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Global Distribution of Peatlands




Approximately 4 million km2

175 countries from tropics to poles

3% of the world’s land area
UK Distribution of Peatlands
                Peatlands occur in a number of
                different forms in the UK: fens,
                wet woodland and bogs

                92% of the peatland in the UK
                occurs as blanket and raised
                bogs

                The UK has about 13% of the
                world’s blanket bog
Carbon storage & sink

Peatlands cover just 3% of the world’s land surface but store more than
30% of the total global soil carbon

A loss of just 1.6% of the global peat store equates to the total annual
global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions

In the UK peatlands store 3 200 million tonnes of carbon, 20 times than
that of UK forests

Semi-natural, intact bogs may remove 30-70 tonnes of carbon per km2 per
year

A loss of just 5% of the UK peat store equates to the total annual UK
anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions
Biodiversity

Largest area of semi-natural habitat in the UK containing 16 NVC plant
communities

One of the most ancient and unique habitats in Europe dating back
thousands of years (designated as SAC)

Supports a unique, rare and threatened range of specialised species
adapted to waterlogged, nutrient-poor conditions such as sundews and
Sphagnum

Internationally important bird assemblages such as golden plover, dunlin,
merlin & hen harrier (designated as SPA)
History

Preserved pollen and partially decomposed plant remains enables
   reconstruction of vegetation and land management history.



Record of past atmospheric pollution levels


Record of past events – eg volcanic eruptions


Archaeological artefacts
Economy

As major tourist attractions peatland bring the tourist pound into remote
areas supporting accommodation providers and local communites


Management of peatlands for grouse (or deer stalking in Scotland)
provides employment opportunities for keepers and other sporting
managers

Peatlands are an integral part of the extensive sheep farming systems of
the UK uplands

In some areas of the UK peat is still exploited as a fuel
source
Current state of peatlands
Less than 20% of blanket bog in UK is in a natural or near-natural
condition

Majority of UK peatlands are no longer peat forming

16% severely eroded, 10% afforested, 11% affected by past peat-cutting,
40% modified or destroyed by conversion to agriculture

Now emitting 3.7million tonnes of CO2 equivalents per year > average
annual emissions of Leeds, Edinburgh and Cardiff.

Only 58% of internationally designated blanket bog is in favourable
condition. Of the rest only 15% is recovering

Over last 30 years amount of dissolved organic carbon (brown colour) in
water draining peatlands has doubled which has to be taken out by water
companies
Key damaging drivers
Large areas drained with ditches (grips) through agricultural subsidies.
No longer funded but still flowing and eroding

10% of UK peatlands afforested. Generally requires drainage, cultivation
and fertilisation which causes peat to crack, shrink and oxidise


Heavy grazing changes the vegetation converting from specialists to
grass dominated peatlands which begin to erode and stop peat forming.


Fire. Wildfire and poorly-managed burns on grouse moors damages
Sphagnum and leads to conversion to heather and grasses. Dessicated
peatlands are drier and more prone to fire – a vicious circle
Partnership funded by:
Yorkshire Wildlife Trust
Yorkshire Dales NPA
North York Moors NPA
Environment Agency
Natural England
Yorkshire Water
National Trust

Other Partners:
Yorkshire Dales rivers Trust
Nidderdale AONB
Pennine Prospects
Moorland Association
National Gamekeepers Association
National Farmers Union
Objectives
•Restore 35,000 (50%) of peatland by restoring 3401km (45%) of
grip/gully and re-vegetating 169ha (50%) of bare peat by March 2017
• Establish long-term sites for research into the benefits of peatland
restoration to ecosystem services by March 2013
•To use and promote best practice in all applied restoration techniques
•To raise awareness and promote the multitude of benefits that peatland
restoration can provide
Part A – Aerial Photographs
Part B – Rapid Walkover
Category 1b -        Category 3 -
                     Eroding and deeply
Blocked grip
                     scoured;
                     >1000mm-1500mm
                     wide;
                     >1000mm-1200mm
                     deep




