wv ]n-´m-§p-¶sX¦n-Ât]mepw-, ap-gp-h-m-bn- F-Sp-¯m-Â-, C-hsc B-[p-n-I-
Im-e-L-«-¯nse kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- -t]mcm-«-¯nse Xp-S-¡-¡m-cm-bn- I-cp-Xmw-.
B- kw-cw-`-§-fnse -tXm-¡-Ä-, Xp-S-À-¶v, A-[ym-]-I-cpw-, ]-{X-{]-h-À-¯-I-cpw-, -s{]m^-ÊÀ-am-cpw-,
cm-{ão-b-¡m-cpw-B-bn-,C-¶s¯-s]mXp-{]-`m-j-Ww-n-b-{´n-¡m-³-Xp-S-§n-.A-h-À-C-S-Xv]-£t¯m-tSm
h-e-Xv ]-£t¯m-tSm Iq-dv Im-Wns¨¦n-epw- A-h-cpsS G-ä-hpw- ka-À-°-am-b- hm-Z-§-fpw
Du-À-Ö-hpw- A-h-cpsS A-´-À-eo--am-b- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- -t{]c-W-I-fn-Â- n-¶m-Wv h-¶-Xv.
a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶n-v F-Xnscbp-Å- bp-²w- H-cp- A-_-²-am-bn-cp-¶p- F-¶v Iq-Sp-X-Â-
Iq-Sp-X-Â- Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡s¸«psImïn-cn-¡p-¶p-. Iymtäm C-³-kvän-äyq-«v -t]m-sebp-Å- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-
Kthj-W-im-e-I-Ä- h-À-j-§-fm-bn- a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶n-v F-Xnscbp-Å- bp-²-¯n-sâ `-bm--I-am-b-
Nn-e-hp-Isf¡p-dn-¨pw- AtXka-bw- hy-àn-]-c-am-b- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯-§-fpsSbpw- kzm-X-{´y-
§-fpsSbpw- Kp-W-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- -tcJs¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ïv. a-Zy- ntcm[--¯n-sâ Zp-jv-t{]m
Õm-l--§sf¡p-dn-¨v an-Â-«-¬- -ss{^Uva-³- D-Ä-¸sSbp-Å- {]-i-kvX- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- km-¼-¯n-I-
im-kv{X-Ú-·m-À- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¨n-«p-ïv. kzm-X-{´y-hpw- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-X-z-hp-ap-f-f- hy-àn-I-fp-Å- H-cp- kaq-lw-
ntcm[-w- -t]m-sebp-Å- C-c-bn-Ãm-¯- Ip-ä-Ir-Xy-§-Ä- C-Ãm-Xm-¡psa¶v [m-À-½n-I- X-¯-z-Nn-´-
I-À- hm-Zn-¨n-«p-ïv, A-Xns¡p-dn-¨p- en-km-ï-À- kv]q-W-dpsS 1875se e-LpteJ--am-b- "sshkkv
B-À- -tm«v -ss{Iavkv' -Â- ]-d-bp-¶p-ïv. [m-À-½n-I-X-, o-Xn-, Ip-ä-Ir-Xy-§-fpsS n-c-¡v, Ip-Spw-_w-,
km-aq-ln-I- {I-aw- F-¶n-hsb -tZmj-am-bn- _m-[n-¡p-¶- ntcm[--¯n-sâ Zq-jy-h-i-§sf B-Zy-am-bn
Nq-ïn-¡m-Wn-¨-Xv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-fm-Wv. A-XpsImïv C-¶v Iq-Sp-X-Â- cm-{ão-btXm-¡-Ä-
-t]Sn-¡msX a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶n-v F-Xnscbp-Å- bp-²-¯nsXnsc kw-km-cn-¡p-¶p-, "a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶n-v
A-p-Iq-ew-'F-¶vNn-{Xo-I-cn-¡s¸Spsa¶v`-bs¸SmsXXs¶.a-Zy-ntcm[-w--sImïp-h-¶-Ip-ä-Ir-
¢m-À-¡v dq-]-À-

23. 23
Xy-§-fpw-,A-{I-a-§-fpw-,A-gn-a-Xn-I-fpw-klnt¡ïn-h-¶--saIvknt¡m,K-zm-«n-am-e-,-sImfw-_n-b-,{_-ko-Â-
Xp-S-§n-b- cm-Py-§-fnse cm-{ã-]n-Xm-¡-Ä-, K-h-À-W-À-am-À-, ap-³- kw-kvYm-- sk{I-«-dn-am-À-, P-UvPn-am-À-,
-t]meo-kv -ta[m-hn-I-Ä- A-§s AtIw- -t]À- C-Xn-Â- D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-.
a-äp-Å-h-À- {]tXyIw- Nn-e- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-v A-p-Iq-e-am-b- hn-i-zm-k§-Ä- B-I-kvan-I-am-bpw-
A--u-]-Nm-cn-I-am-bpw- -ssI-s¡mÅpt¼mÄ-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- A-h- ]n-´m-§p-¶-Xv
X-¯-z-§-fpsS A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-em-Wv. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- C-S-Xv ]-£-¯n-sâ-tbm h-e-Xv ]-£-¯n
sâ-tbm H-cp- X-¯-z-a-Ã-. A-Xv kaq-e-am-b- a-[y-kvYm--am-Wv, Po-hn-¡m-pw- Po-hn-¡m--p-h-Zn-¡m-pw-
B-{K-l-ap-Å-h-cpsSbpw-, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS kzm-X-{´y-¯n-pw- kz-´w- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-pw- hn-e- -Â-Ip-¶-
h-cptSbpw-, B-h-À-¯-- hn-c-kam-b-Xpw- I-]-S- hm-KvZm--§-fp-am-b- kvYn-Xn-ka-X-z-hm-Zs¯ F-Xn-À-¡p-
¶-h-cpsSbpw- kz-´w- C-Sw-, A-Xv "C-S-Xv' ]-£-¡mtcm "h-e-Xv' ]-£-¡mtcm B-Imw-.
C-S-Xv-h-e-Xv -t{iWn-bn-Â- G-Xv `m-K-¯m-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- n-Â-¡p-¶-Xv? A-XnsÃmw- ap-I-fn-Â-.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- kaq-e -tI{µo-I-c-Ww- B-Ipt¼mÄ-

24. 24
A-[ym-bw- m-ev
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS N-cn-{X-hpw- L-S--bpw-
-tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
B-i-b-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv F-§sbmsW¶pw- A-h- X-½n-ep-Å- _-Ô-§-Ä- a--kn-em-¡m-pw- N-cn-{Xw-
klm-bn-¡p-¶p-. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´- -temI-¯n-sâ H-cp- ap-gp-h-³- Nn-{Xs¯ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv F-§s
bmsW¶pw- a-p-jy-À- -s]cp-amtdï-Xv F-§sbmsW¶pw- kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶- B-i-bs¯ N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bpw-
B-i-b-]-c-am-bpw- n-co-£n-¡pt¼mÄ- Im-Wm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS e-£-W-§-Ä- a-p-jy-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ F-Ãm-bn-S-¯pw- Im-Wm-³-
km-[n-¡psa¦n-epw-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- H-cp- cm-{ão-b- Nn-´-bm-bn- h-¶-Xv B-[p-n-I-
bp-K-¯n-em-Wv. A-Xv hy-àn-kzm-X-{´ys¯¡p-dn-¨p-Å- H-cp- B-[p-n-I- X-¯-z-am-Wv, A-Xn-Â- A-Sn-
a-¯-¯ntm hnt[b-¯-¯ntm kvYm--an-Ã-; G-I-]-£o-b-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-p- ]-I-cw- A-h-Im-
i-§-fpsS B-kzm-Z-s¯ A-Sn-kvYm-s¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xm-Wv A-hn-Sps¯ n-b-a- hy-h-kvY-I-Ä-;
A-Sn-a-¯-hpw--, n-À-_-Ô-§-fpw-, Nq-j-W-§-fpw- C-ÃmsX, kz-X-{´-am-b- A-²-zm--hpw- k¶-²- kl-I-
c-W-hpw- hn-n-a-b-hpw- -sImïv D-ïm-Ip-¶- ]-c-kv]-c- kar-²n-bn-em-Wv A-Xv hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv; A-hnsS
a-X-, -tKm{X-, Po-hn-Xssien- -t`Z-an-ÃmsX a-p-jy-À- kam-[m--]-c-am-bpw- kln-jvWp-XtbmSp-Iq-Sn-bpw-
kl-h-kn-¡p-¶p-, A-hnsS bp-²-§-fn-Ã-. B-[p-n-I- -temI-¯nse Cu- X-¯-zw- -sNdp-¸-¡m-À-¡n-S-bn-Â-
-thK-¯n-Â- ]-S-À-¶psImïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.
-temIsa¼m-Spw- ]-c-¡p-¶- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-kw-cw-`s¯¡p-dn-¨v a--kn-em-¡m-³-, B-Zyw- kzm-X-{´y-
hm-Zw- F-¶- cm-{ão-b- X-¯-zs¯ D-ïm-¡p-¶- B-i-b-§sf a--kn-em-¡-Ww-. cm-{ão-b- X-¯-z-§sf
a--kn-em-¡m-³- ]-e- h-gn-I-fp-ap-ïv. N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn- ]-Tn-¨v, A-Xv H-cp- Iq-«w- {]-iv-§-fpsS ]-cn-lm-c-
am-bn- h-¶sX§s-sb¶v -tm¡mw-. B-i-b-§-Ä- Nn-e- Im-cy-§-fn-Â- D-]-I-c-W-§sf-t¸m-sebm-Wv
]-c-kv]-c-am-bpw- -temI-hp-am-bpw- C-S-]-g-Im-³- klm-bn-¡p-¶- am--kn-I- D-]-I-c-W-§-Ä-. D-]-I-c-W-§-Ä-
-¶m-bn- a--kn-em-¡m-³- A-h- ]-cn-lm-c-§-fm-bn- h-cp-¶- {]-iv-§sf¡p-dn-¨v a--kn-em-¡-Ww-. N-cn-
{X-]-T-w- B-i-b-§sf a--kn-em-¡m-³- klm-bn-¡pw-. A-h-À- X-½n-ep-Å- {]-h-À-¯n- _-Ô-§sf¡p-
dn-¨pw- a--kn-em-¡mw-, A-Xm-b-Xv, o-Xn-, A-h-Im-iw-, ym-bw-, kzm-X-{´yw-, {I-aw- - F-¶n-§s
bp-Å- B-i-b-§-Ä- X-½n-Â- C-Ss]Sp-¶-Xpw- Atymyw- A-À-°w- -Â-Ip-¶- co-Xn-I-fpw- a--kn-em-¡mw-.
Cu- -sNdn-b- D-]-ym-kw- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zs¯ a--kn-em-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶- c-ïv co-Xn-Isf¡p-dn-¨p-ap-Å-
H-cp- -sNdn-b- B-ap-Jw- -Â-Ipw-.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zs¯ N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn- a--kn-em-¡mw-
N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn- -tm¡n-bm-Â-, H-cn-¡-Â- en-_-d-en-kw- F-¶v A-dn-bs¸«n-cp-¶- {]-kvYm--
¯n-sâ B-[p-n-I- ]-Xn-¸m-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw-. "en-_-d-en-kw-" F-¶- ]-Z-¯n-sâ ]-g-b- hym-Jym-w-
-ãs¸«n-cn-¡p-¶p-, {]tXyIn-¨pw- Atacn-¡-bn-Â-. {]-i-kvX- km-¼-¯n-I- hn-Z-Kv²-m-b- -tPmk^v
jpw-]o-ä-À- ]-d-bp-I-bp-ïm-bn-, "kz-Im-cy- kw-cw-`-¯n-sâ i-{Xp-¡-Ä- B- X-es¡«v X-«nsbSp-¯-Xv H-cp-
_p-²n-]-c-am-b- o-¡-am-bn- I-cp-Xp-¶p-, B- o-¡w- I-cp-Xn-¡q-«n-b-Xsæn-epw- H-cp- A-`n--µ--am-Wv."

25. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS N-cn-{X-hpw- L-S--bpw-
25
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw-,Asæn-Â-Atacn-¡-bnse"¢m-kn-¡-Â-en-_-d-en-kw-"F-¶-]-Z-§-Ä-Ct¸mgpw--temI-¯v
en-_-d-en-kw- F-¶- -t]cntem Asæn-Â- A-Xn-sâ -t`Z-K-Xn-I-fntem D-]tbmKn-¡s¸Sp-¶p-ïv. Atacn-
¡-bnse ]-Z-§-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- B-i-b-¡p-g-¸w- aq-ew-, "en-_-d-en-kw-" F-¶v Atacn-¡-bn-Â- hn-fn-¡s¸Sp-¶-
Im-gvN-¸m-Sn-Â- n-¶pw- -thÀ-Xn-cn-¡p-¶- Dt±it¯mSp-Iq-Sn- Ipsd hy-àn-I-Ä- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw
F-¶- ]-Zw- kzo-I-cn-¨p-, B- ]-Z-¯n-pw- 'kzm-X-{´yw-' F-¶- hm-¡n-sâ em-än-³- D-Xv]-¯n- Xs¶bm-
Wp-Å-Xv. en-_-d-en-k¯n-sâ Iq-Sp-X-Â- {]m-h-À-¯n-I-am-b- cq-]-§sf A-Xn-sâ kvYn-c-am-bn- D-]
tbmKn-¡s¸Sp-¶- cq-]-§-fn-Â- n-¶v -thÀ-Xn-cn-¡m-m-bn- Cu- hm-¡v D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶p-ïv. (a-äp- `m-j-
I-fn-Â- X-À-Ö-a- -sN¿pt¼mÄ- en-_-d-en-k¯n-pw- ens_À-«-dn-b-n-k¯n-pw- (kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw-) Htc
hm-¡m-Wv D-]tbmKn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv; D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-v, lwtKdn-b-³- `m-j-bn-Â- en-_-d-en-k¯n-pw-/
ens_À-«-dn-b-n-k¯n-pw- 'szabadelvűség', 'liberalizmus' F-¶- hm-¡p-I-Ä- H-cpt]m-se D-]
tbmKn-¡p-¶p-).
At¸mÄ-¸ns¶, F-hnsSn-¶m-Wv en-_-d-en-kw- h-¶-Xv? kam-[m--¯n-sâbpw- kln-
jvWp-X-bpsSbpw- ]-c-kv]-c- Kp-W-{]-Z-am-b- k¶-²- kl-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw- C-S-]m-Sp-I-
fpsSbpw- A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- Po-hn-X-co-Xnsb kw-c-£n-¡m-m-bn-«m-Wv bqtdm¸n-epw
a-äp- `m-K-§-fn-epw- en-_-d-en-kw- D-b-À-¶p-h-¶-Xv. "A-_vskmeyq-«n-kw-" (G-Im-[n-]-Xyw-) -t]m-sebp-Å- kÀ-Æ-
i-à-am-b- G-Im-[n-]-Xy- kn-²m-´-§-Äs¡Xnsc kam-[m--]-c-am-b- Po-hn-Xs¯ kw-c-£n-¡m-m-bn
en-_-d-en-kw-h-¶p-.A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâi-cn-bm-b-hym-]vXnsb¡p-dn-¨p-Å-X-À-¡-§-fn-Â-en-_-d-en-k¯n-sâ
B-i-b-§-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- ka-À-°-hpw Xo-{h-hpw- ]-c-kv]-cw- i-àns¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xp-am-bn-.
C-cp-ï- Im-e-L-«-¯n-p- -tijw-, h-³-a-Xn-ep-I-fpsS kw-c-£-W-¯n-Â- I-S-Âs¡mÅ-¡m-
cn-Â- n-¶pw-, I-h-À-¨-¡m-cn-Â- n-¶pw-, bp-²-{]-`p-¡-fn-Â- n-¶pw- o-¡s¸«-, kz-bw-`-c-W- -K-c-§-
fpsSbpw- kz-X-{´- "kaq-l-§-fpsSbpw-" h-f-À-¨- aq-ew- bqtdm¸n-Â- hym-]m-c-hpw- hm-Wn-Py-hpw- h-À-²n-¨p-.
bqtdm¸n-Â- ]-e-bn-S-§-fn-epw- D-Xv]m-Z--¯n-sâbpw- I-¨-h-S-¯n-sâbpw- ]p-Xn-b- -K-c-§-Ä- kvYm-]n
-¡s¸«psImïn-cp-¶p-. ]p-Xn-b- -K-c-§-fpw- A-hn-Ss¯ "kz-X-{´- kaq-l-§-fpw-", H-cp- ]-g-b- P-À-a-³-
ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-¯n-Â- ]-d-bp-¶-Xpt]m-se "Stadtluft macht frei (-K-c-¯nse hm-bp- H-cp-hs kz-X-{´-
m-¡p-¶p-), hy-àn-kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâbpw- kam-[m--¯n-sâbpw- kvY-e-§-fm-bn- A-dn-bs¸«p-h-¶p-.
H-cp- N-cn-{X-Im-c-³- ]-d-ª-Xpt]m-se, "kzm-X-{´y-an-ÃmsX, A-Xm-b-Xv, -t]mIm-pw- h-cm-pw-,
I-¨-h-Sw- -S-¯m-pw-, km-[--§-Ä- hn-Â-¡m-pw- D-Å- kzm-X-{´y-an-ÃmsX, A-Sn-a-¯-¯n-Â-- -s]«-h-À-¡v
e-`y-a-Ãm-¯- H-cp- A-[n-Im-c-an-ÃmsX, hym-]m-cw- A-km-[y-am-bn-cp-¶p-." C-¯-cw- -K-c-§-fn-Â- C-¶pw-
D-SseSp-¡p-¶- kaq-l-§sf kw-kvIm-c-ap-Å- (kn-hn-Â- "civil", civitas-Â- n-¶pw- city) kaq-l-§-Ä- F-¶v
hn-fn-¡s¸Sp-¶p-. -s]cp-am-äs¯ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶- H-cp- hm-¡v Iq-Sn-bm-Wv: kw-kvIm-c-ap-Å- -s]cp-am-äw-.
kw-kvIm-ct¯m-sS -s]cp-am-dp-I- F-¶p-h-¨m-Â- A-]-cn-Nn-XtcmSv hn-o-X-am-bpw-, X-sâ C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn-Â-
kXy-kÔ-am-bpw-, a-äp-Å-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am-n-¨psImïpw- s]cp-am-dp-I- F-¶m-Wv.
n-b-a-§sfbpw- s]mXp- -b-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- n-cq-]n-¨n-cp-¶- P--Io-b-am-b- k`-I-Ä- A-¯-c-¯n-
ep-Å- ]p-Xn-b- -K-c-§-fn-epw- kw-L-§-fn-epw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. "]-u-c- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-", A-Xm-b-Xv H-cp-
]-u-c-kaq-l-¯n-p- B-h-iy-am-b- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-, F-¶- ]p-Xn-b- H-cp- B-i-bw- A-hnsSbp-ïm-bn-cp-
¶p-.
hym-]m-cw- hn-I-kn-¨tXm-sSbpw- k¼-¯v kw-`-cn-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXtXm-sSbpw-, cm-Pm-¡-·m-À-
B-[p-n-I- ]-«m-f- hy-h-kvY-I-Ä- D-ïm-¡n-, cm-Pm-¡-·m-cpsS A-[n-Im-cw- D-Û-hn-¨- A-{I-am-kà-am-b-
Io-g-S-¡-ep-I-fn-Â- n-¶pw- Xs¶ A-[n-Im-cw- e-`n-¨- P-·n-am-À-¡ptaepw- k¶-² kl-I-c-W-¯n-Â-

26. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
26
-thcp-d-¸n-¨- -K-c-§-Ä-¡ptaepw- A-Xp-]tbmKn-¨v A-h-À- A-h-cpsS A-[n-Im-cw- -sImïp-h-¶p-.
"sskn-I- hn-¹-hw-" Iq-Sp-X-Â- Iq-Sp-X-Â- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä-, cm-Pm-¡-·m-cpsS -taepw- A-h-cpsS A-[n-
Im-c-§-Ä-¡ptaepw- (`m-hn-bn-Â- "`-c-W-Iq-Sw-"), -tI{µo-I-cn-¨p-.
-tI{µo-Ir-X-am-b-Xpw- G-Im-[n-]-Xy-am-b-Xpw- cm-{ão-b- kw-hn-[m--§-Ä-, bqtdm¸n-Â- n-e-n-
¶n-cp-¶- H-«p-an-¡- cm-{ão-b- kw-hn-[m--§sf ]n-cn-¨p-hn-Sp-I-bpw- Io-g-S-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-, A-Xn-Â-
kz-X-{´- "-K-ccm-Py-"§-fpw-, lm-³-kn-bm-än-¡v eo-Kv Hm-^v a-À-¨-âv kn-äo-kpw-, Zn- -tlmfn- -tdma-³- F-¼-
b-dpw- D-Ä-¸sS a-äp- cm-{ão-b- kw-L-S--I-fp-ap-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. A-§sbp-Å- "]-c-am-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS"
i-àn- Iq-Sn-¡q-Sn- h-¶tXm-sS, A-h-À- "n-b-a-¯n-sâ ap-I-fn-Â-" BsW¶-h-À- hm-Zn-¨p-, F-¶n-«v,
asäÃm- a-p-jy- kw-L-S--I-fpsS-taepw- k¼q-À-®m-[n-Im-cw- -sNep-¯n-. k¼q-À-®- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä-
-sNep-¯m-³- A-h-À-¡v "-ssZho-I- A-h-Im-iw-" Dsï¶v cm-Pm-¡-·m-À- kvYm-]n-¨p-. atXX-c- i-àn-I-fpw-
a-X-]-c-am-b- A-[n-Im-cn-I-fpw- X-½n-Â- kJyw- -tNÀ-¶p-, an-¡t¸mgpw- atXX-c- i-àn-I-Ä- a-Xm-[n-Im-cn-
I-fpsS-taÂ- B-[n-]-Xyw- kvYm-]n-¨p-, Nn-et¸mÄ- Xn-cn-¨pw- kw-`-hn-¨p-, C-Xn-Â- c-ïm-a-¯-Xns ]n-¶o-Sv
Zn-hym-[n-]-Xyw- F-¶v hn-fn-¡s¸«p-.
