Expanding the Boundaries of Optical Communications

Expanding the Boundaries of OpticalExpanding the Boundaries of Optical
CommunicationsCommunications
Claudio MazzaliClaudio Mazzali
Business Technology DirectorBusiness Technology Director
TelecomTelecom

Exciting Times !
January 7th, 2013
January 15th, 2013
March 18th, 2013
May 2nd, 2013
Telecom © Corning Incorporated 2013 2
May 2 , 2013
May 20th, 2013

Exciting Times !
January 7th, 2013
January 15th, 2013
March 18th, 2013
May 2nd, 2013
May 2 , 2013
May 20th, 2013

Exciting Times !
January 7th, 2013
January 15th, 2013
March 18th, 2013
May 2nd, 2013
Corning Tecnologias de
Communicação S.A.
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
May 2 , 2013
May 20th, 2013

Exciting Times !
January 7th, 2013
January 15th, 2013
March 18th, 2013
May 2nd, 2013
May 2 , 2013
May 20th, 2013

And just 4 days ago…
May 22nd , 2013,
McKinsey: The $33 Trillion
Technology Payoff
By STEVE LOHR

150
200
250
Fiber market is already >2x the peak during Telecom Bubble
M fkm
China
280% Growth
• Mobile traffic exploding driven
by smart devices, requiring
towers to be connected with
fiber
• China becomes the largest
market globally in just a few
years
Global Fiber Market Demand
8%
49%
47%
47%
0
50
100
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
ROW
• FTTH, FTTC, FTTB builds
become common
• New services such as cloud
computing and OTT video
further stimulate already
robust bandwidth growth
Source: Corning Analysis
1%
4%
21%

The Big Squeeze
3Q12 YoY Revenue Growth/Decline
$2,000
$1,500
$1,000
PriceperPortperGbps
Petabytespermonth
120
100
80
60
Long haul
Access
• 100G
• 400G
• FTTx
• LTE
• Mobility, internet Video and
Cloud offer new revenue
streams
• But require CapEx
investment in Next Gen
architecture: Source: 2012 Infonetics Fundamental Market Drivers
• Carrier revenue growth
is lagging traffic growth
Technology and Innovation have
a critical role in increasing
simplicity and providing cost
effective capacity
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
$500
$0
PriceperPortperGbps
Petabytespermonth
40
20
0
Source: 2012 Infonetics Fundamental Market Drivers

And the boundaries are being expanded…
…MultiCore and Few Moded Fibers are new players…

But a different picture when distance is also considered…

Spectral efficiency and OSNR/Reach balance
• 1 bit per symbol
• 2 bits per symbol
IncreasingSEandrequiredOSNR
BPSK
QPSK
Decreasingreach
IncreasingSEandrequiredOSNR
8 QAM
16 QAM
Source: Carena et. Al JLT vol. 30 No. 10, May 2012

In addition to MultiCore and Few Moded Fibers, Pure Silica
Core fibers also playing a critical role…and shorter term !
8
10
12
14Spectralefficiency(b/s/Hz)
SiGe Fibers
PCS Fibers
Shannon Limit
Hero Experiments
PSC Fibers
0
2
4
6
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Spectralefficiency(b/s/Hz)
Distance (km)

Multi Core FibersMulti Core Fibers
FewFew ModedModed FibersFibers
Expanding Capacity and Capabilities…
Low Loss FibersLow Loss Fibers

MultiCore Fibers – The industry needs to focus on the critical
challenges and most likely applications
Multiple Multi-Core designs: Corning, OFS, Sumitomo, NTT, etc…
Termination…
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
InsertionLoss(dB)
Core Number of Input Fiber
Termination…

Wouldn’t Multi Core bring more value in short distances for
high density interconnects in Data Centers ?
Ch 1
Ch 2
Ch 3
• 25 Gb/s, PRBS 231-1, 1490 nm, unidirectional traffic
• 200 m, direct coupling from Silicon waveguides gratings into MCF
24
5 ps/div
Ch 4
Ch 5
Ch 6
Ch 7
Ch 8

