1. The Industrial Revolution
A Brief Rundown

2. Section 1: Defining an
American Culture

3. Creating a REAL
American Culture!
Realism was a new way of writing that
tried to show adventure and excitement in
the every day lives of Americans, as
opposed to fantastic stories about
adventures that most people would never
have a chance of experiencing
Authors, like Jack London, told tales of
people who worked every day jobs, and
were put into dangerous situations on a
daily basis

4. Samuel Clemens
This author wrote tales about life prior to
the Civil War on the Mississippi River.
Utilized regional speech patterns,
and has been criticized for
his use of harsh language,
and controversial statements
about American culture.
You might know him as
Mark Twain

5. Section 2: The Industrial
Revolution Begins

6. A Wealth of Resources
Fortunately for the United States, Iron Ore
and Coal were relatively easy to find, and
in high supply and demand.
These resources would provide the basic
building blocks for the industrial revolution.

7. A Major New Discovery
Among the first develops that sparked this
Industrial Revolution was Edwin Drake’s
discovery of oil and a new process for
pumping it out of the ground in Titusville,
PA in 1858.
Oil was important because it could be
used for heating purposes, and as we
would later find, for propulsion in
combustion engines.

8. Titusvillian Colonel Edwin Drake:
Some Things Don’t Change

9. The American Industrial
Revolution Begins
Companies began to realize that if they
tried to produce goods in a big factory
setting, they could make more money.
They also began to realize that by using
cheaper materials, they could make even
more money.
This became known as an Economy of
Scale: More Goods Produced + Cheaper
Materials = MORE PROFIT …

10. But we all know
Mo’ Money, Mo’ Problems

11. Carnegie and the
Industrial Revolution
Andrew Carnegie applied the economy of
scale method to the Steel industry here in
Pittsburgh.
Carnegie found that by finding a new way
to make steel, he could make more
money, with cheaper materials, do it
faster, and make it stronger.

12. Mr. Carnegie
You’re probably
guessing I’m thinking
something deep…but
Burritos were a bad
choice…

13. How He Did It
Carnegie utilized the Bessemer Process,
which provided a new method for
converting raw materials into steel very
quickly and efficiently.

14. Carnegie’s Problem…
Carnegie used a process called Vertical
Integration to control the companies he
used to get and transport his raw materials
from. This means he bought:
– Coal, Iron, Nickel, and Limestone mines
– Railroads and Riverboats that shipped
materials
– Steel Mills, Glass Factories, etc.

15. Carnegie’s Problem…
Carnegie, and many others, eventually
came to hold a Monopoly over these
industries.
This occurs when one company comes
into control of an entire market.
A monopoly makes it more and more
difficult for competitors to enter the
market.

16. Go To Jail!!!

17. As with anything new…
People begin to abuse and exploit these
resources to a ridiculous level.
At first the government stuck to it’s
Laissez-Faire policy in which there was
little regulation by the government over
trade.
Americans would begin to realize that
these policies were causing some real
harm.

18. The End Result
The government would decide that it
needed to put tariffs on incoming goods to
help make money, and to support
American made goods.
Was this a good idea?

19. Captains of Industry
OR
Robber Barons?
Hundreds of companies compete for the
government’s Land Grants to build
railroads all across the country
If you were shipping goods across the
country, you would have to pay the
owners of each individual line a different
price to ship your goods

20. Captains of Industry
OR
Robber Barons?
Cornelius Vanderbilt starts buying and
combining a number of New York City rail
lines, and within a few years would have
control over a number of major lines.
It’s True! All Great Men
have GREAT Facial
Hair! FACT!!!

21. Captains of Industry
or
Jay-Z ain’t got
Robber Barons? nothin’ on me…He
John D. Rockefeller –
like Vanderbilt with the
railroads, started with
one oil refinery and then
bought up many of his
competitor’s oil refineries
to create a company
called the Standard Oil
Trust, which controlled
most of the oil production
in America!
just applied my
ideas to the rap
game!!!

22. Captains of Industry
You got the
or
idea? I got the
money! When Robber Barons?
you fail, I think
it’s funny!
J.P. Morgan – started
out as a banker, loaning
money to businesses
that were just starting
out
– As they began to
struggle Morgan would
buy the business, use
his own money to fix
their problems and
make huge profits!

23. Land of the…Free
Land Grants were provided by the
government to railroad companies.
This was money provided to railroad
companies so they could build their lines.

24. The Credit Mobilier
Construction company that decided to
grossly overcharge for certain contracts
dealing with railroad construction.
After overcharging, investors pocketed the
money, and almost bankrupted the
railroad.
The company then asked the government
for more money and a scandal was
uncovered.