ka-X-z-hm-Z- X-¯-z-a-p-kcn-¨v `-c-W-I-À-¯m-hv n-b-a-¯n-p- ap-I-fn-em-bn-cp-¶p-, hy-àn-]-c-
am-b- A-[n-Im-cn-b-Ã- n-b-a-am-Wv G-ä-hpw- ap-I-fn-Â- F-¶p-f-f- ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b- hn-i-zm-k¯n-Â-
n-¶pw- H-cp- am-ä-am-bn-cp-¶p-. Inw-Kv -sPbnw-kv VI & I (kv-tImSve-³-Un-Â- Inw-Kv -sPbnw-kv VI ]n-¶o-Sv,
1603-Â- Cw-¥-ïn-Â- Inw-Kv -sPbnw-kv I B-hp-I-bpwsNbvXp-) 1598-Â- ]-d-bp-I-bp-ïm-bn-, "cm-Pm-hv
ap-gp-h-³- kw-kvYm--¯n-sâbpw- A-[n-]-m-Wv; At¸mÄ- At±lw- B- `q-an-bn-Â- Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶- F-Ãm-
h-cpsSbpw- -tae-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv, A-Xn-Â- Hmtcmcp-¯-cpsSbpw- Po-h-n-epw- a-c-W-¯n-epw- A-[n-Im-c-
ap-Å-bm-Ä-. H-cp- cm-P-Ip-am-c-³- H-cp- hy-à-am-b- n-b-a-an-ÃmsX A-h-sâ {]-P-I-fpsS Po-h-³- F-Sp-¡n-Ã-,
F-¶m-Â- Po-hsSp-¡m-³- B-{i-bn-¡p-¶- n-b-a-§-Ä- A-htm Asæn-Â- A-h-sâ ap-³-Km-an-Itfm
D-ïm-¡n-b-Xm-Wv,A-Xn-m-Â-,A-[n-Im-cw-Ft¸mgpw-A-h-n-Â-n-¶p-am-WvD-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv...n-b-a-¯n-sâ
-teJ-I-pw- A-Xn-v i-àn- -Â-Ip-¶- B-fm-b-Xn-m-epw-, cm-Pm-hv n-b-a-¯n-v ap-I-fn-emsW¶v
C-§s h-fsc hn-i-Z-am-bn- Rm-³- -sXfn-bn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-."
ka-X-z-hm-Z-¯ntm-sSm¸w- H-cp- km-¼-¯n-I-im-kv{X- X-¯-zw- IqsS D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-: hym-]m-c-
hm-Zw-, A-Xm-b-Xv, cm-Pm-hpw- At±l-¯n-sâ DtZymK-kvY- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-am-Wv hy-h-km-bs¯
-bnt¡ï-Xv F-¶p-Å- B-i-bw-. C-ã-{]-Im-cw- kw-cw-`-§sf hn-e-¡m-pw- ]n-´m-§m-pw- Ip-¯-I-
bm-¡m-pw- (kz-P--]-£-]m-Xw- F-¶v A-dn-bs¸Sp-¶p-), C-d-¡p-a-Xn- km-[--§-Ä- Ip-d-ª- hn-e-bv¡v
hn-Â-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xv X-S-ªp-n-À-¯n- Xt±i- hym-]m-cn-Isf "kw-c-£n-¡m-pw-", `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf
Kp-Ws¸Sp-¯p-¶-hn-[w- hn-]-Wnsb n-b-{´n-¨p- J-P-m-hnse ]-Ww- Iq-«m-pw- D-Å- Xo-cp-am--§-Ä-
F-Sp-¡m-p-Å- A-[n-Im-c-apsï¶p-Å- B-i-bw-.
A-n-b-{´n-X-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-pw-, Ip-¯-I-I-Ä-¡pw-, {]tXyIm-h-Im-i-§-Ä-¡pw-, hm-Wn-Py-
hm-Z-¯n-pw-, kw-c-£-W-hm-Z-¯n-pw-, bp-²-¯n-pw-, -s]mXp-hm-bv]-¡pw- F-Xntcbm-bn- ]-u-cm-h-Im-
i-§-Ä-¡pw- n-b-a- hm-gvN-¡pw- A-p-Iq-e-am-bn- kw-kvIm-c-ap-Å- kaq-l-¯ns ]n-´m-§ns¡mïm-
bn-cp-¶p- en-_-d-en-k¯n-sâ D-Z-bw-. B- -t]mcm-«w h-fscb-[n-Iw- D-d-hn-S-§-fn-Â- n-¶p-am-Wv D-ïm-b-Xv.
hn-]-Wn- k¼-Zv hy-h-kvY-sbbpw- Io-g-S-¡s¸«- Atacn-¡-³- C-´y-¡m-À-¡v A-h-cpsS kv]m-n-jv -tae-
[n-Im-cn-I-Ä-¡v F-Xnscbp-Å- A-h-Im-i-§sfbpw- ym-bo-I-cn-¨- ke-a-¬-I-bnse kv]m-n-jv kv-
tImfm-kvän-¡nse Nn-´-I-À- {]-N-cn-¸n-¨- hy-àn- kzm-X-{´ys¯ Ip-dn-¨p-Å- B-i-b-§-fpw- ]ns¶ U-¨v,
P-À-a-³- Nn-´-I-À- {]-N-cn-¸n-¨- {]-Ir-Xn-n-b-a-¯n-sâbpw- kzm-`m-hn-I- A-h-Im-i-§-fpsSbpw- X-¯-z-

27. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS N-cn-{X-hpw- L-S--bpw-
27
§-Ä- C-Xn-Â- G-ä-hpw- {]-[m-s¸«-Xm-Wv. H-cp- ]s£ B-Zys¯ k¼q-À-®-am-b- H-cp- kzm-X-{´y-
hm-Zt]mcm-«w- Cw-¥-ïnse kn-hn-Â- bp-²-§-fpsS ka-b-¯m-I-Ww-: Zn- -sehtÃgvkv. Cw-¥o-jv kn-hn-Â-
bp-²-¯n-Â- (1642-1651), ]m-À-fsaâ n-sâ h-i-¯p-n-¶m-Wv -sehtÃgvkv -t]mcm-Sn-b-Xv, A-Xv H-cp-
n-b-{´n-X-, n-b-a-L-S-m-]-c-am-b- kÀ-¡m-cn-pw-, a-X- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-pw-, -sXmgn-Â- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-pw-,
kz-¯v kw-c-£-W-¯n-pw-, D-]-Po-h--¯n-pw thïn-bp-Å- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-pw-, Xp-ey- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-
¡pw- -thïn-bm-bn-cp-¶p-. A-h-À- kaq-e-]-cn-jvI-c-W-hm-Zn-I-fpw-, D-·q-e--hm-Zn-I-fpw-, a-p-jym-h-Im-i-
¯n-sâbpw- kam-[m--¯n-sâbpw- ]n-´m-§n-I-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p-. A-h-À- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p-.
A-¯-cw- B-i-b-§-Ä- - hy-àn- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâbpw-, ]-cn-an-X- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâbpw-, Nn-´-, a-Xw-,
kw-`m-j-Ww-, -sXmgn-Â-, D-Xv]m-Z-w-, bm-{X- F-¶n-h-¡p-Å- kzm-X-{´yw- - a--kp-Isf Xp-d-¶p-, ]p-cm-X--
_-Ô-§sf X-I-À-¯p-, km-[m-c-W- a-p-jy-v C-Xp-hsc D-ïm-hm-¯-hn-[w k¼m-Zyw- -sImïp-h-¶p-,
Iq-SmsX, ]-e- km-{am-Py-§sfbpw- C-Ãm-Xm-¡n-. bqtdm¸n-epw- tmÀ-¯v Atacn-¡-bn-epw- ku-¯v
Atacn-¡-bn-epw- A-Sn-a-¯w-- n-À-¯-em-¡n-, CtXm-sS 1888 -sabv 13v {_-ko-en-epw- n-À-¯-em-¡s¸«p-.
P-³-an-¯-k{¼-Zm-bw- C-Ãm-Xm-bn-. bqtdm¸nse A-Sn-a-Isf kzm-X-{´-cm-¡n-, Nn-et¸mÄ- H-¶n-¨pw-
Nn-et¸mÄ- L-«-§-fm-bpw-: Hm-kv{Sn-b-bn-Â- 1781-epw- 1848-epw-; -sU·m-À-¡n-Â- 1788-Â-; skÀ-_n-b-bn-Â-
1804-epw- 1830-epw-; _thdn-b-bn-Â- 1808-Â-; 1848-Â- lw-K-dn-bn-epw- -t{Im-tbjy-bn-epw-; d-jy-bn-Â- 1861-epw-
1866-epw-; 1918-Â- -t_mkvn-b-bn-epw- -slÀ-k-tKmhn--bn-epw-, A-Sn-a-Isf kzm-X-{´-cm-¡n-.
kzm-X-{´y-¯n-pthïn-bp-Å- -t]mcm-«w- bqtdm¸n-epw- bqtdm¸n-sâ -tImf-n-I-fn-epw- am-{X-a-Ã-,
C-kvem-an-I- cm-Py-§-fn-epw- -ssN-bn-epw-, A-hn-S-§-fnse {]mtZin-I- ]m-c-¼-cy-§sf am-n-¨psImïv,
]-c-¶p-. Im-c-Ww-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-sâ B-i-b-§-Ä- H-cp- kw-kvIm-c-¯n-sâ am-{Xw- D-Â-]m-Z--a-Ã-;
F-Ãm- kw-kvIm-c-¯n-pw- F-Ãm- ]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-pw- kzm-X-{´ys¯¡p-dn-¨pw- A-[n-Im-cs¯¡p-dn-¨pw-
A-h-cptSXm-b- hym-Jym--§-fp-ïm-Ipw-. -thmÄ-«-b-dpw- B-Uw- kvan-¯pw- bqtdm¸n-Â- n-¶pw- B-bn-cp-
¶-Xpt]m-se, ]n-¶o-Sv h-¶- ap-tÊmfn-n-bpw-, -sen-pw-, ln-äve-dpw- A-hnsSn-¶p-Xs¶bm-bn-cp-¶p-.
]-Xn-äm-ïp-Itfmfw-, -ssN-bn-Â- A-[n-Im-cw- -sNep-¯n-bn-cp-¶- {]-am-W-§-fpsS D-S-a-bm-b- am-À-Ivkv,
-ssN-¡m-c-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã-, P-À-a-n-bn-Â- n-¶p-am-bn-cp-¶p-. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-sâ Úm-n-I-fpw
i-Ð-§-fpw-F-Ãm-kw-kvIm-c-§-fn-epw-D-ïm-Ip-¶t]m-se,k¼q-À-®-A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ]n-´p-W-¡m-cpw
D-ïm-Ipw-. {]mtZin-I- ]m-c-¼-cy-§-fp-am-bn- -tbmPn-¨psImïv, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw temIsa¼m-Spw- -thcn-
d-§p-I-bm-Wv, {]tXyIn-¨pw- B-{^n-¡-bn-epw- G-jy-bn-epw-, A-Xpt]m-seXs¶ bqtdm¸n-epw- em-än-³-
Atacn-¡-bn-epw- -tmÀ-¯v Atacn-¡-bn-epw- A-Xv Xn-cn-¨p-h-cp-¶p-ïv.
ap-³-kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-fpsS-tIh-e-hm-Z-¯n-vF-Xnscbp-ïm-bn-cp-¶--t]mcm-«-¯n-sâA-p-`-h-
§-fn-Â-n-¶p-am-{X-a-Ã-,kzm-X-{´y-¯n-pw-kw-kvIm-c-¯n-pw-F-Xnscbp-Å-am-c-I-am-b-`o-j-Wn-bm-b-
kvYn-Xn- ka-X-z-hm-Z- ka-{Km-[n-]-Xyw- D-ïm-¡n-b- `o-I-c-X-bpsS A-p-`-h-§-fn-Â- n-¶pw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv
ka-Im-en-- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- -t]mcm-«w- D-ïm-b-Xv. ]s¯m³-]-Xmw- q-äm-ïn-Â- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-
bpsS X-cw-Kw- A-Xn-sâ G-ä-hpw- D-¶-Xn-bnse¯n-¯p-S-§n-. ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-§-fpsS
A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-Â- D-ïm-b- ]p-Xn-b- cm-{ão-b- {]-Xy-b-im-kv{X-§-Ä- en-_-d-en-k-s¯ -shÃp-hn-fn-¨p-.
km-{am-Py-X-zw-, hw-io-b-X-, tkmjy-en-kw-, -tZio-b-X-, I-½yq-Wn-kw-, ^m-kn-kw-, C-h-bpsS ]-e-X-cw-
Iq-Snt¨c-ep-I-Ä-, F-Ãmw- ka-X-z-hm-Z-¯n-sâ A-Sn-kvYm-- A-p-am--¯n-Â- n-¶p-ap-ïm-b-Xm-Wv.
hy-àn-Isf A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS I-e-h-d-bm-bn-«-Ã- I-ïp-h-¶-Xv; `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ A-[n-Im-c-¯n-
eqsS {]-Xn-n-[o-I-cn-¡s¸«- -tZi-¯n-sâbpw- -tKm{X-¯n-sâbpw- h-À-¤-¯n-sâbpw- A-h-Im-i-§-fpw-
Xm-Â]-cy-§-fp-am-Wv {]-[m-w- F-¶m-Wv A-h-À- A-h-Im-is¸«-Xv.

28. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
28
1900-Â- Zn- -tj-sâ kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- F-Un-ä-À- B-b- C-.F-Â-. -tKmUvIn-³-, H-cp- -teJ--¯n-Â-
C-§s F-gp-Xn-: "A-htijn-¡p-¶- G-Xm-pw- Nn-e-À-, (A-Xn-Â- `q-cn-]-£-hpw- In-g-h-·m-cm-Wv,) am-{Xta
en-_-d-Â- X-¯-z-§sf ]n-´m-§p-¶p-Åp-, A-h-À- a-cn-¨pt]mbm-Â- ]ns¶ A-Xn-p- ]n-´p-W-¡m-À- D-ïm-
In-Ã-."Iq-Sp-X-Â-`-bs¸Sp-¯p-¶-H-cp-Im-cyw-Fs´¶m-Â-,h-cp-¶-q-äm-ïn-Â-,-tImSn-¡-W-¡n-p-a-p
-jy-À-¡v A-h-cpsS Po-hn-X-§-Ä- -ãs¸Sp-¯n-b- ka-X-z-hm-Z- A-Sn-¨-a-À-¯-ep-Itfbpw- bp-²s¯bpw-
At±lw- {]-h-Nn-¨n-cp-¶p-: "kzm-`m-hn-I- A-h-Im-i-§sf¡p-dn-¨v -½-Ä- Ct¸mÄ- -tIÄ-¡mtdbn-Ã-.
-ssZhw- A-h-cpsS -ta[m-hn-I-fm-bn h¨-h-cpsS B-Ú-I-Ä-¡-p-kcn-¨p- Po-hn-¡p-I- F-¶-Xm-Wv
Xm-gv¶- h-À-¤-¡m-cpsS Np-a-X-e-. -ssZhn-I- A-h-Im-iw- F-¶- -sXäm-b- hm-Zw- H-cn-¡-Â-¡q-Sn- A-Xn-sâ
m-i-I-c-am-b- i-àn- kvYm-]n-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv, A-Xv ho-ïpw- n-c-kn-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xn-p-ap-¼v h-³tXmXn-
ep-Å- A-´m-cm-{ã- ka-c-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv." A-Xpt]m-se Xs¶ kw-`-hn-¨p-. A-Xn-sâ
^-ew- C-¶p-hsc Im-Wm-¯- hn-[-ap-Å- H-cp- Iq-«sIme-]m-X-I-am-bn-cp-¶p-, ]p-Xn-b- -tXmXn-ep-Å- _-lp-
P-- A-Sn-a-¯-¯n-sâ kw-hn-[m--§-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p-. bqtdm¸n-epw-, bqtdjy-bn-epw-, G-jy-bn-epw- D-ïm-
bn-cp-¶- -temI- a-lm-bp-²-§-fpsS `o-I-c-X-I-Ä- Z-£n-W- Atacn-¡-bnte¡pw-, B-{^n-¡-bnte¡pw-,
an-Un-Â- Cu-kvänte¡pw- ]-I-À-¶p-.
kzm-X-{´yt¯mSpw- kw-kv¡m-ct¯mSpw- Po-hn-Xt¯mSpw- Xs¶ kvYn-Xn-ka-X-z-hm-Zw- D-b-À-¯n-b-
-shÃp-hn-fn- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- {]-Xn-I-c-Ws¯ m-S-Io-b-am-bn- cq-]s¸Sp-¯n-. Xmsg ]-d-bp-¶- kzm-X-
{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-I-fpsS aq-e-X-¯-z-§-Ä-¡v -taep-Å- {]m-[m-y-hpw- A-Xn-Â- D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-. tkmjy-en-kw-,
I-½yq-Wn-kw-, m-kn-kw-, ^m-kn-kw- ap-X-em-b-h- kvYn-Xn-ka-X-z-hm-Z- X-¯-z-§-fn-Â- n-c-kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-.
1. kw-Ls¯¡m-fpw-, A-Xv kw-kvYm-tam, h-À-¤tam, hw-itam, cm-{ãtam B-hs«, A-Sn-kvYm--
[m-À-½n-I- L-S-Isa¶- n-e-bn-em-Wv hy-àn-K-X- a-p-jy-sâ {]m-ap-Jyw-;
2. hy-àn-hm-Z-hpw- AtXm-sSm¸w- Hmtcm hy-àn-¡pw- kz-´w- k-t´mjw- Isï¯m-p-Å- A-h-Im-
i-hpw-;
3. hntI{µo-Ir-X-hpw- kam-[m--]-c-hp-am-b- Xo-cp-am-saSp-¡p-¶-Xn-p-Å- am-À-Ksa¶- n-e-bn-Â-
kz-¯-h-Im-i-hpw- hn-]-Wn- k¼-Zv hy-h-kvY-bpw--, -tImSn-¡-W-¡n-p- a-p-jy-cpsS A-dn-hns
^-e-{]-Z-am-bn- D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- kl-I-c-W-hpw-;
4. ]-u-c-kaq-l-¯nseIp-Spw-_w-,a-X-kaq-lw-,A-b-Â-]-¡-A-tkmkntbj-³-,_n-kn--kvkvYm-]-w-,
te_-À- bq-Wn-b-³-, {^-ïven- skmsskän-, -s{]m^-j-W-Â- A-tkmkntbj-³- -t]mep-Å-h-bpw-
hy-àn-Isf A-h-cpsS A-Xp-ey-am-b- -t«-§-Ä- -ssIh-cn-¡m-³- klm-bn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶-
Po-hn-X-¯n-vA-À-°-hpw-Hm-P-Êpw--Â-Ip-¶-F-®-a-ä-a-äp-Å-k¶-²-kw-L-S--I-fpsS{]m-[m-yw-,
`-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ hn-hn-[- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-[n-Im-c-§-fm-Â- A-h- Xp-S-¨p-o-¡s¸Sp-¶p-;
5. `-c-W-Iq-St¯mSp-Å- `-b-hpw- ssky-¯nsebpw- `-c-W-Iq-S- A-[n-Im-c- L-S-I-§-fnsebpw-
A-[n-Im-c- -tI{µo-I-c-Ws¯ Ip-dn-¨p-Å- `-b-hpw-.
h-fscb-[n-Iw- hy-àn-I-Ä- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS ]p--À-Öo-h-pthïn- klm-bn-¨n-«p-ïv,
{]tXyIn-¨pw-c-ïmw--temI-a-lm-bp-²w-A-h-km-n-¨p-Xp-S-§n-bt¸mÄ-.1943-Â-Atacn-¡-bn-Â-{]-kn-²o-
I-cn-¨- aq-¶v ]p-kvX-I-§-Ä- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- B-i-b-§sf -s]mXp- N-À-¨-bnte¡v Xn-cn-¨psImïp-h-¶p-:
tdmkv -sshÂ-U-À- -ssen-sâ Zn- Un-kvI-h-dn- Hm-^v {^o-Uw-, C-k-s_Â- ]m-ä-À-k®n-sâ Zn- -tKmUv Hm-
^v Zn- -sajo-³- ]ns¶ A-bn-³- dm-ïn-sâ {]-kn-²-am-b- Zn- ^-ussï³slUv. 1944-Â- Atacn-¡-bn-Â-

29. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS N-cn-{X-hpw- L-S--bpw-
29
ep-U-zn-Kv -thm¬- an-kkv Hm-avns]m«-âv K-h-¬saâv: Zn- -ssdkv Hm-^v Zn- -tSm«-Â- kv-tääv B-³-Uv -tSm«-Â-
hm-À- F-¶- ]p-kvX-Iw- {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨p-, Iq-SmsX, bpssWä-Uv Inw-KvU-¯n-Â- F-^v.F-. lsb¡v ka-
X-z-hm-Z- km-¼-¯n-I- B-kq-{X-W-¯n-v F-Xnscbp-Å- X-sâ ]p-kvX-I-am-b- Zn- -tdmUv äp- kÀ-^vUw-
{]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨p-. lsb¡n-sâ B- ]p-kvX-Iw- a-äp- cm-Py-§-fn-Â- {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡s¸Sp-I-bpw- A-Xv
{]-kn-²-am-hp-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. lsb¡v B-Wv ¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-Â- ]-WvUn-X-cpsS A-´m-cm-{ã
kw-L-am-b- -tam¬-«v -s]-sedn-³- skmsskän- cq-]o-I-cn-¨-Xv, A-Xn-sâ B-Zys¯ k-t½f-w- 1947-Â
kzn-ä-kÀ-em-³-Un-Â- -sh¨m-Wv D-ïm-b-Xv. A-Xn-ptijw-, Iq-Sp-X-Â- ]p-kvX-I-§-fpw-, kw-L-§-fpw-,
kw-L-S--I-fpw-, {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-im-e-I-fpw-, Kthj-W- kw-L-S--I-fpw-, hn-Zym-À-°n- kan-Xn-I-fpw- cm-{ão-b-
]m-À-«n-I-fpw- n-e-hn-Â- h-¶p-.
¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-Â- B-i-b-§-Ä- {]-N-cn-¸n-¡m-m-bn- Kthj-W- kw-L-S--I-Ä- cp-]o-I-cn-¡s¸«p-.
