we will learn about how is manufactur take place what are the industry are there

1. Manufacturin
g industries
Done by; meghana .p

2. What is manufacturing?
• Manufacturing is the making of goods by hand
or by machine that upon completion the
business sells to a customer. Items used in
manufacture may be raw materials or
component parts of a larger product. The
manufacturing usually happens on a large-
scale production line of machinery and skilled
labor

3. Classification of industries
• There are different types of industries . they
can be classified to understand their methods
of manufacturing better . industries can be
classified as follows .
On the basis of raw materials
On the basis of size
On the basis of ownership

4. On the basis of industries
• Agro- based industries-
Cotton, jute, silk and woollen textiles,
sugarcane and vegetable
oil industries are based on agricultural raw
materials. This industry is very significant in
India because of the following reasons.
Provides employment for 35 million people.(
second largest after agriculture).

6. Mineral-based industries
• This industry is the basic industry since all the
other industries depend on it for their
machinery. This industry used heavy and
bulky raw materials like iron ore, coking coal,
limestone and manganese. Finished product is
also bulky and heavy.

8. Pastoral based industries
• These industries depend upon
animals for their raw material.
Hides, skins, bones, horns, shoes,
dairy, etc. are some of the
pastoral-based industries.

10. Forest Based Industries
•Paper card-board, lac,
rayon, resin, tanning of
leather, leave- utensils,
basket industries are
included in this type of
industries.

12. Marine based industries
• Marine based industries use
products from the sea and
oceans as raw materials.
Examples of Marine based
industries are processing sea
food or manufacturing fish oil

14. On the basis of size
• Cottage Industry-
Cottage Industry are defined by the amount of
investment required to start, as well as the
number of people employed. They often focus
on the production of labor-intensive goods.

15. Small Scale Industries
• Industries which are owned and run by
individuals and which employ a small number
of labourers are called small scale industries.

16. Large Scale Industry
• Industries which employ a large number of
labourers in each unit are called large-scale
industries. Cotton or jute textile industries are
large scale industries.

17. On the basis of ownership
• The private sector is the part of a country's
economic system that is run by individuals and
companies, rather than the government. Most
private sector organizations are run with the
intention of profit.

18. Public Sector Industries
• Industries owned by the state and its agencies
like Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd., or Bhilai
Steel Plant or Durgapur Steel Plant are public
sector industries

19. Joint Sector Industries
• Industries owned jointly by the private firms
and the state or its agencies such as Gujarat
Alkalies Ltd., or Oil India Ltd. fall in the group
of joint sector industries.

20. Co-operative Sector Industries
• Industries owned and run co-operatively by a
group of people who are generally producers
of raw materials of the given industry such as
a sugar mill owned and run by farmers are
called co-operative sector industries

21. Multinational coporations
• A multinational corporation (MNC) has
facilities and other assets in at least one
country other than its home country. Such
companies have offices and/or factories in
different countries and usually have a
centralized head office where they coordinate
global management.

22. Factors affecting the location of
industries

23. Locational Factors
Physical Factors
• Land
• Raw materials
• Power / Energy
Human Factors:
• Labour
• Transport
• Market
• Technology
• Capital
• Behavioural factors
• Government Policy
• Agglomeration

24. Land
Land:
– Location
– Size
– Landform
– Cost
Heavy industries: A large area of cheap low flat land.
Light industries: Small apartments are also OK.

25. Raw Materials
Raw materials
Ubiquitous
Water, Air, Soil……
Localized
Iron ore, coal, gold, tin, ……

26. Power / Energy
Type of Power
– Water  H.E.P.
– Fossil fuel
• Coal
• Oil
• Natural Gases
– Nuclear

27. Labour
• Cost of Labour – Wage Level
• Skills of Labour
– Highly skilled, Semi-skilled, Unskilled
• Labour Mobility
– Highly skilled (highly mobile)
– Semi-skilled (fairly mobile)
– Unskilled (least mobile
• Reputation

28. Transport
Import raw materials
Export finished products
– Transport cost was the critical factor affecting
industrial location in the past

29. Market
• Markets are where the finished products will be
finally go
• Markets attract many industries to locate
– Good infrastructure
• Transportation, Electricity supply, water supply, drainage system,
communication…….
– Large population size
– Large labour force
– Skilled labour
– Obtain advanced technology
– Industrial agglomeration

30. market
Some industries are more likely to be located near
markets
– Perishable products: eg. Bread, cakes….
– Fragile products: eg. Bottled drinks, porcelain…..
– Bulky and low value products: eg. Brick-making…..
– Labour intensive industries: eg. Toy-making, electrical goods….
– Keep close contact with consumers: eg. Jewellery, printing…
– Involve large quanities of raw materials: eg. Electric Appliance..
– Specialized products:
eg. Automobile parts manufacturers located near auto making centre

31. Technology
• Technology is very importance
– It change the production process completely
• It is a localized factor
• Ways to obtain technology
– From advanced countries (developed world)
– Universities
– Research Centre

32. Government Policy
Rationale of government intervention
Strategic reasons: eg: China, USA
Economic reasons
• Promote overall economic growth
• Promote the growth of a particular industry
• Diversify the economy
• Ensure regional economic balance
• Ensure efficient ultilization of resources

33. Industrial system
• An industrial system consists of inputs,
processes and outputs.
• Input -The inputs are the raw materials,
labour and costs of land, transport, power
and other infrastructure.
• processes-The processes include a wide range
of activities that convert the raw material into
finished products.

