7. What economic problems did many farmers face during the late 1800s? Good farm land becomes scarce Bank foreclose on mortgages Railroads charging excessive prices for shipping and storage
8. Why did farmers favor “cheap money”? Retired“greenbacks” Less $ in circulation Paid back loans with $ worth more than $ they borrowed Crop prices falling 1867-1887 bushel wheat fell from $2.00 to $0.68 Banks foreclosing on mortgages
9. How did farmers try to address their problems and grievances? The Patrons of Husbandry (The Grange) Oliver Hudson Kelley Opposed banks, railroads Supported political candidates Originally supposed to be social organization
10. How did farmers try to address their problems and grievances? Farmers Alliances Included those who sympathized with farmers These organizations represented the PEOPLE not money
12. PopulismMovement of the People Born with founding of Populist Party in 1892 Fought for rights of farmers and laborers and battled railroad companies Represented a third political party
24. Why did the Populist movement collapse?Argument over which metal would be basis of money system Gold Bugs Silverites Republicans Bankers, businessmen, city people Gold Standard $ backed only by gold Effects: Less $ in circulation Prices fall Value of $ increases 1896 Presidential Nominee William McKinley Democrats & Populists Farmers and Laborers Bimetallism $ backed by gold & silver Effects: More $ in circulation Prices increase Value of $ decreases 1896 Presidential Nominee William Jennings Bryan
27. Why did the Populist movement collapse? McKinley won election of 1896 McKinley carried East and Industrial Midwest Bryan carried South and farmers of Midwest Industrial Midwest elected McKinley Populism collapsed
28. Taking NotesIdentify the causes of the rise of the Populist Party and the effects the party had. Causes ? ? ? Effects ? ? ?
29. Taking NotesIdentify the causes of the rise of the Populist Party and the effects the party had. Causes Falling prices for crops Inability to repay loans Excessive railroad prices Effects New ideas that later became law Political forum for addressing special interests Message of hope to downtrodden
32. What were the four goals of progressivism? Protecting Social Welfare Social Gospel Movement Settlement House Movement YMCA Salvation Army Florence Kelley Advocate for women and children Illinois Factory Act of 1893 Prohibited child labor/limited women’s work hrs.
33. What were the four goals of progressivism? Promoting Moral Improvement Prohibition – 18th Amendment (1919) Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) Became largest woman’s group in nations history Anti Saloon League –“the Church in action against the Saloon”
35. What were the four goals of progressivism? Creating Economic Reform Panic of 1893 caused some to question capitalism Eugene V. Debs organized American Socialist Party in 1901 Muckrakers Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair Journalists who wrote about corruption in business and public life
38. What were the four goals of progressivism? Fostering efficiency Faith in experts and scientific principles to make society better Scientific management studies Introduction of assembly lines
39. How did Prohibition fit into the reform movement? It was believed that alcohol was undermining America morals. 18th Amendment
41. How did natural disasters help launch the movement to reform local government? 1900, Galveston, TX – hurricane and tidal wave Adopted the commission idea as a form of government 5 member commission of experts in charge of city departments 1913, Dayton, OH – flood Adoption of council-manager form of government City council make laws
42. How did reform mayors clean up their local governments? Hazen Pingree of Detroit, MI Fairer tax structure, lowered fairs for public transportation, rooted out corruption, and set up a system of work relief for unemployed Tom Johnson of Cleveland, OH Converting the utilities to publicly owned enterprises
44. Robert La Follette“Fighting Bob” Wisconsin governor and US Senator Major target railroads Taxed at same rate as other business property Set up commission to regulate rates Forbade railroads to issue free passes to state officials Led the way in regulating big business and reducing control of big business over state legislators
45. How did reforms protect children? National Child Labor Committee (1904) Gathered evidence of children working in harsh conditions Keating-Owen Act (1916) Prohibited the transportation across state line of goods produced with child labor 1918 – Supreme Court declared act unconstitutional due to inference with states’ rights
46. How did reform change working conditions? Muller v. Oregon (1908) Limit women to 10 hour work day Bunting v. Oregon (1917) Limit men to 10 hour work day Workers’ compensation Aid the families of workers hurt or killed on the job
47. What kinds of political reforms took place at the state level? Progressive Era reform legislation provided for increased direct participation in government. Initiative – a bill originated by the people on the ballot Referendum – a vote on the initiative Recall – enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election The Direct Primary – gave citizens a way to participate in the selection of a presidential candidate Secret Ballot – candidates are selected from a single, uniform ballot
48. What kinds of political reforms took place at the state level? 17th Amendment Ratified 1913 Direct election of senators Video
49. Taking NotesFill in the web with examples of organizations that worked for reform in the areas named.
50. Taking NotesFill in the web with examples of organizations that worked for reform in the areas named.
52. How did the opening of women’s colleges help create new opportunities for women? Marriage was no longer a woman’s only alternative. Many applied their skills to social reform
53. Why were there women leaders in the movements to reform social welfare, public morals, and race relations? The participation of educated women often strengthened the existing reform groups and provided leadership for new ones.
60. What legislation passed during Roosevelt’s presidency protected citizens? Meat Inspection Act (1906) Cleanliness requirements for meatpackers Created federal meat inspection Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Stopped sale of contaminated food and medicines Truth in labeling
61. What did Roosevelt do to protect the environment? Conservation Primary concern John Muir – naturalist and writer Set aside 148 million acres of forest reserve Appointed Gifford Pinchot as head of US Forest Service Convinced TR to conserve forests and grazing lands by making them exempt from public sale National Reclamation Act (Newlands Act) Money from sale of public lands in West funded large scale irrigation projects
65. Only way to progress was to“educate and agitate”
66.
67. How did Wilson reform banking? Federal Reserve Act (1913) Decentralized private banking system under federal control 12 districts with a regional central bank Issue paper currency in emergency Transfer funds to member banks in trouble
69. How did women finally win the vote? Increased activism of local groups The use of bold new strategies to build enthusiasm for the movement The rebirth of the national movement under Carrie Chapman Catt
70. What was the Nineteenth Amendment? Granted women right to vote (1920) 72 years after the Seneca Falls convention in 1848.
Notes de l'éditeur
Video: Discovery Education “Birth of the Populist Party” (A Segment of: Just the Facts: The Emergence of Modern America: The Gilded Age) (2:21)
Read American Lives: Mary Elizabeth LeaseTaking a Stand for Farmers’ Rights, and then discuss questions.
Read Primary Source: from William Jennings Bryan’s “Cross of Gold” speech, and then complete Activity Options #1.
A map showing the electoral votes in the 1896 election. Although Bryan campaigned tirelessly, carrying the popular and electoral votes for the Democrats (shown in green) in every state where the Alliances and the Populist Party were strong, the populous eastern states won the election (by 67 percent of the electoral vote) for McKinley, who became the nation's 25th president.
Video: Discovery Education Progressives' ProgramsA Segment of: America in the 20th Century: The Progressive Era (5:35)