Few mode fibers
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
RMSModalDelay(ns/km)
0.35% delta
0.40% delta
0.45% delta
0.50% delta
-0.0005
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
0.004
0.0045
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Radius (a.u.)
Delta
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7
Wavelength (um)
RMSModalDelay(ns/km)
0.35% delta
0.40% delta
0.45% delta
0.50% delta
0
1.9 1.92 1.94 1.96 1.98 2 2.02 2.04
alpha
Radius (a.u.)
1525 1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 1565
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Wavelength (nm)
ModeGroupDelayDifference(ps/km)
(a)
LP01 LP11
Mode field diameter (um) 13.2 13.3
Effective area (um2) 137 183
Cutoff wavelength (nm) n/a 2634
Attenuation (dB/km) 0.22 0.25

Transmission experiment
(in collaboration with NEC Labs America)
• Use 3 spatial modes in a 50 km few mode fiber from Corning
• 88 wavelength channels in each spatial mode
• 112-Gb/s in each wavelength channel
• 26.4 Tb/s MDM transmission over 50-km

…and more tricks may be necessary…but how practical ?
Negative
DMGD
Positive
DMGD
50
100
150
200
250
ModeGroupDelay(ps/km)
A:18km-spool
B:10km-spool
C:22km-spool
D:50km-spool
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Er
3+
Density(a.u.)
Ring Doping
Few Moded EDFA
1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Wavelength (nm)
AverageDMGD(ps/km)
x-pol y-pol
LP01
LP11,e
LP11,o
1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560
-150
-100
-50
0
Wavelength (nm)
ModeGroupDelay(ps/km)
16 18 20 22 24 26
0
5
10
15
20
25
Pump Power (dBm)
Gain(dB)
LP01
LP11
Center-launch
Pumping
Offset-launch
Pumping
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
0
0.2
Radius (µm)

…And if we are talking about expanding boundaries, why not
combine them ?...
• MCF has 12 single-mode, and two few-mode cores supporting LP01 and LP11 propagation
• SM cores: step-index with mode-field diameter (MFD) of 9 µm at 1550 nm
• FM cores: graded index, MFD of LP01 mode is 14 µm at 1550 nm
• Pitch spacing: 45 µm
• 12 cores × [386×91.54 + 384×102.66 ] + 2 cores × 354×213.1 Gb/s = 1.048 Pb/s
• Total bandwidth from 1526.22 nm to 1611.38 nm: 10.38 THz
• “Equivalent” Spectral Efficiency: ~ 110 b/s/Hz.
• (By the way, I personally don’t agree with this “definition”…)
Collaboration Corning – NEC America
• (By the way, I personally don’t agree with this “definition”…)
SM2 SM6
SM1 SM5 SM1
0
FM
1
SM4 SM9 FM2
SM3 SM8 SM12
SM7 SM11
And just to remind ourselves…1 Petabit...per second…
117,281,240,296 pages of plaintext (1,200 characters)
586,406,201 books (200 pages or 240,000 characters)
44,739,243 digital pictures (with 3MB average file size)
33,554,432 MP3 audio files (with 4MB average file size)
206,489 650MB CD's
29,925 4.38GB DVD's
5,243 25GB Blu-ray discs

Experimental setup
(in collaboration with NEC Labs America)
385 C+L-
Band DFB
laser
3-km
MCF
SM1-12
FM1-2
τ1
τ2
τ3
τ4
τ5
τ6
τ7
τ8
τ9
τ10
τ11
τ12
τ13
τ14
τ17
τ18
OFFLINE
PROCESSING
Pol.
Mux
90°
Hybrid
PD
PD
PD
PD
TOF
Sampling
Scope
LO
Core
Selector (B)
I/Q Mod-1
FS
12.5 GHz
Pol.
Mux
DP-32QAM-OFDM Transmitter for SM Cores
AWG
ECL
M-MUX
I/Q Mod-2
Pol.
Mux
I/Q Mod-3
Pol.
Mux
DP-QPSK Transmitter for FM Cores
τa τb
τ τ
WSS
Odd
λ
Even
25G/50GIL
PC
τ15
Pol.
Mux
90°
Hybrid
PD
PD
PD
PD
Sampling
Scope
WSS
LP
M-DEMUX
Core-to-CoreS-
MUX(A)
SM1
SM2
SM3
SM4
SM5
SM6
SM7
SM8
SM9
SM10
SM11
SM12
FM1
FM2
Micropositioner
Receiving
fiber:
SM or FM
Core Selector
AWG = Arbitrary Waveform
Generator
DFB = Distributed Feedback
FS = Frequency Shifter
IL = Interleaver
I/Q Mod= IQ Modulator
LO = Local Oscillator
M-(DE)MUX = Mode (de)multiplexer
PC = Polarization controller
PD = Photodiode
Pol. Mux = Polarization Multiplexer
TOF: Tunable optical filter
WSS = Wavelength Selective Switch
(B)(A)
PPG
Trigger
τc τd
Even
λ
τ16
Single mode fiber Few mode fiber Auto control loop
Computer
Auto measurement control loop
60×
Micropositioner
Single-core SM
or FM fibers
Core-to-Core S-MUX
PD
LP01
LP11e
LP11o
LO
FM2