A-Xn-sâ B-Zys¯ X-cw-Kw- 1940-I-fn-epw- 1950-I-fn-ep-am-bn-cp-¶p-, Hm-kv-t{Sen-b-bnse C-³-kvän-äyq-«v
-t^mÀ- ]-»n-Iv A-^tbgvkv (1943), Atacn-¡-bnse ^-utïj-³- -t^mÀ- F-¡tWman-¡v F-Uyqt¡j-³-
(1946), bq-.-sI.bnse C-³-kvän-äyq-«v Hm-^v F-¡tWman-¡v A-^tbgvkv (1955) F-¶- -t]cp-I-fn-ep-Å-
C-¶p-ap-Å- Du-À-Ö-kz-e- kw-L-S--I-Ä- At¸mÄ- cp-]o -I-cn-¡s¸«p-. -s]mXp- -bs¯¡p-dn-¨p-Å- N-À-
¨sb am-än-a-dn-¨- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS c-ïmw- X-cw-K-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-bm-Wv Atacn-¡-bnse
Imtäm C-³-kvän-äyq-«v 1977-epw- kzo-U-nse Snwt{_m 1978-epw- kvYm-]n-¡s¸«-Xv. (qtdmfw- kvYm-]--
§-Ä- A-Xn-ptijw- cq-]o-I-cn-¡s¸«n-«p-ïv, A-Xn-Â- an-¡-Xpw- C-³-kvän-äyq-«v Hm-^v F-¡tWman-¡v
A-^tbgvkn-sâ kvYm-]-I-³- kÀ- B-â-Wn- ^n-j-À- kvYm-]n-¨- A-äve-kv -sä-z-À-¡p-am-bn- kwtbmPn-X-am-
b-Xm-Wv.) ]mtägvk¬-, -sse³-, dm-ïv, an-kkv, lm-b-¡v F-¶n-h-cpsS ]m-X- ]n-´p-S-À-¶p- h-¶- {]-ap-J
X-¯-z-Nn-´-I-cm-b- -tdm_-À-«v -tmkn-¡v, F-Nv._n-. B-¡v«-¬-, B-â-Wn- ^vfq- F-¶n-h-cpw-, ]ns¶,
tm_-Â- k½m-w- -tSn-b- km-¼-¯n-I- hn-Z-Kv[-cm-b- -sPbnw-kv _p-¨--³-, an-Â-«-¬ -ss{^Uvam-³-,
-sdmWm-Ä-Uv-tImbvkv,-tPmÀ-Pvkvän-¥-À-,-tdm_-À-«vaptïÂ-,F-entmÀ-Hm-kv-tämÀ-av,-thÀ--¬-kvan-¯v,
Iq-SmsX ]-e-cpw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-, A-h-À- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- B-i-b-§-fpw- X-¯-z-§-fpw- ]-e- X-cw- km-aq-
ln-I-, km-¼-¯n-I-, n-b-a-]-c-am-b-, cm-{ão-b- {]-iv-§-fpw- ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-m-bn- D-]tbmKn-¨p-.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- B-i-b-§-Ä-¡v an-Un-Â- Cu-kvän-epw-, B-{^n-¡-bn-epw-, G-jy-bn-epw-, em-än-³-
Atacn-¡-bn-epw- ]ns¶ ap-³- tkmhn-b-äv bq-Wn-b-sâ `m-K-am-bn-cp-¶- cm-Py-§-fn-epw- Iq-Sp-X-Â-
]n-´p-W-¡m-À- B-btXm-sS kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- ]p-Xn-b- X-cw- {]-iv-§sf ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-pthïn-
am-dns¡mïn-cp-¶p-, {]tXyIn-¨pw-, A-hn-Ss¯ Xt±io-b-am-b- ]m-c-¼-cy-§-fpsS A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-Â-,
H-cp- ]-u-c-kaq-l-¯nse n-b-a-kvYm-]--§sf ]-WnsXSp-¡m-m-bpw- A-Xns i-à-am-¡m-m-bpw-.
C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å-kvYm-]--§-fn-Â-kam-[m--]-c-am-b-N-À-¨-I-Ä--S-¯p-¶-io-e-§-fpw-;enw-K-,-tKm{X-,a-X-,
-ssew-Kn-I-, `m-jm- -t`Z-an-ÃmsX hy-àn-I-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- ]-c-kv]-c- _-lp-am--hpw-; X-À-¡-§sf kam-[m--
]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-m-bp-Å- kz-X-{´- o-Xn-ym-b- hy-h-kvY-bpw-; [-w- D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xn-pthï- C-S-]m
-Sp-I-Ä- kp-K-a-am-¡p-¶-Xn-pthïn-bp-Å- hy-à-am-bn- n-À-Æ-Nn-¨-, n-b-a-]-c-am-bn- kw-c-£n-¡s¸«-, F-fp-
¸-¯n-Â- -ssIam-äw- -sN¿m-³- km-[n-¡p-¶- H-cp- kz-¯-h-Im-i- k{¼-Zm-b-hpw-; -s]mXp-N-À-¨-I-Ä-¡pw
]-{X-{]-h-À-¯--¯n-p-ap-Å- kzm-X-{´y-§-fpw-; A-[n-Im-c- {]-h-À-¯nsXnscbp-Å- ]-cntim[--I-Ä-
-S-¯p-¶- ]m-c-¼-cy-§-fpw- kvYm-]--§-fpw- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ H-cp- Np-cp-§n-b- kw-{K-l-¯n-Â- C-{X-bp-a-[n-Iw- ]-d-bm-p-ïv.
C-n- -ap-¡v kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zs¯¡p-dn-¨v asämcp- co-Xn-bn-Â- a--kn-em-¡mw-.

30. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
30
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zs¯ B-i-b-]-c-am-bn- a--Ên-em-¡mw-: kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- ap-¡m-en-¸o-Tw-
H-cp- Im-ev am-{X-ap-Å- H-cp- I-tkc- Xmsgho-gpw-. H-cp- Im-ev¡q-Sn- A-Xn-p- -sImSp-¯m-Â- A-Xv Ip-d-¨p-
Iq-Sn- D-d-¸p-Å-Xm-Ipw-. aq-¶m-asXm¶v -sImSp-¯m-Â- A-Xv H-cp- ap-¡m-en- ¸o-T-am-hp-I-bpw-, A-Xn-sâ
Im-ep-I-Ä- Atymyw- Zr-Vo-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-. B-i-b-§-fpw- A-Xpt]m-sebm-Wv. A-h-Im-i-
§sfbpw-, o-Xntbbpw-, km-aq-ln-I- {I-as¯bpw-, ym-bt¯bpw- Ip-dn-¨p-Å- B-i-b-§-Ä- X-n
sbb-Ã- n-Â-¡p-¶-Xv. A-Xnse Hmtcm¶pw- a-äp-Å-h-bpsS A-À-°w- ap-gp-h-m-¡p-¶p-. H-cp- ap-¡m
-en-]o-T-¯n-sâ Im-ep-I-Ä- -t]m-se, A-h- ]-c-kv]-cw- ]n-´p-W- -Â-Ip-¶p-.
kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶- A-Sn-kvYm-- B-Z-À-i-¯n-Â- n-¶p-am-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- D-ïm-b-Xv; kzm-X-
{´y-hm-Zn-I-fpsS I-®n-Â- cm-{ão-b- aq-ey-§-fn-Â- G-ä-hpw- D-b-À-¶-Xm-Wv kzm-X-{´yw-. A-Xn--À-°w-
kzm-X-{´yw- Po-hn-X-¯nse G-ä-hpw- aq-ey-ap-Å- Im-cyw- B-I-Wsa¶n-Ã-; Fs´m-s¡bm-bm-epw-, a-p-
jy-À- {]-W-b-¯n-em-hp-I-bpw-, kXyt¯bpw- ku-µ-cyt¯bpw- -tXSp-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-ïv, am-{X-a-Ã-,
A-h-À-¡v a-Xt¯bpw- a-äp- {]-[m-s¸«- Im-cy-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- B-i-b-§-fp-ap-ïv At¸mÄ-, cm-{ão-b-
am-hn-Ã-, Xo-À-¨-bm-bpw- Po-hn-X-¯n-Â- {]-[m--am-b- Htc-sbmcp- Im-cyw-. ]s£, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä-¡v,
cm-{ão-b-¯n-Â- n-¶pw- e-`nt¡ï- G-ä-hpw- {]m-Y-an-I-am-b- aq-eyw- kzm-X-{´y-am-Wv. o-Xn-bpw- kam-[m-
-hpw- kar-²ntbbpw- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-p-Å-Xm-Wv cm-{ão-b- Po-hn-Xw-, A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å- X-¯-z-§-fpw
aq-ey-§-fpw- ]-c-kv]-cw- Zr-V-am-¡pw- F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶- ¢m-kn-¡-Â- en-_-d-Â- Nn-´-bpsS A-Sn-kvYm--
¯nt·em-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- hn-i-z-kn-¡p-¶-Xv.
kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- ap-¡m-en-]o-Tw- aq-¶v kvXw-`-§sf-sImïm-Wv n-À-½n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv:
hy-àn-K-X- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-: cm-{ão-b- kw-L-S--I-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xn-p- ap-¼p-Xs¶ hy-àn-
I-Ä-¡v A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-; A-Xv A-[n-Im-c-§-fn-Â- n-¶pw- e-`n-¨-X-Ã-, a-dn-¨v,
A-[n-Im-c-§-Äs¡Xnsc D-]tbmKn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv; -tmkn-¡v X-sâ kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- C-Xn-
lm-kam-b- A-m-À-¡n-, kv-tääv, B-³-Uv bqt«m]n-b- Xp-S-§p-¶-Xv C-§sbm-Wv: "hy-àn-
I-Ä-¡v A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- D-ïv, A-Xpt]m-se (A-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf ew-Ln-¡msX) H-cp-
hy-àntbm Iq-«tam H-cn-¡-epw- A-htcmSv -sN¿m-³- ]m-Sn-Ãm-¯- Nn-e-Xp-ap-ïv."
kz-X-kn-²-am-b- {I-aw-: {I-as¸Sp-¯p-¶- -t_m[-i-àn-bpsS {]-h-À-¯n-aq-e-am-Wv F-Ãm-
{I-a-hpw- D-ïm-Ip-¶sX¶-Xv hy-àn-I-Ä-¡n-S-bn-ep-Å- H-cp- -s]mXp-hm-b- A-p-am--am-Wv,
]s£, kaq-l-¯n-ep-ïm-Ip-¶- G-ä-hpw- {]-[m-s¸«- {I-a-§-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv -t_m[-]q-À-
h-am-b- B-kq-{X-W-§tfm cq-]-I-Â-¸--Itfm -sImï-Ã-, a-dn-¨v, X-sâ A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS
A-Sn-kvYm--¯n-Â- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶- a-p-jy-cpsS k¶-²- k¼-À-¡-¯n-epw- A-h-cpsS
]-²-Xn-I-fpsS ]-c-kv]-c- {I-ao-I-c-W-¯n-Â- n-¶p-am-Wv A-Xv D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv.
`-c-W-L-S-m-]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-À-: A-h-Im-i-§sf kw-c-£n-¡m-³- _-ew-
{]tbmKn-¡m-³- A-[n-Im-cs¸Sp-¯n-b- n-b-a-kvYm-]--§-fpsS B-h-iy-ap-ïv, ]s£
A-¯cw--kvYm-]--§-Ä-Xs¶bm-WvA-h-Im-i-§-Äs¡Xnscbp-Å-G-ä-hpw-h-en-b-`o-j-Wn-,
F-¶v -sh¨m-Â-, C-¯-cw- kvYm-]--§sf Zr-V-am-b- `-c-W-L-S-sImïv n-b-{´nt¡ï-
Xm-Wv, A-Xn-Â- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ D-d-hn-S-§-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- hn-`-P--hpw- a-Õc-hpw-, `-c-W-
n-À-Æ-l-W-kan-Xn-bpsS A-[n-Im-c-¯n-Â- n-¶pw- kz-X-{´-am-b- n-b-a-hy-h-kvY-bpw-, A-[n-
Im-c-¯n-ptaÂ- n-b-a-¯n-v -taÂt¡mbva- Dsï¶p-Å- hym-]-I-am-b- n-À-_-Ô-hpw
D-Äs¸Sp-¶p-.
ap-I-fn-Â-]-d-ª-F-Ãm-kvXw-`-§-fpw-Atymyw-Xp-W--Â-Ip-¶-h-bm-Wv.A-h-Im-i-§sfhy-à-am-bn

31. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS N-cn-{X-hpw- L-S--bpw-
31
h-À-®n-¡p-I-bpw- n-b-a-kvYm-]--§sf-s¡mïv kw-c-£n-¡s¸Spt¯ï-Xp-am-Wv; A-h-Im-i-§sf
hy-à-am-bn- h-À-®n-¡pt¼mgpw- A-hsb n-b-a-kp-c-£-bn-Â- -sImïp-h-cpt¼mgpw-, kz-X-kn-²-am-b-
{I-aw- D-ïm-Ipw-; kaq-ln-I- {I-a-hpw kam-[m--hpw- B-kq-{X-Ww- -sN¿m-Xn-cn-¡pt¼mÄ-, hy-àn-I-Ä-
a-äp-Å-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am-n-¡m-p-Å- km-[y-X- Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv; kz-´w- A-h-Im-i-§sf
B-kz-Zn-¡p-I-bpw- a-äp-Å-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§sf _-lp-am-n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶-Xv io-e-am-bm-Â-,
hy-àn-I-Ä- n-b-a-]-c-am-b- kvYm-]--§-Ä-¡v `-c-W-L-S-m-]-c-am-b- n-b-{´-W-§-Ä- -sImïp-h-cm-³-
n-À-_-Ôw- ]n-Sn-¡pw-.
hy-àn-K-X- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-
a-X-kzm-X-{´y-¯n-pthïn-bpw- i-à-cm-b-h-cpsS ]o-U-w- klnt¡ïn-h-¶- Zp-À-º-e-cm-b-h-
cpsSkzm-X-{´y-¯n-pthïn-bp-ap-Å--t]mcm-«-¯n-sâ-taem-Wvkzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-B-i-b-§-Ä-D-ïm-b-Xv.