34. • Output-The outputs are the end product and
the income earned from it. In case of the
textile industry the inputs may be cotton,
human labour, factory and transport cost.
The processes include ginning, spinning,
weaving, dyeing and printing. The output is
the shirt you wear.

35. Industrial regions
• Industrial are unevenly distributed in different
continents as the factors affecting their
location are not the same everywhere.
• Areas which have high concentration of
industrial are called industrial regions .

36. The main industrial regions of the
world
• eastern North America, western and
central Europe, eastern Europe and
eastern Asia . Major industrial
regions tend to be located in the
temperate areas, near sea ports and
especially near coal fields .

38. Major industrial regions of India
• 1. Mumbai-Pune cluster
2. Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region
3. Hugli region
4. Ahmedabad-Baroda region
5. Chottanagpur industrial belt
6. Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt
7. Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region
8. Kollam-Thiruvanathapuram industrial cluster.

40. DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR INDUSTRIES
• The world's three major industries are:
1. Iron & Steel Industry
2. cotton Textile Industry
3. Information Technology Industry

41. Iron & Steel Industry
• This is basic industry.
• These industries are the feeder industry whose
products are used as raw material for other
industries.
• Inputs: Raw materials such as iron ore, coal and
limestone, along with labour, capital, site and
other infrastructure.
• Process: Converting iron ore into steel involves
many stages. The raw material is put in the blast
furnace where it undergoes smelting and then it
is refined.

42. • input: Steel is obtained which is used by other
industries as raw material.
• Steel is often called the backbone of modern
industry.
• Almost everything we use is either made of iron
or steel or has been made with tools and
machinery of these metals. From safety pin to
Ships, trains, trucks, and autos are made largely
of steel.
• Before 1800 A.D. iron and steel industry was
located where raw materials, power supply and
running water were easily available.
• Later the ideal location for the industry was near
coal fields and close to canals and railways.
• After 1950, iron and steel industry began to be
located on large areas of flat land near sea ports.

43. • India, Germany, USA, China, Japan, Russia, Korea,
etc. are the countries, where steel industries are
located.
• In India important steel producing centres are:
Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela,
Bokaro are situated in a region that spreads over
four states — West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha and
Chhattisgarh.
• Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar in Karnataka,
Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, Salem in Tamil
Nadu are other important steel centres utilising
local resources.
• India's steel production increased from one million
tonne in 1947 to 60 million tonnes in 2009 to 10.

44. cotton Textile Industry
• Cotton is the world's most important natural
fibre. In the year 2007, the global yield was 25
million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in
more than 50 countries. There are five stages
• Cultivating and Harvesting
• Preparatory Processes
• Spinning- giving yarn
• Weaving- giving fabrics
• Finishing- giving textiles

45. • India ranks among the largest producer and exporter of
cotton textile products. India exports cotton textiles to the
countries of Russia, U.K., Australia, Sri Lanka, Iran, Germany,
Belgium, Italy, etc.
• The cotton textile industry in Indian was initiated with the
establishment of the first cotton textile factory at Ghusuri
near Kolkata in 1818. However, it was closed down very soon
due to the shortage of raw material. Actual development of
the industry had been taking place since 1859 with the
establishment of cotton mill at Mumbai which is located in
the cotton growing region of Western India. Since then there
has been rapid growth of the industry around Mumbai and
Ahmedabad.
• Industry has made rapid progress since 1880. The cotton mill
industry made phenomenal progress during the period of 40
or 45 years since 1880. In the beginning, yarns spinning
developed a great deal. There was an export trade in yarn
with China. Now, however, both yarn and cloth are
manufactured for home-consumption.

46. • India is one of the important cotton-
manufacturing countries of the world. Both
short-staple and long-staple cotton is grown in
the country.
• Cotton textile industry is one of
the important and largest industries in India. It
accounts for a large portion of the total industrial
output in the country each year.
• This cotton textile industry is now in a position to
meet the total demand for textiles in the home
market and to leave a sufficient surplus for
foreign export. The industry also contribute
towards the total foreign income of our country
and engage millions of people.

47. • Raw materials-The cotton textile industry requires
raw cotton as principal raw material and chemicals
like caustic soda, dyes, arrowroot or starch, etc. for
its production. The cotton growing regions are
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, etc.
Distribution
• Cotton textile centers of India are distributed in four
regions:
• Western Region- Gujarat and Maharashtra are most
advanced states of this region. Mumbai in
Maharashtra and Ahmedabad in Gujarat are two
principal centers of this region.

48. • Northern Region- The region includes the states of
Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana and
Rajasthan. The principal centers are Kanpur, Delhi,
Amritsar, Ludhiana, Agra etc.
• Eastern Region- This region includes the states of
West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Assam. Maximum
mills are located at Kolkata, Sodepur, Belgharia,
Shyamnagar, Ghusuri, Salkia, Shrirampur,
Maurigram etc.
• Southern Region-In South India cotton mills are
located in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Important centers
are Madurai, Salem, Tiruchirapalli Chennai,
Guntur, Mysore, Pondicherry etc.

50. Information technology (IT)
• The term is commonly used as a synonym for
computers and computer networks, but it also
encompasses other information distribution
technologies such as television and telephones.
Several industries are associated with information
technology, including computer
hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors,
internet, telecom
equipment, engineering, healthcare, e-
commerces and computer services