Spansph
ch
NNFPS
P
OSNRout
⋅⋅⋅
=
2/ nAeff∝
FiberFiber
EffectiveEffective
FiberFiber
AttenuationAttenuation
Effect of fiber attributes on OSNR and Fiber FOM
Spansph NNFPS ⋅⋅⋅
Fiber Independent
)/(nAttenuatio kmdBα∝
EffectiveEffective
AreaArea
AttenuationAttenuation
G. Charlet, ECOC 2010, paper We.8.F.1
[ ]








−⋅−−








⋅
⋅
=
refeff
eff
ref
refeff
refeff
L
L
LkmdBkmdB
nA
nA
,2,
,2
log10)/()/(log10FOM(dB)Fiber αα
N. Bergano, OFC 2009, SubOptic 2010

Impact of Attenuation & Aeff on Fiber FOM
110
120
130
140
150
Effectivearea(sq.um)
5-5.5
4.5-5
4-4.5
3.5-4
3-3.5
2.5-3
2-2.5
GeO2-doped silica core, n2 = 2.3x10-20 m2/W Silica core, n2 = 2.1x10-20 m2/W
VascadeVascade®®
EX3000 fiberEX3000 fiber
FOM (dB)
0.16
0.162
0.164
0.166
0.168
0.17
0.172
0.174
0.176
0.178
0.18
0.182
0.184
0.186
0.188
0.19
0.192
0.194
0.196
0.198
0.2
80
90
100
Fiber attenuation (dB/km)
Effectivearea(sq.um)
2-2.5
1.5-2
1-1.5
0.5-1
0-0.5
Ref. fiber: Aeff = 80 µm2, α= 0.20 dB/km, n2 = 2.3x10-20 m2/W
For this example, span length is 75 km
VascadeVascade®®
EX2000 fiberEX2000 fiber
SMFSMF--28 ULL28 ULL
REFREFREFREF

And we need to use all tools to enable this performance,
including coatings…
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.21
Attenuation(dB/km)
Silica-Germania Silica Core
Fiber
Manufac.
Fiber
type
(dB/km)
@1550
Aeff
(mm2)
Reference or comment
Corning PSC 0.160 150 OFC 2013 papers OTu2B, PDP 5A.6
Sumitomo PSC 0.154 130 OFC 2013, PDP5A7
OFS SiGe 0.183 150 J.X. Cai et. al JLT, vol 30, p.652 (2012)
Draka SiGe 0.185 155 OFC 2011 paper OMR2.
Aeff = 110-115
sq. um
Aeff = 120-125
sq. um
Aeff = 130-135
sq. um
z
e γ−
∝
2/3
36
4
E
b
a
∆
∝γ 2b2a
Corning
EX2000
PSC 0.162 112
Commercially available
http://www.corning.com
Sumitomo
Z+ fiber
PSC 0.168 112
http://global-sei.com/
OFS
UltraWave
SLA
SiGe 0.185 106
http://ofsoptics.com
Draka
LongLines
SiGe <0.190 120
http://communications.draka.com/

Talking about combining attributes… Carriers were looking
for this also in more general networks…
Core
Bend improved
G.657.A1 fiber
e.g. ClearCurve® XB fiber
Low-loss
G.652.D fiber
e.g. SMF-28e+® LL fiber
Business Name Security Marking 28
Access
• Different fiber types presents many challenges:
• Inventory management complexity
• Mode Field Diameter (MFD) mismatch
• Deployment and maintenance speed
Corning®Corning®
SMFSMF--28® Ultra28® Ultra fiberfiber