{^m-³-kn-kv-tIm Un- hntämdn-b- F-¶- kv]m-n-jv Nn-´-I-³- 1539-Â- F-gp-Xn-b- Atacn-¡-³- C-´y-
¡msc ]-än-bp-Å- X-sâ {]-i-kvX- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- Atacn-¡-I-fnse {]mtZin-I- P--§-Äs¡Xnsc
kv]m-n-jv km-{am-Pyw- -S-¯n-b- {Iq-c-X-Isfbpw- ]o-U-t¯bpw- hn-a-À-in-¡p-¶p-ïv. Atacn-¡-³-
C-´y-¡m-À-¡v A-h-cpsS {]-h-À-¯--§-fpsS-taÂ- H-cp- [m-À-½n-I- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯w- ("dominium") D-ïm-
bn-cp-¶psh¶v ]-d-ªpsImïv At±lw- C-{]-Im-cw- A-h-km-n-¸n-¨p-:
{In-kvXym-n-I-Ä-¡p-Å-Xpt]m-se Xs¶ {]m-Ir-X-À-¡pw- ({In-kvXym-n-I-Ä- A-Ãm-
¯-hscbpw- bqtdm]y-³-am-À- A-Ãm-¯-hscbpw- A-¡m-e-¯v hn-fn-¨n-cp-¶-
-t]cv) -s]mXp-hm-b-Xpw- kz-Im-cy-am-b-Xp-am-b- kz-¯p-¡-fpsS B-kzm-Z--¯n-p taÂ-
b-Ym-À-°- B-[n-]-Xyw- Dsï¶v kw-i-b-an-Ã-. F-¶psh¨m-Â-, A-h-À- ]-u-c-·m-cm-bm-epw-
cm-Pm-¡-·m-cm-bm-epw- i-cn-bm-b- D-S-a-kvY--Ã- (ueri domini) F-¶v ]-d-ªpsImïv, A-h-cpsS
kz-¯p-¡sf -ssI-tbäw- -sN¿m-³- ]m-Sn-Ã-.
G-Xv kv-s]bn-³-Im-c-pw- D-Å-Xpt]m-se, Atacn-¡-³- C-´y-¡m-À-¡pw- A-h-cpsS Po-h-ptaepw-,
kz-¯n-sâ-taepw-, cm-Py-¯n-ptaepw- _-lp-am-w- e-`n-¡m-p-Å- A-h-Im-i-ap-ïv, F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p-
hntämdn-b-bpw- At±l-¯n-sâ ]n-³-Km-an-I-fpw- hm-Zn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. A-h-À-¡v B-h-iy-§-Ä- D-ïv, A-¯-cw
A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS-taep-Å- -ssI-tbäw-- F-Xn-À-¡s¸-tSï- H-cp- A-o-Xn-bm-Wv. [m-À-½n-I- D-¯-c-hm-
Zn-¯-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- A-h-Im-i-§sf¡p-dn-¨p-ap-Å- B-i-b-§-Ä- a-p-jysc¡p-dn-¨p-Å- Nn-´-Isf
h-fscb-[n-Iw- kzm-[o-n-¨p-; P--w- F-¶- bm-Zr-Ñn-I-X-b-Ã- C-hnsS {]-[m-w-, a-dn-¨v, A-bm-Ä-, kz-´w-
Xn-csªSp-¸p-I-Ä-¡pw {]-h-À-¯n-I-Ä-¡pw- -taÂ- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯w- GsäSp-¡m-³- I-gn-bp-¶-, [m-À-
½n-I- {]-h-À-¯-I-mtWm F-¶m-Wv.
G-Xm-ïv B- ka-b-¯v Xs¶bm-Wv, a-p-jy-À- Nn-´n-¡m-pw- n-cq-]n-¡m-pw Xn-csªSp-
¡m-pw- I-gn-hp-Å- Po-hn-I-fm-b-Xn-m-Â- A-h-cpsS a--Êm-£n- kz-X-{´-am-bn-cn-¡-Wsa¶pw- A-h-À-¡v
a-Xs¯ Xn-csªSp-¡m-p-Å- kzm-X-{´y-ap-ïm-I-Wsa¶pw- a-X-kzm-X-{´y- {]-h-À-¯-I-À- A-h-cpsS
Po-h-³- hsc -sImSp-¯psImïv {]-N-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. A-[n-Im-c-¯n-ep-Å-h-À- -Â-Ip-¶- H-cp- B-p-Iq-
ey-a-Ã- a-X-kzm-X-{´yw-, AsXmcp- A-h-Im-i-am-Wv. `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä-¡v i-cn-bm-b- hn-i-zm-k-s¯
kw-c-£n-¡m-p-Å- Np-a-X-e-bpsï¶v ]-d-ªpsImïm-Wv -ssZh-im-kv{X-]-WvUn-X-m-b- -tPm¬-
Im-Â-hn-³- X-sâ hn-a-À-i-I-m-b- skÀthä-kn-sâ P-o-h-bn-Â- -sh¨p-ïm-b- -sIme-]m-X-Is¯

32. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
32
A-p-Iq-en-¨-Xv. ]-Xn-m-dmw- q-äm-ïnse {]-i-kvX- a-X-kzm-X-{´y- {]-h-À-¯-I-m-b- sk_m-kväy-³-
Im-kvä-entbm Im-Â-hn-v -Â-In-b- a-dp-]-Sn- C-Xm-Wv: H-cp- hy-àn-bpsS -sIme-]m-X-Iw- H-cp- X-¯-z
-¯n-sâ kw-c-£-W-a-Ã-, A-Xv H-cp- -sIme-]m-X-Iw- Xs¶bm-Wv. P-o-h-¡m-À- skÀthä-kns
-sImes¸Sp-¯n-bt¸mÄ-, A-h-À- H-cp- X-¯-zs¯ kw-c-£n-¡p-I-b-Ã- -sNbvX-Xv, H-cp- hy-ànsb
-sImes¸Sp-¯p-I- Xs¶bm-Wv." H-cp- X-¯-zs¯ hm-¡p-I-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¨v -thWw- kw-c-£n-¡p-I-
bpw- a--Êv am-äp-I-bpw- -sN-t¿ï-Xv, A-ÃmsX B-bp-[-§-fpw- Xo-bpw- D-]tbmKn-¨v Xt¶mSv A-p-Iq-
en-¡m-¯-h-cpsS i-co-c-§sf H-Sn-¡p-I-bpw- I-¯n-¡p-I-bp-a-Ã-. {_n-«o-jv I-hn- -tPm¬- an-Â-«-¬- X-sâ
"F-cntbm]-Km-än-¡-' F-¶- ]p-kvX-I-¯n-Â- ]-{X-kzm-X-{´ys¯ A-p-Iq-en-¡p-¶- h-gn-¯n-cn-hm-b-
hm-N-Iw-: "n-b-{´-W-hpw- in-£-bpw- -Â-Im-p-Å- n-b-aw- F-´msW¶pw-, GsXm-s¡ Im-cy-§-fn-Â-
-t{]c-W- am-{Xw- {]-h-À-¯n-¡psa¶pw- hnthNn-¨-dn-bp-hm-³- a-l-¯m-b- I-e- B-h-iy-am-Ip-¶p-."
a-X-, -tKm{X-, enw-K- -t`Z-an-ÃmsX Asæn-Â- A-Xv -t]m-sebp-Å- a-p-jy-cpsS B-I-kvan-I-am-b-
khntij-X-I-fpsS -t`Z-an-ÃmsX F-Ãm- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä-¡pw- Xp-ey- _-lp-am-w- -Â-I-Wsa¶v n-À-
_-Ôn-¨n-cp-¶- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ ap-³-Km-an-I-Äs¡Xnsc Hmtcm hy-àn-¡pw- X-sâ Po-hn-Xs¯
n-b-{´n-¡m-p-Å- A-h-Im-i-ap-ïm-bm-Â- kaq-l-¯n-Â- -sam¯-¯n-ep-Å- H-cp- ]-²-Xn- D-ïm-
hnsöpw- A-Xp-aq-ew- Ip-g-¸-§-fpw- {I-at¡Sp-I-fpw- D-ïm-Ipsa¶pw- ]-d-ªpsImïv k¼q-À-®-/
Zn-hym-[n-]-Xy- `-c-W-¯n-sâ ]n-´p-W-¡m-À- i-à-am-b- -shÃp-hn-fn- -S-¯n-. {I-a-an-Ãm-¯- H-cp- Iq-«s¯
i-cn-bm-¡m-³- -thï- D-Ä-¡m-gvN-bpw- n-À-_-Ô-_p-²n-bp-ap-Å- H-cp- b-P-am--³- -thWsa¶m-Wv
k¼q-À-®-/Zn-hym-[n-]-Xy- `-c-W-¯n-sâ ]n-´p-W-¡m-cpsS A-`n-{]m-bw-. Asæn-Â-, F-´v D-Xv]m-Zn-¸n-
¡-Wsa-t¶m A-Xv D-]tbmKn-¨v F-´v -sN¿-Wsa-t¶m -ssZhs¯ F-§s B-cm-[n-¡-Wsa-t¶m
G-Xv h-kv{Xw- [-cn-¡-Wsa-t¶m F-{X-am-{Xw- Nn-e-hm-¡-Wsa-t¶m o-¡nsh¡-Wsa-t¶m n-§-Ä-¡v
A-dn-bmsX h-cpw-.
