2015 D-STOP Symposium session by CTR's Mike Walton. Watch the presentation at http://youtu.be/yd0DJWndSmo?list=PLWQCGQLl10mwkino_uNmTO4JXOg5oCWtU Get symposium details: http://ctr.utexas.edu/research/d-stop/education/annual-symposium/

1. A PERSPECTIVE OF A
CONNECTED AND
AUTONOMOUS
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
C. Michael Walton, Ph.D., P.E.
Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin
March 2, 2015

2. 2
Why ITS?
United States in 2009:
• 5.5 million traffic crashes *
– 30,797 fatalities (lowest
since 1954)
– 1.5 million injuries’
– $230.6 billion in costs
• $115 billion cost of urban
traffic congestion**
– 4.8 billion hours of delay
– 3.9 billion gallons of wasted
fuel
• Unacceptable
* US DOT, Traffic Safety Facts 2009
**Texas Transportation Institute, Urban
Mobility Report 2010
Source: USDOT
Safety Facts 2010,
Texas Tech Institute
Mobility Report 2010

3. Vision –
What would we wish for?
 Vehicles that can’t crash
◦ Vehicles are wrapped in information
◦ Everyone has technology-enabled safety in
their vehicles
 Technology in transportation reduces
negative impact on the environment
◦ Improved system performance
◦ Improved driver decision-making

4. The issue of driver distraction is building

5. Crashless
Vehicles
Evolution to Crashless Vehicles
Connected
- Mobile Communications
- Instant Asset Tracking
-Real Time Traffic Info
- Electronic Tolling
Autonomous
-Partial or full self driving
Coordinated
- Coordinated Routing
- Optimized Traffic Flow
Cooperative
- Cooperative
Collision Avoidance
- Transit-aware
Signal Preemption

7. IVHS – Getting Started
 Mobility 2000
 IVHS America Established
 ISTEA
 Strategic Plan for IVHS
 IVHS Architecture Program
 Early Tests and Deployments
◦ TravTek, HELP, ETC, etc.
 IVHS to ITS
1986-1994

8. ITS – Research & Testing
 Mobilizing for deployment
 Showcasing and broadening scope
 Focus on benefits and opportunities
 Internet boom
 Major Milestones
◦ ITS Program Plan, ITS America and U.S. DOT
deployment goals, IVI, MMDI, standards
initiatives underway
1994-1998

9. ITS - Mainstreaming
 TEA-21
 Deploy, deploy, deploy
 Operations focus
 511 begins
 Beginning to recognize the need for
more and better data
 Hurricane Floyd and 9/11
demonstrate problems with being
“blind”
1999-2001

10. ITS – Refining & Recommitting
 Reauthorization – ensuring continuing
role and recognition of the importance
of ITS in transportation
 Security and reliability added to
efficiency, safety and productivity as
goals
 Recognized need to accelerate data
gathering, sharing and use
◦ Infostructure Proposal (TRB 2002)
◦ INTI from National ITS Program Plan
2001-2005

12. Robo-Taxi
Vision into the Future
Bright Future
Safer, more reliable, and more sustainable system
Just a few examples…
Auto Platooning
Ridesharing
Collision Avoidance
Intelligent Merging
Probe sensing

13. Auto Convoying (L2-L3)
Demonstrations:
 GERMANY: platoon of four
trucks with10 m spacing
 U.S.: three trucks with 3-6
m spacing
 SWEDEN: truck platooning
on a 520 km route
 VOLVO (SARTRE):
platoon travels at 85
km/h, with 6 m spacing;
10000 km distance.
 JAPAN: platoon travels at
80 km/h, with 4 m

14. kpmg: self-driving cars: are we ready?

15. Market
Highly automated vehicles (L3-L4) to launch in five
years
2014 2020
Nissan AV on
market
2017
Volvo AV road test in
Sweden
Year
Google will test
driverless car in Calif,
U.S.
Driving assistance
features on market
Prototyping and lab test Large-scale road test and
commercialization of highly
automated vehicles
GM almost
driverless car
coming
2013
Toyota,
Audi
demonstrati
on
Mercedes-Benz
driverless car
production ready
2025
Daimler, Ford AV on
market
2010
Google self-
driving car
project
launched

18. The Vehicle is the Sensor
Maybach 57
Vehicle location
Destination
Traffic
Speed
Road surface
Weather…

19. Sensors Do Have
Their Limitations
Sensors provide part of the view
 Range is an issue – often line of sight
 Scope is an issue – not everything needed can be
sensed in a timely fashion
 Especially true in the rapidly changing situation of an
an unfolding event
 Maps & Sensors Collaborate
 Inertial sensors provide information about vehicle’s
current position and motion
 Radar provides information about environment in the
the vehicle’s heading direction
 Digital maps provide information about the road ahead
ahead and the vehicle’s future position with regard to

20. Examples of Wireless Technologies
Technology Range Latency
5.9 GHz DSRC 1000 m .0002 sec.
Digital Cellular 4000-6000 m 1.5-3.5 sec.
Bluetooth 10 m 3-4 sec.
Digital Television 40,000 m 10-30 sec.
Other 802.11 Wireless Technologies 1000 m 3-5 sec.
Terrestrial Digital Radio 30,000-50,000 m 10-20 sec.
Two-way Satellite N/A 60+ sec.