Talking about combining attributes… Carriers were looking for
this also in more general networks…
1550 nm (dB/km)
1625 nm (dB/km)
1310 nm (dB/km)
Typical G.652.D
fiber
≤ 0.23
≤ 0.20
≤ 0.35
≤ 0.20
≤ 0.18
≤ 0.32
Typical G.657.A1
fiber
≤ 0.23
≤ 0.20
≤ 0.35
Corning®
SMF-28® Ultra fiber
1625 nm (dB/km)
PMDQ (ps/√km)
1550nm bend @ 10mm radius (dB)
1310nm MFD(μm)
≤ 0.23
< 0.06
≤ 0.20
< 0.04
< 0.50
9.2 ± 0.4
Not Specified
9.2 ± 0.4
SMF-28® Ultra fiber delivers better attenuation and macrobend performance, with no
compromise in any other attributes…Compatible and simple.
≤ 0.23
< 0.06
< 0.75
8.6 ± 0.4

Short Dist. and Mega Data CentersShort Dist. and Mega Data Centers
Convergence OpticalConvergence Optical -- WirelessWireless
Expanding the Penetration of Optical Communications…
Consumer ElectronicsConsumer Electronics

Mega Data Centers bringing new challenges for optics…

Disaggregation Impact: Electrical Optical
SAN switch
PCIe extension
Disagregated Server
Top of the rack (TOR) switch
ServerLAN Connection
SAN Connection
In-rack connection
Metro
WAN
Campus

New Challenges…
Fiber-Chip Coupling
The Fiber Dispersion
becomes important again…

Short Distances and Data CentersShort Distances and Data Centers

Optical Comm. expansion into “Horizontal” enabling Wireless Coverage
Launching ONE™ Wireless Platform - DAS
• Mobile broadband demand growing at 66% CAGR
• Connected devices to reach 19 billion by 2016
Wireless Trends
“Bandwidth of fiber to every access point”
Optical Distributed Antenna System (DAS)
Source: Cisco
“Bandwidth of fiber to every access point”
Lower
cost
• Less installation time (~40%)
• Lower first-installed cost (~0-20%)
• 20-40% less total cost of ownership
More
capability
• Integrated GigE for small cells, WiFi
• 1:1 architecture for advanced features
High
flexibility
• Modular for cost effective upgrades
• Dynamic capacity steering &
multi-sector support

Optical Communications expansion into Access enabling Wireless Coverage
Synergies leading to Convergence FTTx - LTE

Short Distances and Data CentersShort Distances and Data Centers

Optical Communications expanding into Consumer Electronics
AOCs for Cons. Electronics – Thunderbolt (10G) and USB 3.0 (5Gb/s)

Simple Summary…
1. Lots of questions…and lots of options…
2. Consequently lots of juicy research areas
3. And lots of challenges and opportunities…
3. And lots of challenges and opportunities…
Exciting and Busy Times Ahead of Us !

Thank You !...
Obrigado !
Claudio Mazzali
mazzalic@corning.com

Business Name Security Marking 42

Dubai
Link design using Corning®
SMF-28® ULL fiber
Using standard G.652 fiber
3 Huts needed
3 Amplifiers needed
75 km
70 km
Focus on Performance
SMF-28® ULL case study: backbone ring of UAE network
Source: Google Maps
Lower
Attenuation
Abu
Dhabi
Al Ain
70 km
70 km
75 km
70 km
65 km
145 km
145 km
135 kmSMF-28® ULL Fibre

$ 1,5 M
Equipment savings by using SMF-28 ® ULL fiber
> $8 M
savings!!
Focus on Performance
SMF-28® ULL case study: backbone ring of UAE network
Lower
Attenuation
3 Huts
$ 2.5 M
$ 3 M
$ 2 M
$ 3.5 M
SMF-28® ULL cable extra cost (48 FC)
Hut ($500 K per Hut - construction &
equipment cost)
Net equipment savings
Amplifiers ($300 K - 6 amplifiers per fibre pair)
The Ultra Low Attenuation of Corning® SMF-28® ULL enables optimum link
performance reducing significantly OPEX and CAPEX
SMF-28® ULL Fibre
Key takeaway
3 Huts
# Fiberpairs
1 pair 2 pairs 3 pairs 24 pairs4 pairs

Few mode fiber
1. Mode division multiplexing
– Use each spatial mode to transmit WDM signals
2. Fundamental mode transmission
– Increase effective area beyond the limit (~150 µm2) for single mode fiber
ApproachApproach SISI GIGI
Mode coupling
Increase effective index differences
Reduce overlap between modes
=
-
=
+
Modal delay Reduce group index differences - +
Multipath
interference
Reduce group index differences
Use better coating
-
=
+
=
Bending loss
Use low index trench
Use better coating
=
=
=
=

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