kz-X-kn-²-am-b- {I-aw--
k¦o-À-W-am-b-- {I-a-¯n-sâ c-l-ky-§-Ä- km-aq-ln-I- im-kv{X-Ú-am-À- I-ïp-]n-Sn-¡p-¶-
Xp-hsc hy-àn-ItfmSp-Å- _-lp-am-w- F-¶- [m-À-½n-I- X-¯-z-¯n-v B- -shÃp-hn-fnsb H-ä-¡v
tcn-Sm-³- km-[n-¨n-Ã-. q-äm-ïp-Itfmfw- hn-i-z-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xpt]m-se, H-cp- -tXo-¨-¡q-«nse k¦o-
À-W-am-b- {I-as¯ "`-cn-¡p-¶-Xv", a-äp- -tXo-¨-I-Ä-¡v B-Ú-I-Ä- -Â-Ip-¶- A-n-b-{´n-X-am-b-
A-[n-Im-cw- D-Å-, H-cp- cm-Ún-b-Ã- F-¶v B-[p-n-I- Io-S-im-kv{X-Ú-À- I-ïp-]n-Sn-¨-Xpt]m-se,
k¦o-À-W-am-b-a-p-jy-kaq-l-§sf"`-cn-¡p-¶-Xv",£o-c-I-À-j-I-À-¡vFt¸mÄ-]-ip-hnsI-d-¡-Wsa¶pw-
]m-en-v F-{X- hn-e- C-S-Wsa¶pw- ]-d-bp-¶- ]-W-¯n-sâ aq-eyw- kr-ãn-¡p-¶-Xpw- kaq-l-¯n-Â- N-«w-
-sImïp-h-cm-³- B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn- B-Ú-I-Ä- -Â-Ip-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶-, A-[n-Im-c-§-fp-Å- a-p-jy-
c-Ã- F-¶v ]-e- km-aq-ln-I- im-kv{X-Ú-·m-cpw- I-ïp-]n-Sn-¨p-. a-dn-¨v, A-h-À- a--Ên-em-¡n-b-Xv -t]m-se,
{I-a-hpw- kar-²n-bp-ap-Å- H-cp- kaq-lw- -thWsa¦n-Â-, Pm-¡v -t¢mUv a-dn- hn-³-skâv -sS K-u-ÀsW
F-¶- ]-Xns«mw- q-äm-ïnse kzm-{´y-hm-Z- hn-Z-Kv²-³- ]-d-ª- "laissez faire et laisser passer le monde
va de lui même!" F-¶- {]-am-W-¯n-Â- B-{i-bn-¡-Ww-.
k¦o-À-W-am-b- N-«-§-Ä- B-Úm-]n-¨p-ïm-¡m-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-. `m-j-, hn-]-Wn- k¼-ZvL-S--, -s]mXp-
n-b-aw-, Iq-SmsX a-äp- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-]-cn-Nn-X-À- X-½n-ep-Å- k¦o-À-W-am-b- kl-I-c-Ww- D-d-hn-Sp-¶-Xv
H-cp- a-lm-m-b- -tXm-hn-sâ (Asæn-Â- A-¯-cw- -tXm-¡-·m-cpsS H-cp- kw-L-¯n-sâ) a--Ên-Â-
D-ïm-Ip-¶- H-cp- ]-²-Xnsb A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¨psImï-Ã-, a-dn-¨v, H-cp- Iq-«w- ]-£n-I-fpw-, a-Õy-§-fpw-,

33. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS N-cn-{X-hpw- L-S--bpw-
33
-tXo-¨-I-fpw- H-cp- n-b-{´n-X- _p-²n- C-ÃmsXXs¶ k¦o-À-W-am-b- N-«w- ]p-ds¸Sp-hn-¡p-¶-Xp
t]m-see-fn-X-am-b-n-b-a-§-Ä-]n-´p-S-cp-¶-a-p-jy-cpsSk¼-À-¡-¯n-sâH-cp-Dt]mÂ-¸-¶-am-bn-«m-Wv.
A-Xv D-ÄsImÅm-³- F-fp-¸-ap-Å- H-cp- Im-cy-a-Ã-. {I-ao-I-cn-¨- H-cp- Iq-«w- Im-cy-§sf
Im-Wpt¼mÄ- -½-Ä- A-Xns {I-ao-I-cn-¡p-¶- H-cm-Ä- Dsï¶p-I-cp-Xpw-. h-cn-h-cn-bm-bn- A-S-
¡nsh¨n-cn-¡p-¶- I-tkc-I-Ä- I-ïm-Â-, "B-cm- Cu- I-tkc-Isf C-§s A-Sp-¡nsh¨-Xv?" F-¶v
H-cp-]s£ Rm-³- -tNmZn-¨pt]mIpw-. F-¶m-Â-, hn-]-Wn- k¼-Zv hy-h-kvY- D-Ä-¸sSbp-Å- F-Ãm- {I-a-§-fpw
A-Xn-sâ hn-I-k-¯n-sâ h-f-À-¨-bn-Â- Xs¶ cq-]o-I-cn-¡s¸«-Xm-Wv, A-§s Xs¶bm-Wv
km-¼-¯n-I-im-kv{X-¯n-Â- -tm_-Â- k½m-w- e-`n-¨- -sPbnw-kv _p-¨--³- ]-d-ª-Xv: "hn-]-Wn-
bnse '{I-aw--' D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv A-Xn-Â- ]s¦Sp-¡p-¶- hy-àn-I-Ä- X-½n-ep-Å- k¶-²-am-b- C-Ss]
S-ep-I-fn-Â- n-¶m-Wv. {I-as¯ Xs¶ A-Xv kr-ãn-¡p-¶- {]-{In-b-bpsS ^-e-am-bm-Wv n-À-h-Nn-¨n-
cn-¡p-¶-Xv. hym-]m-c- {]-{In-b-bn-Â- n-¶pw- kz-X-{´-am-bn- n-e-n-Â-¡m-¯-Xpw- n-e-n-Â-¡m-³-
km-[n-¡m-¯-Xp-am-Wv, "A-Xn-sâ' hn-ln-Xhn-X-c-W- ^-ew-. Cu- {]-{In-b-bn-ÃmsX '{I-aw--' D-ïm-hn-Ã-,
D-ïm-hp-I-bp-an-Ã-.a-p-jy-a--Ên-vC-Xva--kn-em-¡m-³-A-{X-F-fp-¸-a-Ã-,Im-c-Ww-,-½-Ä-F-hnsS-sb¦n-epw-
{I-aw Im-Wp-I-bmsW¦n-Â-, {I-as¯ kr-ãn-¨-hsc Isï¯m-³- -tm¡pw-. ]s£, -½-Ä- A-§s
-tm¡pt¼mÄ- Xm-c-Xtay- e-fn-X-am-b- X-¯-z-§-fn-Â- n-¶pw- k¦o-À-W-am-b- {I-a-§-Ä D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xm-
Wv Im-Wp-I-. a-p-jy- kl-I-c-W-¯n-sâ k¦o-À-W-am-b- {I-a§-Ä- D-ïm-Ip-¶- Im-cy-¯n-epw- C-Xp-
Xs¶bm-Wv kw-`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv.
{I-a-¯n-sâbpw- a-p-jy- kl-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw- k¦o-À-W-am-b- cq-]-§-Ä- D-ïm-hm-³- -¶m-bn-
n-À-h-Nn-¨-Xpw- kw-c-£n-¡s¸«-Xp-am-b- A-h-Im-i-§-Ä- a-Xnsb¶v a--Ên-em-¡pt¼mÄ-, A-h-Im-
i-§-Ä- F-¶- B-i-bw- Iq-Sp-X-Â- hn-i-z-ko-b-am-bn- -tXm¶pw-. ]s£ A-hsb -½-Ä- F-§s
kw-c-£n-¡pw-? C-hnsSbm-Wv kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- ap-¡m-en-¸o-T-¯n-v aq-¶m-as¯ Im-ev B-h-iy-am-Ip-¶-Xv.
`-c-W-L-S-m-]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-À-
A-h-Im-i-§sf km-£m-Xv¡-cn-¡m-pw- kw-c-£n-¡m-pw- ]-e- h-gn-I-fp-ïv. A-Xn-{I-a-§sf
-ssII-ÄsImïv A-{I-an-¡p-¶-h-cpw- Asæn-Â- A-Xn-Â- n-¶v Hm-Sn- H-gn-bm-³- -tm¡p-¶-h-cpw
A-h-cpsS Po-htbpw- kzm-X-{´ys¯bpw- kz-¯p-¡sfbpw- kw-c-£n-¡p-I-bm-Wv. A-Xp
t]m-se Xs¶, A-h-Im-i-§sf ew-Ln-¡m-³- km-[y-X- D-Å-hsc ]p-d-¯m-¡m-³-, hm-Xn-ep-I-Ä-¡v ]q-«p-
I-Ä- hm-§pt¼mgpw- Nm-hn-bp-]tbmKn-¨v N-en-¸n-¡p-¶- hm-l--§-Ä- hm-§pt¼mgpw- -½-Ä- -½psS
A-h-Im-i-§sf kw-c-£n-¡p-I-bm-Wv. -½psS am-{Xw- i-ànsImïpw- ]q-«p-I-fpw- Xmt¡mep-I-fpw-
-sImïpw- am-{Xw- kz-bw- kw-c-£n-¡p-¶- H-cp- -temI-¯v, Iq-Sp-X-Â- i-à-cm-b-h-À- Zp-À-º-e-cm-b-hsc
Io-g-S-¡pw-. A-XpsImïm-Wv a-p-jy-À-, kz-´w- kw-c-£-W-¯n-pthïn- ]-e- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- kw-L-S--
I-Ä- D-ïm-¡p-¶-Xv. B-[q-n-I- Im-e-L-«-¯nse kz-X-{´- kaq-l-§-Ä- C-¡m-c-W-¯m-em-Wv X-§sf
kw-c-£n-¡m-m-bn- D-S--Sn A-{I-aw- kzo-I-cn-¡m-¯-Xv (]-et¸mgpw- A-Xv B-h-iyw- h-¶m-Â-Iq-Sn-);
Fs´-s´¶p-h-¨m-Â-, C-S-¡nsSbp-Å- -tamis¸«- A-Sn-]n-Sn-I-Ä- H-gnsI, A-{I-a-§-Ä- Ip-d-bm-p-Å-
Im-c-Wsa-s´¶m-Â-, A-Xn-Â- n-¶pw- e-`n-¡m-³- km-[y-X-bp-Å- Kp-W-§-Ä- A-Xn-Â- n-¶pw- D-ïm-
hm-³- km-[y-X-bp-Å- -tZmj-§tf¡m-Ä- Ip-d-hm-Wv. a-p-jy-À- X-½n-ep-Å- k¼-À-¡-¯n-Â- A-{I-a-
§-Ä- F-¶pw- Ip-d-ªpsImïn-cn-¡p-¶p- (A-Xm-b-Xv, `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ A-{I-a-§-Ä- H-gn-¨v, A-Xv
e-£-¡-W-¡n-p- a-p-jy-cpsS -sIme-]m-X-I-¯n-v C-S-bm-¡p-¶p-). C-¯-csamcp- Im-cyw -C-â-Às

34. -tSmw- Pn-. ]m-a-À-
34
än-Â- I-e-l-¯n-sâ-tbm -sIme-]m-X-I-¯n-sâ-tbm A-Sn-bpsS-tbm Nn-{Xw- I-ï- H-cmsf B-Ý-
cys¸Sp-¯ntb¡mw-, ]s£, I-gn-ª- B-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-v h-À-j-§-fn-Â- A-Xpw- I-gn-ª- G-Xm-pw
Nn-e- q-äm-ïp-I-fm-bn-«v, n-Xy-Po-hn-X-¯n-Â- D-ïm-Ip-¶- A-{I-a-§-fpsS F-®w- -¶m-bn- Ip-d-
ªpsh¶- h-kvXp-X- tÃmWw- -tcJs¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xm-Wv. -temI-¯v kv{Xo-I-Äs¡Xnscbp-Å-
A-{I-a-§-Ä- H-cn-¡-Â- h-fsc km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p-, F-sâ Ip-«n-¡m-e-¯v, "X-Wp-¯pt]mb-,
]-X-bn-Ãm-¯- Im-¸n-" -Â-In-b-Xn-v A-h-cpsS `m-cy-amsc X-Ãp-¶- `-À-¯m-¡-·mtcbpw- C-SnsImïv
I-dp-¯- ap-J-ap-Å- kv{Xo-I-Ä- C-n-ap-X-Â- A-h-cpsS `-À-¯m-¡-·msc k-t´mjn-¸n-¡p-¶- co-Xn-bn-Â-
-s]cp-am-dmw- F-¶v Im-Wn-¨n-cp-¶- ]-e- ]-c-ky-§-fpw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. -s]mXp-hm-bn- -tm¡n-bm-Â-, A-{I-
a-§-fpsS F-®w- Ip-d-bpt´mdpw-, A-h-¡v e-`n-¡p-¶- {i-²- Iq-Sp-I-bpw- A-XnsXnscbp-ïm-Ip-¶-
{]-Xntj[-§-Ä- Iq-Sns¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bp-am-Wv.