Category 1f -
Flowing grip up to    Category 4+
600mm wide;
650mm deep
Eroding Hags     Peat Pans




Micro Erosion   Oxidised Peat
Grip blocking
Gully blocking


Majority of larger grips and some gullies can be blocked using timber
sediment traps
Gully/hag reprofiling

All gullies but especially larger ones that can’t be blocked are re-profiled and
then re-vegetated to remove source of continued erosion
Re-vegetating bare peat

Bare peat needs treating in several ways to get a vegetation cover to
establish


pH levels often too low for vegetation (even Sphagnum)



Wind, water and frost heave in exposed areas mean surface is continually
mobile so vegetation cannot get a hold


Vulnerable to dessiccation in dry periods
Cut heather brash

       Transport brash to site

                    Spread brash to stabilise surface


                           Create stable root mat

                                  Spread lime & fertiliser to support
                                  growth for 3 yrs


                                           3 yrs on all being well

                                                        Establish Sphagnum & other
                                                        peat formers
Results so far
Achievement by December 2011                                    Quantity

Area of land surveyed                                           16,542ha (48%)


Area under restoration                                          3283ha (10%)

Length of grips blocked                                         334km (13%)

Length of eroding gullies re-vegetated                          40km (5%)


Area of bare peat re-vegetated                                  17ha (10%)

Number of peat dams installed in grips                          33,000

Number of timber sediment traps installed in larger grips and   300
gullies
Number of peat depth records                                    20,000

Number of volunteers involved                                   40
Carbon & climate change
Biodiversity & History

Restore the peat we regain the biodiversity and prevent the loss of the
historic record
Water quality




Blocking reduces fine particulate organic matter, suspended solids and
bed sediment leading to change back to Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera,
Trichoptera from Diptera.
Restoration works!

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Global Distribution and Importance of Peatlands

