1. How to Know What Is Good ORHow to Know What Is Good OR
Moral PhilosophyMoral Philosophy
2. Jeremy Bentham
1748-1842
A philosopher and legal
jurist
First founder of
Utilitarianism
A theory of how we
should act
“Act” utilitarianism
Happiness/Pleasure is
the measure of the
good
Mentor to John Stuart
Mill
3. Measure happiness & painMeasure happiness & pain
The only component
of happiness is
pleasure
Avoid pain and
embrace the
pleasure
Measuring pleasure
and pain
Is it possible?
What produces the
greatest amount of
happiness?
4. A Good Choice produces theA Good Choice produces the
greatest good (pleasure) for thegreatest good (pleasure) for the
greatest number of people.greatest number of people.
Utilitarianism is the moral philosophy
often called CONSEQUENTIALISM because
it focuses on the consequences of actions.
“Utility” can be interpreted in several
ways but it doesn`t actually mean useful,
but more
- happiness
- well being
-pleasure
5. Bentham uses Hedonism ofBentham uses Hedonism of
ancient Greeceancient Greece
Bentham’s Hedonistic Calculus
Intensity Strength of pain or
pleasure
Duration How long will it last?
Certainty How likely is this to
occur?
Nearness How soon will it
happen?
Productivity Will it generate more?
Purity How much is mixed
with the other?
Extent How many will be
affected?
6. HedonismHedonism
The good life is one filled with pleasure.
The pursuit of pleasure (especially that of
the physical senses) is a good in itself.
Different versions of hedonism...like
everything else, it exists on a continuum
Mental pleasure, psychological pleasure,
spiritual pleasure
Epicurus=long term pleasures + pleasures
of the mind
7. John Stuart Mill 1806-1873John Stuart Mill 1806-1873
Was an ’experiment’
in child rearing by his
father James Mill &
Jeremy Bentham
Most famous for “On
Liberty” – basis of
many constitutions
and charters of
freedom
Father of Liberalism
Motto: “I am my own
man”
8. John Stuart Mill 1806John Stuart Mill 1806
Was a child prodigy who read ½ of Plato at
the age of 6
He edited his father’s books at 7
Became a member of parliament and
championed women’s rights
Studied under Jeremy Bentham
Disagreed with Bentham’s hedonism
Suggested that pleasures exist on a hierarchy
(some are better than others)
More cultured than Bentham
9. Happy Pig or Sad SocratesHappy Pig or Sad Socrates
Mill’s famous statement that shows his ideas
of different pleasures, mental ones being at
the apex.
His question, is it better to be a happy pig or
a sad Socrates expresses the idea that
rational beings have greater value than non-
rational ones, even if they are not ‘happy’
The sad Socrates has more PLEASURE than
the happy pig
Some pleasures are so valuable, that a small
amount of it makes unhappiness OK.
11. Act Utilitarianism= judges acts inAct Utilitarianism= judges acts in
isolationisolation
An action is deemed moral because it
produces the greatest happiness for the
greatest number of people.
“common moral sense” = seems good but
the danger = that this might require us to
do very bad things.
How do we get the numbers right?
Act U would sanction child slavery and
other abominations
12. Rule Utilitarian=act + ruleRule Utilitarian=act + rule
20th
c. Philosophers developed rule
utilitarianism to avoid moral dilemmas of
the act utilitarianism
General rule: no one should do anything
they can’t imagine asking everyone else
to do
Strength of theory: offers alternatives to
deontology, more flexible
Weakness: doesn’t define happiness or
pleasure, rights of minorities, measuring
greatest good + number
14. Deontology’s answer: ImmanuelDeontology’s answer: Immanuel
KantKant
Like Aristotle & Plato, Kant believed that
the GOOD is an absolute and can be
identified
The only thing that is good for its own
sake is a good will (intention)
Everything else that you can imagine as
good, can be qualified (altered because of
context)
If your intentions are pure, they are
intrinsically good
15. Good=DutyGood=Duty
What is good? That which is consistent
with duty (higher moral principles/virtues)
AND that which is rational.
To have a good will is to act on higher
moral principles that are rational, justified
by reason.
Kant is a rationalist, like Plato, Aristotle
and Descartes.
16. Categorical ImperativeCategorical Imperative
Categorical=absolute
Imperative=command /duty
So, an absolute rule that must be obeyed.
“Act only according to the maxim (rule)
whereby you can at the same time will
that it should become a universal law of
nature.
Situation x: if telling a lie is the ‘right’
moral choice, then you must agree that
everyone can lie all the time
17. Ends and not meansEnds and not means
Act so that you treat people as ends
(subjects with innate dignity) and not
means (objects to be used whose value is
determined by their usefulness)
Kant believed that people had to act
according to their duties (higher
principles) even when the consequences
were negative.
18. Deontology -rootsDeontology -roots
This theory ignores consequences and
focuses on duty
Deon = Greek for duty
“ology” from logos meaning reason, word
or study.
Where would be now if not for the great
leaders of the world who brought change?
Do you think they were deontologists?
19. StrengthsStrengths
Impartial = imperative must be applied
without exception, no playing favorites
Emphasis on intent of the person which
allows you to see how they value virtues
and principles, despite a negative
outcome
Criticisms: too rigid, what about the ethics
of care (wouldn`t you lie and steal to save
a loved one’s life?)
20. How Do You Know WhatHow Do You Know What
is Right?is Right?
Which path to take? How to decide?
Moral imagination?
Moral intuition? Universal principals?
Means or ends?