cm-{ão-b- Nn-´tbmSv -tI{µo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv -½psS A-{I-a-¯ntmSp-Å- Zp-À-_-e-X- - A-{I-aw
n-b-{´n-¡m-p-Å- B-h-iy-I-X-. B-ß-c-£-bn-Â- am-{Xw- B-{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-p-]-I-cw-, C-¶p- -½-Ä
Nn-e- {]tXyI- hy-h-lm-c-§-fpsS-taem-Wv X-À-¡-§-Ä- Xo-À-¡m-pw (-tImS-Xn-I-fpw- a-[y-kvY-X-bpw-)
A-h-Im-i-§sf kw-c-£n-¡m-pw- (kp-c-£m- G-P-³-kn-I-fpw- -t]meo-kpw-) B-{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. -½-Ä
a-äp-Å-h-À-¡v _-e-{]tbmKw- -S-¯m-³- A-[n-Im-cw sImSp-¡pt¼mÄ-, A-Xv -½sf kw-c-£n-¡m-m-
bn-«msW¦n-Ât]mepw-, kw-c-£n-¡m-³- Np-a-X-es¸Sp-¯n-b-h-À- Xs¶ -½sf C-c-bm-¡m-³- km-[y-
X-bp-ïv F-¶m-Wv C-hn-Sps¯ A-]-I-Sw-. -tdma-³- I-hn- Ppshm-en-sâ h-cn-I-Ä- Cu- {]-ivs¯
hm-¡p-I-fn-eqsS B-hn-jvI-cn-¨n-«p-ïv, "Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?" - B-cm-Wv Im-h-Â-¡msc
-tm¡p-¶-Xv?
cm-{ão-b- im-kv{X-¯nse G-ä-hpw- {]-[m-s¸«- H-¶m-b- Cu- -tNmZy-¯n-v, A-[n-Im-c- n-b-{´-
W-¯n-pthïn-bp-Å- N-e--¯n-sâ ap-³-Km-an-I-fm-b-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zn-I-Ä- Ft¸mgpw- {]m-[m-yw
-Â-In-bn-«p-ïv. A-[n-Im-c- n-b-{´-W-¯n-pthïn- D-]tbmKn-¡s¸«n-cp-¶- ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b- kvYm-
]--§-fpw- k{¼-Zm-b-§-fpw- C-h-bm-Wv: n-b-a-]m-e-w- -S-¯m-p-Å- A-[n-Im-cw- -Â-Ip-I-bpw
AsXka-bw- A-¯-cw- A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- -ssIh-cn-¡p-¶-hsc A-[o--X-bn-Â- -sImïp-h-cp-I-bpw-
-sN¿p-¶- `-c-W-L-S--I-Ä-; "]-cntim[--I-fpw- Xp-ey-X-bpw-" D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-m-bn- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ
hn-hn-[- im-J-I-Ä- -sImïp-ïm-¡n-b- a-Õcn-¡p-¶- kw-hn-[m--§-Ä-; A-ym-b-am-btXm A-n-ã-I-
c-am-btXm B-b- cm-{ão-b-hpw- n-b-a-]-c-hp-am-b- hy-h-kvY-I-fn-Â- n-¶pw- ]p-d-¯p-h-cm-p-Å- A-h-
Im-iw- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯p-I-; A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{´y-¯n-p-Å- A-h-Im-i-hpw-, B-bp-[-§-Ä- kq-£n-¡m-pw-
h-ln-¡m-p-ap-Å- A-h-Im-i-hpw-, Pq-dn- hn-Nm-c-W- -sN¿m-p-Å- A-h-Im-i-hpw-, kz-´w- kz-¯ns B-kz-
Zn-¡m-p-Å- A-h-Im-i-hpw- D-Äs¸Sp-¶- H-cp- F-gp-Xs¸«- A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS -tcJ-; Iq-SmsX, cm-Pyw-,
kw-kvIm-cw-,Im-e-L-«w- F-¶n-h-¡v C-W-§p-¶- co-Xn-I-Ä-.
cm-Pm-¡-·msc n-b-{´n-¡p-¶- ]p-cm-X--am-b- D-S-¼-Sn-I-fm-b- C-¯-cw- ]m-c-¼-cy-§-Ä-, Cw-¥-
ïnse am-ám- Im-À-«-bn-epw-, lw-K-dn-bnse -tKmÄ-U-³- _p-Ån-epw- Xp-S-§n-, ]ns¶, kzn-ävkÀ-em-³-Un-epw-
Hm-kv-t{Sen-b-bn-epw-, Atacn-¡-bn-epw- bp-²m--´-c- Im-es¯ P-À-a-n-bn-epw- Hm-kv{Sn-b-bn-epw- D-Å-
-s^U-d-en-k¯n-sâ B-[p-n-I- cq-]-§-Ä- B-bn-. bqtdm¸ns bp-²-¯nte¡v hn-«- m-kn-k¯n-sâ
H-cp- "-tXÀ-Uv do-bvNv" -t]m-sebp-Å- H-cp- Zp-c-´w- H-gn-hm-¡m-m-bm-Wv -taÂ- ]-d-ª-Xnse A-h-km-
s¯ c-ïv cm-Py-§-fpw- -s^U-d-Â- kv-tääv -sImïp-h-¶-Xv. A-Xn-sâ -S-¸n-em-¡-Â- H-cn-¡-epw- Ip-ä-
ap-à-am-bn-cn-¡n-Ã-, am-{X-a-Ã-, A-Xv Htcm cm-Py-¯nsâ N-cn-{X-¯n--p-kcn-¨pw-, Hmtcm n-b-a-kvYm-
]--¯n-sâ I-cp-¯n--p-kcn-¨pw- a-äp- L-S-I-§-Ä-¡-p-kcn-¨pw- am-dpw-, F-¶m-epw-, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-
¯n-sâ {]-[m-s¸«- aq-¶mw- kvXw-`-am-Wv A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ-taep-Å- `-c-W-L-S-m- n-b-{´-W-§-Ä-.

35. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z- Nn-´-bpsS N-cn-{X-hpw- L-S--bpw-
35
kzm-X-{´yw-, {I-aw--, o-Xn-, kam-[m-w-, kar-²n-
h-fsc hy-à-am-bn- n-À-h-Nn-¡s¸«- hy-àn- kzm-X-{´y-§sf kw-c-£n-¡m-pw- o-Xn-]-c-am-b- {]-h-À-
¯n-Isf -sImïp-h-cm-pw- -S-¸n-em-¡m-p-ap-Å- Np-a-X-e- am-{X-am-Wv kÀ-¡m-cn-p-ÅsX¦n-Â-,
hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v A-h-cpsS kz-´w- Im-cy-§sf kz-X-{´-am-bn- -sN¿m-pw- A-h-cptSXm-b- co-Xn-I-fn-Â-
k-t´mjw- Isï¯m-pw- km-[n-¡pw-, A-§sh-cpt¼mÄ-, kÀ-¡m-À- _-e-{]tbmKw- D-]tbmKn-¨v
-sImïp-h-cm-³- {i-an-¡p-¶- H-cp- N-«-¯ns¡m-Ä- Iq-Sp-X-Â- {I-a-hpw- kl-I-c-W-hpw- kaq-l-¯n-Â-
D-ïm-Ipw-. kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-¯n-sâ ap-¡m-en-¸o-Tw- D-ïm-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶- aq-¶v L-S-I-§-Ä-¡v - (hy-àn-kzm-
X-{´yw-, kz-X-kn-²-am-b- {I-aw-, `-c-W-L-S-m-]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-an-X-am-b- kÀ-¡m-À)- - h-fsc h-en-b- N-cn-{X-
§-fp-ïv.
H-cp- kzm-X-{´temIw-, F-´m-bm-epw-, H-cp- Ip-ä-hn-ap-à- -temI-am-hn-Ã-, Im-c-Ww-, A-hn-Sw -tZmj-
§-fp-Å- hy-àn-Isf-sImïv n-d-ª-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw-, A-h-cn-Â- B-À-¡pw- A-p-kcn-¸n-¡m-p-Å- A-[n-
Im-cw- hn-i-z-kn-¨p- -Â-Im-³- km-[n-¡n-Ã-. Fs´¶m-Â-, G-ä-hpw- an-I-¨-h-Àt]mepw a-äp-Å-h-cpsS-taÂ-
-tXm¶p-¶-Xpt]m-se A-[n-Im-c-§-Ä- A-Snt¨Â-¸n-¡pw-, A-hsc C-c-bm-¡pw-, A-ym-bw- Im-Wn-¡pw-.
]s£, kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- ]-cn-an-Xn-I-Ä- B-{K-ln-¡p-¶- H-cp- Z-À-i-w- am-{X-a-Ã-. A-Xv km-aq-ln-I-,
im-kv{Xo-b-, I-em-]-c-am-b- D-¶-Xn-bpsSbpw- Z-À-i--am-Wv; hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- Po-hn-X-co-Xn-I-fpsSbpw-
kw-kvIm-c-§-fpsSbpw- C-S-bn-ep-Å- kam-[m--]-c-hpw- ]-c-kv]-c- _-lp-am-t¯mSp-Iq-Sn-bp-ap-Å-
Po-hn-X-co-Xn-bm-Wv; hy-h-km-b-hpw-, hm-Wn-Py-hpw-, kmt¦Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fpw- D-]tbmKn-¨psImïv Zm-cn-
{Zys¯bpw- hn-Zym-lo--Xsbbpw- Xp-S-¨p-am-äp-¶-Xp-am-Wv; kz-X-{´-cpw- ap-à-cpw- a-l-X-z-ap-Å-h-cm-b-
hy-àn-I-Ä-¡v A-h-cpsS A-h-Im-i-§-fpsS B-kzm-Z-w- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-³- I-gn-bp-¶-Xp-am-Wv.
{]-[m-s¸«- B-i-b-§sf a--Ên-em-¡m-pw A-h- X-½n-Â- _-Ôs¸Sp-¯m-pw- D-Å- H-cp-
_-u-²n-I- ]-²-Xntbbpw-, kzm-X-{´y-hpw- o-Xn-bpw- kam-[m--hp-ap-Å- H-cp- -temIs¯ D-ïm-¡m-p-
ap-Å- H-cp- {]mtbmKn-I- ]-²-Xntbbpw- kzm-X-{´y-hm-Zw- k½m-n-¡p-¶p-. A-Xv GsäSp-¡m-³- -ss[cy-
ap-Å-h-À-¡v kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶- ]-²-Xn- H-cp- {]tNmZ--am-Ipw-, Xo-À-¨-bm-bn-«pw-.
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