25. Age of Inventors and Innovation
Alexander Graham Bell was an inventor
who toyed with electricity, and had the
idea to use it as communication.
Most revolutionary about this was that he
was able to transmit actual human voices
over electric cables to deliver a message
with a device that we come to know as the
Telephone!

26. Age of Inventors and Innovation
Thomas Alva Edison was another of the
famed inventors of this period who we can
thank for giving us the lights above our
heads.
Among Edison’s creations are the
phonograph, lightbulb, electric generator,
and improved the battery and motion
pictures.

27. Age of Inventors and Innovation
People and small companies had been
building their own automobiles since the
mid 1880’s
In 1908 Henry Ford used many
Carnegie’s ideas including vertical
integration to design an assembly line for
production of automobiles
Important because more people were
performing more simple tasks over and
over again, instead of building the whole
car themselves, which makes the car
much cheaper to make!

28. Ford’s Assembly Line

29. The Air Up There
For years people wanted to get off the
ground
Finally, the Wright Brothers owners of
bicycle store, built a plane which actually
flew a short distance, making the idea of
flight possible.

30. History In Progress!!!

31. Section 3: Urbanization and
Immigration

32. Immigration in the Late 1800’s
After 1865 immigration once again picked
up heavily.
Steady flow of immigrants continued from
Northwestern Europe
But the New Immigrants - arrived
primarily from new places, Russia,
Eastern and Southern Europe, and Asia .

33. Changing the City
When immigrants get to the cities, they
settle in little neighborhoods close to
people from similar countries or religions
How would this affect the city’s feel do you
think?
Let’s play an application game!!!

36. Problems for Immigrants
One of the biggest problems these people
have is Assimilation or when a new
group gives up their old characteristics
and traditions to become part of the host
culture
Some tactics for assimilating immigrants
included:
– Citizenship Tests
– Mandatory Schools
– Social Clubs

37. Problems for Immigrants
Immigrants will face plenty of Nativism, or
the belief that only natural born Americans
should be given opportunities, not
immigrants.
– Many Nativists are referred to as W.A.S.P.’s –
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
This breeds racism, and leads to tension
all throughout cities between various
immigrant groups.

38. What do we say to this?

39. So how do immigrants become
“Real Americans?”
• Reformers
like
Jane Addams and her Hull House
brought in immigrants and
poor people to teach them
how to function in society!

40. Section 4: Workers During
the Industrial Revolution
Click on the pic for a brief clip

41. And how did these people feel
about it?

42. Union Power
Unions began to rise in prominence in an
attempt to provide solidarity among
workers.
Trade Unions were the earliest forms of
these in which people who utilized the
same specific skills
– Ex. Carpenters, Iron Molders, etc.

43. Trade Unions
Samuel Gompers is important because
he was the first leader of the American
Federation of Labor
– This union united a number of different trade
union’s under one banner to give them more
strength and bargaining power.
– Gompers preferred to negotiate through the
process of Collective Bargaining with
business owners rather than striking.
– Tried to get owners to see the value in his
skilled laborers expertise

44. Industrial Unions
Eventually this concept would catch on in
other industries.
Industrial Unions brought all people
together who worked within a particular
industry, usually with NO specialized
skills.
It didn’t matter what they did, as long as
they worked there.
Big business owners hated these.

45. Industrial Unions
The Knights of Labor united railroad,
steel, oil, and other workers into one large
organization that worked to increase the
bargaining power of it’s non-skilled
members
– Among the things they wanted:
An 8-Hour Workday
Equal Pay for Women
Abolishment of Child Labor
Worker-Owned Factories or Co-operatives

46. Women in the Workplace
Women were not treated with the same
respect and awarded the same types of
contracts as males.
To battle this the Women’s Trade Union
League was formed demanding better
treatment and wages for all women in the
workplace.

47. Major Union Moments pt. 1
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
– Begun when workers wages are cut, workers decide
to strike, state militia won’t stop the strikes, President
Hayes sends in National Army and breaks strike.
– Set table for future strikes

48. Major Union Movements pt. 2
The Haymarket Riot - 1886
– Begun over the fight for 8 hour workday
– Peaceful rally turns bloody when a small
bomb hits cops, who open fire.
– The outcome is May Day and a strike
AGAINST union movements!

49. Major Union Movements pt. 3
The Pullman Strike - 1894
– Workers at the Pullman Sleeping Car
company lived in a company town – decent
conditions, as long as they paid.
– Wages are cut, workers can’t afford
expenses.
– President Grover Cleveland sends in the
Army to break the strike on grounds that it is
stopping the mail.
– How do you think these strikes would affect
future labor questions?

50. Major Union Movements pt. 4
The Homestead Strike
– 1892
– Let’s Act it Out!!!