21. Wireless Technology
Revolution
Observations: Technology Private Sector
 Fast technology evolution
◦ Growing use of navigation systems (on 69% of all
models)
◦ Growing desire to deliver real-time traffic information
◦ Some are marketing real-time information
◦ Data quality and extent is limited
◦ Many technologies are vying to be the data solution
◦ No clear winner…yet
◦ OEMs are looking to technology for vehicular safety
◦ Autonomous safety systems are growing

22. U.S. Department of Transportation
Spectrum Scarcity and Future
Communications Technologies

23. Work Areas - Policy
Preliminary topics
Data ownership
Privacy
Infrastructure investments
Data management & distribution
Pricing strategies

24. Military -- Cutting
deployment time from
60 days to 72 hrs.
Growth in coastal
evacuation needs
Precision Weather
Response
National Park
Management
Everyone needs data!
Precision
Medical
Response

25. More and More Data in the
Cloud
 By 2020, one-third of all data will live in or pass
through the cloud
 Global cloud services revenue will jump 20% per year
 IT spending on innovation and cloud computing could
top $1 trillion by 2014
Creating new capabilities…
1960 1970 1980 1990 20102000
Mainframe
Cloud
Virtualization
Web
Client Server
Minicomputer
Source: Lew Tucker, Cloud CTO, Cisco, 2011; EMC, 2011; IDC, 2010

26. By 2015, 1 Zettabyte of Data Will
Flow over the Internet
 One zettabyte = stack of books
from Earth to Pluto 20 times (72
billion miles)
 Increase of 540,000 times from
2003; more than 90% from video
 If an 11 oz. cup of coffee equals
1 gigabyte, then 1 zettabyte
would have the same volume of
the Great Wall of China
Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI), June 2011

27. U.S. Department of Transportation
Cloud Computing

28. The Opportunity:
Turning Data into Wisdom
Data
Data
Information
Knowledge
Wisdom
More Important
Less
Important
Source: Cisco IBSG, 2011

29. Information
“Ownership”
 Each information network has multiple
stakeholder and many different data
“owners”
 e.g., the “Highway Information Network” has
many stakeholders, including state/local DOT’s,
vehicle operators or manufacturers, package
delivery, etc. – all of these groups have data
pertaining to the highway
 Data “owners” control the functionality,
quality, security, and privacy of their data
 In a “shared network,” stakeholders
Summary

30. U.S. Department of Transportation
Cyber Vulnerabilities
Source: http://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/images/figure1.jpg

31. Barriers and Uncertainties
Adoption is uncertain:
 Reliability of
technologies
 Google’s car are
involved in two
incidents so far in
200,000 miles travel:
one rear-ended, one
when a human driver
took the control
 Liability
 Affordability
 A Google driverless car
costs $150,000 as of
2013
 Does Moore’s law
kpmg: Self-driving cars: The next revolution

32. Barriers and Fears of Smart
Systems
 Institutional barriers
◦ Different sectors may not want to share data
◦ Lack of common language or criteria between
sectors
 Government regulation (or lack there of)
 Consumer’s may not embrace the technology
 Barriers can eventually be overcome
 Fears
◦ Loss of privacy: sensors everywhere gives a
sense of being under surveillance
◦ Potential for hackers to take over the systems
◦ People may become too reliant on smart
technologies that they will not be able to function
without them
Source: The Economist: It’s a smart world: A special report on smart systems, November 6, 2010

33. Emerging Priorities
 Toward Zero Deaths and Zero Injuries
 Reliable Travel
 Connected Vehicles
 Public Safety
 Homeland Security
 Sustainable Environment
(e.g., zero carbon, zero fatalities, etc.)
 Trip Pricing
Summary

34. C. Michael Walton, Ph.D., P.E.
Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering
Dept. of Civil, Architectural and Environmental
Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin
301 E. Dean Keeton Street, Stop C1761
Austin, TX 78712
512-471-1414
cmwalton@mail.utexas.edu
34