  • 1.
  • 2. Global Distribution of Peatlands Approximately 4 million km2 175 countries from tropics to poles 3% of the world’s land area
  • 3. UK Distribution of Peatlands Peatlands occur in a number of different forms in the UK: fens, wet woodland and bogs 92% of the peatland in the UK occurs as blanket and raised bogs The UK has about 13% of the world’s blanket bog
  • 4. Carbon storage & sink Peatlands cover just 3% of the world’s land surface but store more than 30% of the total global soil carbon A loss of just 1.6% of the global peat store equates to the total annual global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions In the UK peatlands store 3 200 million tonnes of carbon, 20 times than that of UK forests Semi-natural, intact bogs may remove 30-70 tonnes of carbon per km2 per year A loss of just 5% of the UK peat store equates to the total annual UK anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions
  • 5. Biodiversity Largest area of semi-natural habitat in the UK containing 16 NVC plant communities One of the most ancient and unique habitats in Europe dating back thousands of years (designated as SAC) Supports a unique, rare and threatened range of specialised species adapted to waterlogged, nutrient-poor conditions such as sundews and Sphagnum Internationally important bird assemblages such as golden plover, dunlin, merlin & hen harrier (designated as SPA)
  • 6. History Preserved pollen and partially decomposed plant remains enables reconstruction of vegetation and land management history. Record of past atmospheric pollution levels Record of past events – eg volcanic eruptions Archaeological artefacts
  • 7. Economy As major tourist attractions peatland bring the tourist pound into remote areas supporting accommodation providers and local communites Management of peatlands for grouse (or deer stalking in Scotland) provides employment opportunities for keepers and other sporting managers Peatlands are an integral part of the extensive sheep farming systems of the UK uplands In some areas of the UK peat is still exploited as a fuel source
  • 8. Current state of peatlands Less than 20% of blanket bog in UK is in a natural or near-natural condition Majority of UK peatlands are no longer peat forming 16% severely eroded, 10% afforested, 11% affected by past peat-cutting, 40% modified or destroyed by conversion to agriculture Now emitting 3.7million tonnes of CO2 equivalents per year > average annual emissions of Leeds, Edinburgh and Cardiff. Only 58% of internationally designated blanket bog is in favourable condition. Of the rest only 15% is recovering Over last 30 years amount of dissolved organic carbon (brown colour) in water draining peatlands has doubled which has to be taken out by water companies
  • 9. Key damaging drivers Large areas drained with ditches (grips) through agricultural subsidies. No longer funded but still flowing and eroding 10% of UK peatlands afforested. Generally requires drainage, cultivation and fertilisation which causes peat to crack, shrink and oxidise Heavy grazing changes the vegetation converting from specialists to grass dominated peatlands which begin to erode and stop peat forming. Fire. Wildfire and poorly-managed burns on grouse moors damages Sphagnum and leads to conversion to heather and grasses. Dessicated peatlands are drier and more prone to fire – a vicious circle
  • 10. Partnership funded by: Yorkshire Wildlife Trust Yorkshire Dales NPA North York Moors NPA Environment Agency Natural England Yorkshire Water National Trust Other Partners: Yorkshire Dales rivers Trust Nidderdale AONB Pennine Prospects Moorland Association National Gamekeepers Association National Farmers Union
  • 11.
  • 12. Objectives •Restore 35,000 (50%) of peatland by restoring 3401km (45%) of grip/gully and re-vegetating 169ha (50%) of bare peat by March 2017 • Establish long-term sites for research into the benefits of peatland restoration to ecosystem services by March 2013 •To use and promote best practice in all applied restoration techniques •To raise awareness and promote the multitude of benefits that peatland restoration can provide
  • 13. Part A – Aerial Photographs
  • 14. Part B – Rapid Walkover
  • 15. Category 1b - Category 3 - Eroding and deeply Blocked grip scoured; >1000mm-1500mm wide; >1000mm-1200mm deep Category 1f - Flowing grip up to Category 4+ 600mm wide; 650mm deep
  • 16.
  • 17. Eroding Hags Peat Pans Micro Erosion Oxidised Peat
  • 18.
  • 20. Gully blocking Majority of larger grips and some gullies can be blocked using timber sediment traps
  • 21. Gully/hag reprofiling All gullies but especially larger ones that can’t be blocked are re-profiled and then re-vegetated to remove source of continued erosion
  • 22. Re-vegetating bare peat Bare peat needs treating in several ways to get a vegetation cover to establish pH levels often too low for vegetation (even Sphagnum) Wind, water and frost heave in exposed areas mean surface is continually mobile so vegetation cannot get a hold Vulnerable to dessiccation in dry periods
  • 23. Cut heather brash Transport brash to site Spread brash to stabilise surface Create stable root mat Spread lime & fertiliser to support growth for 3 yrs 3 yrs on all being well Establish Sphagnum & other peat formers
  • 24. Results so far Achievement by December 2011 Quantity Area of land surveyed 16,542ha (48%) Area under restoration 3283ha (10%) Length of grips blocked 334km (13%) Length of eroding gullies re-vegetated 40km (5%) Area of bare peat re-vegetated 17ha (10%) Number of peat dams installed in grips 33,000 Number of timber sediment traps installed in larger grips and 300 gullies Number of peat depth records 20,000 Number of volunteers involved 40
  • 26. Biodiversity & History Restore the peat we regain the biodiversity and prevent the loss of the historic record
  • 27. Water quality Blocking reduces fine particulate organic matter, suspended solids and bed sediment leading to change back to Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera from Diptera.

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Peatlands cover approximately 4million km2 3% of the world’s land area Stretching across 175 countries from the tropics to the poles
  2. UK has 9-15% of Europe’s peatlands UK peatlands form 33% of the UK’s soils. The majority of UK peatlands are concentrated in Scotland and northern England Red/dark brown show the deeper peatland areas with mainly blanket and raised bogs Green shows the degraded shallow peaty soils again mainly in the uplands The light brown areas in East Anglia and other agricultural lowlands show wasted or cultivated peat. The peatlands in the southeast are fens
  3. The Part A survey Is desk based Map Grips Gullies Bare peat HER
  4. For the part be survey we draw transects across the site again ensuring we get the best coverage